Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Paediatric Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Challenges in Rhinology

Abstract

Rhinitis may be defined as an inflammatory condition affecting the upper airways in which rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion or sneezing (or any combination thereof) has been present a minimum of 2 days in a row and lasts for at least 1 h on the majority of those days. The Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guideline distinguishes two categories of rhinitis: allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). The differentiating feature between these conditions is whether allergic sensitisation has taken place (i.e. AR) or not (NAR). The pathophysiology of AR depends on IgE, and it is usual for ocular pruritus, indicating conjunctivitis, to be present as an additional presenting feature. Rhinitis frequently occurs in children and adolescents. It is commonplace to dismiss the significant morbidity associated with the condition by viewing rhinitis as a self-limited coryzal illness. However, sternutation, pruritus, watery nasal discharge and nasal congestion are distressing for patients. The presentation in childhood and adolescence may also be atypical, with coughing or snoring. Rhinitis has an adverse effect on biopsychosocial well-being. In this chapter, paediatric rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are reviewed in all aspects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. International Rhinitis Management Working Group. International Consensus Report on the diagnosis and management of rhinitis. Allergy. 1994;49:1–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA2LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008;63(Suppl 86):8–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Keil T, Bockelbrink A, Reich A, Hoffmann U, Kamin W, Forster J, et al. The natural history of allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:962–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Karmaus W, Raza A, Matthews S, Roberts G, Arshad SH. The influence of gender and atopy on the natural history of rhinitis in the first 18 years of life. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41:851–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hardjojo A, Shek LP, van Bever HP, Lee BW. Rhinitis in children less than 6 years of age: current knowledge and challenges. Asia Pac Allergy. 2011;1(3):115–22. https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.3.115. Epub 2011 Oct 11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Roberts G, Hurley C, Lack G. Development of a quality-of-life assessment for the allergic child or teenager with multisystem allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:491–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Roberts G, Xatzipsalti M, Borrego LM, Custovic A, Halken S, Hellings P, et al. Pediatric rhinitis: position paper of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. 5 Nov 2012. http://www.eaaci.org/attachments/Pediatric_Rhinitis_Guidelines.pdf. Accessed 26 Feb 2019.

  8. Aït-Khaled N, Pearce N, Anderson HR, Ellwood P, Montefort S, Shah J, ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. Global map of the prevalence of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three. Allergy. 2009;64(1):123–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01884.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bjorksten B, Clayton T, Ellwood P, Stewart A, Strachan D. Worldwide time trends for symptoms of rhinitis and conjunctivitis: Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19:110–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Keil T, Bockelbrink A, Reich A, Hoffmann U, Kamin W, Forster J, Schuster A, Willich SN, Wahn U, Lau S. The natural history of allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:962–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rochat MK, Illi S, Ege MJ, Lau S, Keil T, Wahn U, von Mutius E, Multicentre Allergy Study (MAS) Group. Allergic rhinitis as a predictor for wheezing onset in school-aged children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:1170–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Burgess J, Walters EH, Byrnes G, Matheson M, Jenkins M, Wharton C, Johns D, Abramson M, Hopper J, Dharmage S. Childhood allergic rhinitis predicts asthma incidence and persistence to middle age: a longitudinal study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:863–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hagemann TM. Pediatric allergic rhinitis drug therapy. J Pediatr Health Care. 2005;19(4):238–44; quiz 245–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dykewicz MS, Fineman S, Skoner DP, Nicklas R, Lee R, Blessing-Moore J, et al. Diagnosis and management of rhinitis: complete guidelines of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;81:478–518.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sly RM. Changing prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999;82:233–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Becker JM. Pediatric allergic rhinitis. In: Jyonouchi H, editor. Medscape. Updated 17 Jul 2018. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889259-overview. Accessed 26 Feb 2019.

  17. May JR. Allergic rhinitis. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al., editors. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiological approach. 4th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1999. p. 1479–88.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Slater JW, Zechnich AD, Haxby DG. Second-generation antihistamines: a comparative review. Drugs. 1999;57:1–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Astelin (prescribing information). Somerset, NJ: Med Pointe Pharmaceuticals. Available at: www.Astelin.com/pi.html. Accessed 28 Mar 2005.

  20. Golden SJ, Craig TJ. Efficacy and safety of azelastine nasal spray for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999;99(Suppl):S7–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Atrovent nasal spray (prescribing information). Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals. Available at: http://us.boehringer-ingelheim.com/products/prescription/prescription.html. Accessed 28 Mar 2005.

  22. Nasalcrom (product information). New York, NY: Pfizer: Available at: http://www.prodhelp.com/allergy_cold_cough_sinus53.shtml. Accessed 28 Mar 2005.

  23. McEvoy GK, editor. AHFS drug information 2000. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Galant SP, Wilkinson R. Clinical prescribing of allergic rhinitis medication in the preschool and young school-age child: what are the options? BioDrugs. 2001;15:452–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Malmstrom K, Hampel FC, Philip G, Weinstein SF, LaForce CF, Ratner PH, et al. Montelukast in the treatment of spring allergic rhinitis in a large, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:S157.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Frew AJ. Allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:S306–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.064.

  27. Badr DT, Gaffin JM, Phipatanakul W. Pediatric rhinosinusitis. Curr Treat Options Allergy. 2016;3(3):268–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-016-0096-y. Epub 2016 Jul 11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Chow AW, Benninger MS, Brook I, Brozek JL, Goldstein EJ, Hicks LA, et al. IDSA clinical practice guideline for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):e72–e112. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1043.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sedaghat AR, Phipatanakul W, Cunningham MJ, et al. Allergy Rhinol (Providence, RI). 2014;5(3):143–5. https://doi.org/10.2500/ar.2014.5.0102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Anfuso A, Ramadan H, Terrell A, Demirdag Y, Walton C, Skoner DP, et al. Sinus and adenoid inflammation in children with chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;114(2):103–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.10.024.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Cunningham MJ, Chiu EJ, Landgraf JM, Gliklich RE. The health impact of chronic recurrent rhinosinusitis in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126(11):1363–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Isaacson G. Surgical treatment of pediatric rhinosinusitis. Minerva Pediatr. 2015;67(4):357–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sedaghat AR, Phipatanakul W, Cunningham MJ. Prevalence of and associations with allergic rhinitis in children with chronic rhinosinusitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78(2):343–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.12.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Neff L, Adil EA. What is the role of the adenoid in pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis? Laryngoscope. 2015;125(6):1282–3. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.25090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Brietzke SE, Shin JJ, Choi S, Lee JT, Parikh SR, Pena M, et al. Clinical consensus statement: pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg. 2014;151(4):542–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599814549302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. DeMuri G, Wald ER. Acute bacterial sinusitis in children. Pediatr Rev Am Acad Pediatr. 2013;34(10):429–37; quiz 37. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.34-10-429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Marom T, Alvarez-Fernandez PE, Jennings K, Patel JA, McCormick DP, Chonmaitree T. Acute bacterial sinusitis complicating viral upper respiratory tract infection in young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(8):803–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000000278.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Orb Q, Curtin K, Oakley GM, Wong J, Meier J, Orlandi RR, et al. Familial risk of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2015; https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.25469.

  39. Bradley JS. Management of community-acquired pediatric pneumonia in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance and conjugate vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:592–8.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Anolik R, Schwartz AM, Sajjan S, Allen-Ramey F. Patient initiation and persistence with allergen immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113(1):101–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.04.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Patel RG, Daramola OO, Linn D, Flanary VA, Chun RH. Do you need to operate following recovery from complications of pediatric acute sinusitis? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78(6):923–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.03.008.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Poddighe D, Gelardi M, Licari A, Del Giudice MM, Marseglia GL. Non-allergic rhinitis in children: Epidemiological aspects, pathological features, diagnostic methodology and clinical management. World J Methodol. 2016;6(4):200–13. https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v6.i4.200. eCollection 2016 Dec 26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Kaliner MA. Nonallergic rhinopathy (formerly known as vasomotor rhinitis). Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2011;31:441–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Erwin EA, Faust RA, Platts-Mills TA, Borish L. Epidemiological analysis of chronic rhinitis in pediatric patients. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011;25:327–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Settipane RA, Kaliner MA. Chapter 14: Nonallergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2013;27(Suppl 1):S48–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Togias A. Nonallergic rhinitis. In: Akdis CA, Hellings PW, Agache I, editors. Global atlas of allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Published by the european academy of allergy and clinical immunology. 2015;234–6.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kaliner MA. Classification of nonallergic rhinitis syndromes with a focus on vasomotor rhinitis, proposed to be known henceforth as nonallergic rhinopathy. World Allergy Organ J. 2009;2:98–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Greiner AN, Meltzer EO. Overview of the treatment of allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinopathy. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2011;8:121–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kim KT, Kerwin E, Landwehr L, Bernstein JA, Bruner D, Harris D, et al. Use of 0.06% ipratropium bromide nasal spray in children aged 2 to 5 years with rhinorrhea due to a common cold or allergies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;94:73–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Tran NP, Vickery J, Blaiss MS. Management of rhinitis: allergic and non-allergic. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011;3:148–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Chirico G, Quartarone G, Mallefet P. Nasal congestion in infants and children: a literature review on efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological treatments. Minerva Pediatr. 2014;66:549–57.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ENT Department, Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey

    İsmail Salcan

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey

    Nuray Bayar Muluk

  3. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, University Campus “St Mother Theresa”, Skopje, North Macedonia

    Gabriela Kopacheva-Barsova

Authors
  1. İsmail Salcan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nuray Bayar Muluk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gabriela Kopacheva-Barsova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey

    Cemal Cingi

  2. Otolaryngology Department, Kırıkkale University, Faculty Medicine, Kirikkale, Turkey

    Nuray Bayar Muluk

  3. Royal National ENT Hospital, London, UK

    Glenis K Scadding

  4. Croatian Academy of Medical Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia

    Ranko Mladina

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Salcan, İ., Bayar Muluk, N., Kopacheva-Barsova, G. (2021). Paediatric Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis. In: Cingi, C., Bayar Muluk, N., Scadding, G.K., Mladina, R. (eds) Challenges in Rhinology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50899-9_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50899-9_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-50898-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-50899-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation