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Chlorophylls in Microalgae: Occurrence, Distribution, and Biosynthesis

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Abstract

Chlorophylls (Chl) are the most abundant natural pigment supporting oxygenic photosynthesis in microalgae and Cyanobacteria, whereby they derive energy for metabolism and reproduction. In microalgae (eukaryotes) Chls are located in the chloroplast, but in Cyanobacteria (prokaryotes) in the photosynthetic lamellae. Chlorophylls are constituted by a large aromatic tetrapyrrole macrocycle (light absorption and redox chemistry), a central Mg ion (maximizes excited state lifetime), and a hydrocarbon tail (anchoring in thylakoids). Endosymbiosis Theory explains the photosynthetic eukaryotes plastids origin, postulating that Cyanobacteria ancestral was engulfed by eukaryotic host cell and gradually transformed into organelles that were further spread to other eukaryotes by additional rounds of endosymbiosis. Evolution distributed the Chls a, b, c, d, and f among microalgae and Cyanobacteria, with Chl a universally distributed; Chl b in Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, and Charophyta; Chl c in Bacillariophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Raphidophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta; Chl d in Rhodophyta; Chl f in Cyanobacteria. The pathways of Chl a biosynthesis were based in experiments with leaves and Chlorella vulgaris, dating back to the forties. Latter, it was documented the two genetically and biochemically different strategies for chlorophyll a biosynthesis, one being light dependent and one light independent co-exist. Chl f is the most recently discovered Chl, helping Cyanobacteria thrive in environments dominated by far-red light; far-red light photoacclimation, whereby 8% Chl a is replaced by Chl f, permits cyanobacteria expand light absorption range for oxygenic photosynthesis up to 800 nm allowing them to access 33% more photons than organisms that do not have Chl f.

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  1. PPGERN, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São Paulo, SP 310 – 13565–905, Brazil

    Jaqueline Carmo da Silva

  2. Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, São Paulo, SP 310 – 13565–905, Brazil

    Ana Teresa Lombardi

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  1. Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Eduardo Jacob-Lopes

  2. Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Maria Isabel Queiroz

  3. Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Leila Queiroz Zepka

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da Silva, J.C., Lombardi, A.T. (2020). Chlorophylls in Microalgae: Occurrence, Distribution, and Biosynthesis. In: Jacob-Lopes, E., Queiroz, M., Zepka, L. (eds) Pigments from Microalgae Handbook. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50971-2_1

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