Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

How Compensation Is Determined and Potential Pitfalls for Pay Equity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Closing the Gender Pay Gap in Medicine

  • 792 Accesses

Abstract

Physician compensation models are becoming increasingly complex due in large part to the shift from physicians as business owners to physicians as employees of academic medical centers, health systems, large group practices, and insurance companies. Understanding the structure of historic and current pay programs is essential to analyzing the bias that may exist in compensation models that support conventional practice styles and disproportionately monetize characteristics more commonly displayed by male physicians.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kane CK. Updated data on physician practice arrangements: for the first time, fewer physicians are owners than employees. American Medical Association Policy Research Perspective [Internet]. 2019. Available from https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/2019-07/prp-fewer-owners-benchmark-survey-2018.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.

  2. Kane L. Physician compensation report 2019. Medscape [Internet]. April 10, 2019. Available from https://www.medscape.com/slideshow/2019-compensation-overview-6011286. Accessed 12 April 2020.

  3. Rama A. How are physicians paid? a detailed look at the methods used to compensate physicians in different practice types and settings. American Medical Association Policy Research Perspective [Internet]. 2018. Available from https://www.ama-assn.org/sites/ama-assn.org/files/corp/media-browser/member/health-policy/prp-how-physicians-paid.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.

  4. Darves B. Understanding the physician employment movement. NEJM Career Center [Internet]. July 23, 2014. Available from: https://www.nejmcareercenter.org/article/understanding-the-physician-employment-movement-/. Accessed 26 April 2020.

  5. Frank E, Zhao Z, Sen S, Guille C. Gender disparities in work and parental status among early career physicians. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(8):e198340. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8340.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Tsugawa Y, Jena AB, Figueroa JF, Orav EJ, Blumenthal DM, Jha AK. Comparison of hospital mortality and readmission rates for Medicare patients treated by male vs female physicians. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(2):206–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Wallis CJ, Ravi B, Coburn N, Nam RK, Detsky AS, Satkunasivam R. Comparison of postoperative outcomes among patients treated by male and female surgeons: a population based matched cohort study. BMJ. 2017:359–66.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Baumha M, Muller U, Bohm M. Influence of gender of physicians and patients on guideline-recommended treatment of chronic heart failure in a cross-sectional study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:299–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Frank E, Harvey LK. Prevention advice rates of women and men physicians. Arch Fam Med. 1996;5:215–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lo Sasso AT, Armstrong D, Forte G, Gerber SE. Differences in starting pay for male and female physicians persist; explanations for the gender gap remain elusive. Health Aff. 2020;39:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Jagsi R, Griffith KA, Stewart A, Sambuco D, DeCastro R, Ubel PA. Gender differences in salary in a recent cohort of early-career physician-researchers. Acad Med. 2013;88:1689–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gray K, Neville A, Kaji A. Career goals, salary expectations, and salary negotiation among male and female general surgery residents. JAMA Surg. 2019;154:1023–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.2879.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. McKinsey&Company and LeanIn.org. Women in the workplace 2018 [Internet]. https://leanin.org/women-in-the-workplace-report-2018/women-are-asking-for-more. Accessed 12 April 2020.

  14. Artz B, Goodall A, Oswald A. Do women ask? Ind Relat. 2018;57:611–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Gagnon M, Papasevastos M. Trends and developments in pay equity litigation. Seyfarth Shaw LLP [Internet]. April 2018. Available from https://www.seyfarth.com/images/content/7/8/v1/7828/Trends_PayEquityLitigation_April2018.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.

  16. Association of American Medical Colleges. Diversity in medicine: facts and figures 2019 [Internet]. Washington, DC: AAMC; 2020. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/interactive-data/figure-19-percentage-physicians-sex-2018. Accessed 12 April 2020.

  17. Association of America Medical Colleges. The state of women in academic medicine: the pipeline and pathways to leadership, 2015–2016 [Internet]. Washington, DC: AAMC; 2020. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/faculty-institutions/data/state-women-academic-medicine-statistics-2015-2016. Accessed 12 April 2020.

  18. Stone T, Miller B, Southerlan E. Women in healthcare leadership 2019 [Internet]. New York, NY: Oliver Wyman; 2019. Available from: https://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/oliver-wyman/v2/publications/2019/January/WiHC/Women-In-Healthcare-Leadership-Report-FINAL.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.

  19. Babcock, L, Recalde MP, Vesterlund L. Why women volunteer for tasks that don’t lead to promotions. Harvard Business Review. July 16, 2018. Available from: https://hbr.org/2018/07/why-women-volunteer-for-tasks-that-dont-lead-to-promotions. Accessed 12 April 2020.

  20. Mitchell SM, Hesli VL. Women don't ask? Women don't say no? Bargaining and service in the political science profession. PS: Political Science & Politics. 2013;46:355–69.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Misra J, Lundquist JH, Templer A. Gender, work time, and care responsibilities among faculty. Sociol Forum. 2012;27:300–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Goldsmith J, Hunter A, Strauss A. Do most hospitals benefit from directly employing physicians? Harvard Business Review. May 29, 2018. Available from: https://hbr.org/2018/05/do-most-hospitals-benefit-from-directly-employing-physicians. Accessed 12 April 2020.

  23. Roter DL, Hall HA, Aoki Y. Physician gender effects in medical communication: a meta-analytic review. JAMA. 2002;288:756–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Health Care Payment Learning and Action Network. 2018 Measurement Report: measuring progress: adoption of alternative payment methods in commercial, medicaid, medicare advantage and medicare fee for service programs [Internet]. October 22, 2018. Available from: http://hcp-lan.org/workproducts/apm-discussion-2018.pdf. Accessed 3 May 2020.

  25. Jolly S, Griffith KA, DeCastro R, Stewart A, Ubel P, Jagsi R. Gender differences in time spent on parenting and domestic responsibilities by high-achieving young physician-researchers. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(5):344-353.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Sobecks NW, Justice AC, Hinze S, Chirayath HT, Lasek RJ, Chren MM, et al. When doctors marry doctors: a survey exploring the professional and family lives of young physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(4). Pt 1:312–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer, Baystate Health, Springfield, MA, USA

    Kristin Morales-Lemieux

Authors
  1. Kristin Morales-Lemieux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kristin Morales-Lemieux .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Associate Dean for Faculty Affairs and Professor of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical School – Baystate, Chief Faculty Development Officer, Baystate Health, Springfield, MA, USA

    Amy S. Gottlieb, MD, FACP

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Morales-Lemieux, K. (2021). How Compensation Is Determined and Potential Pitfalls for Pay Equity. In: Gottlieb, MD, FACP, A.S. (eds) Closing the Gender Pay Gap in Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51031-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51031-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-51030-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-51031-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation