Skip to main content

An Indigenous Appalachian Faith Tradition

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Indigenous Psychology of Spirituality

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Indigenous Psychology ((PASIP))

  • 586 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter discusses the importance of cultural context when seeking to understand the psychology of human phenomena. As an example, we explore an indigenous Christian tradition in Southern Appalachia (USA) that handles venomous serpents in obedience to a biblical mandate in Mark 16:17-18 (KJV). We illustrate the importance of culture in understanding this group by reviewing its historical roots in the Holiness and Pentecostal traditions, and observing its emphasis on the Bible as the foundation for faith and the practice of serpent handling. From encounters with bites and death, we discuss how handlers struggled to develop a local theology for understanding their occurrence, and then summarize phenomenological studies to offer a culturally informed psychology of this tradition’s life and practices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexander, A. (2006). Pentecostal healing: Models in theology and practice. Dorset, UK: Deo Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory: An agentive perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 21–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belzen, J. A., & Hood, R. W., Jr. (2006). Methodological issues in the psychology of religion: Toward another paradigm? The Journal of Psychology, 140, 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birckhead, J. (1993). “Bizarre snake handlers”: Popular media and a Southern stereotype. In K. G. Heider (Ed.), Images of the South: Constructing a regional culture on film and video (pp. 163–189). Athens: University of Georgia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birckhead, J. (1997). Reading “snake handling”: Critical reflections. In S. D. G. Glazier (Ed.), Anthropology of religion (pp. 19–84). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock, D. L. (2008). The ending of Mark: A response to the essays. In D. L. Bock (Ed.), The ending of Mark (pp. 121–141). Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, F., & McDonald, J. (2000). The serpent handlers: Three families and their faith. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, T. (1993). Serpent handling believers. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, T. (2004). The serpent and the spirit: Glenn Summerford’s story. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth, J. H. (2010). The good and evil serpent: How a universal symbol became Christianized. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, A. L. (1965). Sect religion and change in an isolated rural community of Southern Appalachia (Unpublished dissertation). Boston University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Covington, D. (1995). Salvation on Sand Mountain: Snake handling and redemption in Southern Appalachia. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creech, J. (1996). Visions of glory: The place of the Azusa Street revival in Pentecostal history. Church History, 65, 405–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duin, J. (2017). In the house of the handler: A story of the fall from grace in the age of social media. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elms, A. C. (1975). The crisis of confidence in social psychology. American Psychologist, 30, 967–976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & Paloutzian, R. F. (2003). The psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 377–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fordsham, S. H. (1946). With signs following (Rev ed.). Springfield, MO: Gospel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, J. B. (1940). Holiness religion: Cultural shock and social reorganization. American Sociological Review, 4, 740–747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr. (1995). [Review of the book Salvation on Sand Mountain: Snake handling and redemption in Southern Appalachia, by D. Covington]. Appalachian Heritage, 3, 54–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr. (1998). When the spirit maims and kills: Social psychological considerations of the history of serpent handling and the narrative of handlers (Invited paper). The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 8(7), 1–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Handling Serpents: Pastor Jimmy Morrow’s narrative history of his Appalachian Jesus’ Name tradition. Mercer, Georgia: Mercer University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr. (2011). “Spirituality” as privatized experience-oriented religion: Empirical and conceptual perspectives. Journal of Implicit Religion, 14(4), 433–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr. (2012). Methodology in psychology. In A. Runehov & L. Oviedo (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sciences and religions (Chapter 695). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4030-8265-8. Dordrecht: Springer+Business Media.

  • Hood, R. W., Jr. (2013). Methodological diversity in the psychology of Religion. In K. I. Pargament (Editor-in-Chief), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: Vol.1, Context, theory, & research (pp. 79–102). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr. (2015). “I have been anointed and I have fleeced the Lord”: The contemporary serpent handlers of Appalachia and their experience of being called by God. In D. B. Yaden, T. D. McCall, & J. H. Ellens (Eds.), Being called: Scientific, secular, and sacred perspectives (pp. 225–242). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr. (in press). History and current status of research in the psychology of religion. In L. Miller (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of psychology and spirituality and consciousness (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr., Hill, P. C., & Williamson, W. P. (2005). The psychology of religious fundamentalism. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr., & Williamson, W. P. (2006). Near death experience from serpent bites in religious settings: A Jamesian perspective. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 72, 139–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr., & Williamson, W. P. (2008). Them that believe: The power and meaning of the Christian serpent handling tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr., & Williamson, W. P. (2012). Ambiguity in the signs as an antidote to impediments to Godly love among primitive and progressive Pentecostals. In M. T. Lee & A. Yong (Eds.), Godly love: Impediments and possibilities (pp. 21–40). Lanham: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, R. W., Jr., & Williamson, W. P. (2014). Case study of the intratextual model of fundamentalism: Serpent handlers and Mark 16:17-18. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 33, 58–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, S., & Leary, D. (Eds.). (1985). A century of psychology as science. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labarre. W. (1962/1974). They shall take up serpents: Psychology of the southern snake-handling cult. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, D. V. (1995). Appalachian mountain religion: A history. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. N. (1995). An intellectual history of psychology (3rd ed.). Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, P. A. (1987). Meaning and method in the social sciences: The case for methodological pluralism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. W. (1999). Faith, serpents, and fire: Images of Kentucky holiness believers. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Synan, V. (1997). The Holiness-Pentecostal tradition: Charismatic movements in the twentieth century. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. C., & Alexander, K. E. (2003). And the signs are following: Mark 16. 9-20: A journey into Pentecostal hermeneutics. Journal of Pentecostal Theology, 11, 147–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, A. J. (1918). Signs following believers: A good honest life must back up a testimony to make it count. The Church of God Evangel, 9(26), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wacker, G. (2003). Heaven below: Early Pentecostals and American culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, W. P. (2000). The experience of religious serpent handling: A phenomenological study. Dissertation Abstracts International, 6(2-B), 1136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, W. P. (2010). Appalachian mountain religion. In C. H. Lippy & P. W. Williams (Eds.), Encyclopedia of religion in America (pp. 135–142). Washington, DC: CQ Press (Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, W. P., & Hood, R. W., Jr. (2004). Differential maintenance and growth of religious organizations based upon high cost behaviors. Review of Religious Research, 46, 150–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, W. P., & Hood, R. W., Jr. (2015a). Poison-drinking in obedience to the faith: A phenomenological study of the experience. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 18, 199–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, W. P., & Hood, R. W., Jr. (2015b). Religious serpent handling and community relations. Journal on Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 43(Special issue), 186–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, W. P., Pollio, H. R., & Hood, R. W., Jr. (2000). A phenomenological analysis of anointing among religious serpent handlers. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10, 221–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. (1999). Consilience: The unity of knowledge. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wulff, D. (2003). A field in crisis. Is it time to start over? In H. M. P. Roelofsma, J. M. T. Corveleyn, & J. W. van Saane (Eds.), One hundred years of psychology of religion (pp. 11–32). Amsterdam: VU University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ralph W. Hood .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hood, R.W., Williamson, W. (2021). An Indigenous Appalachian Faith Tradition. In: Dueck, A. (eds) Indigenous Psychology of Spirituality. Palgrave Studies in Indigenous Psychology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50869-2_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50869-2_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-50868-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-50869-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics