Abstract
This chapter deals with the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism/biotransformation, and excretion (ADME) of xenobiotics and the study of toxicokinetics of toxicants/xenobiotics in relation to time in animals. The disposition of a chemical determines its concentration at the site of action such that the concerted actions of absorption, distribution, and elimination also determine the potential for adverse events to occur. Metabolism or biotransformation of toxicants by the body is an “attempt to detoxify.” There are two phases of metabolism. Phase I includes oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis mechanisms. These reactions, catalyzed by hepatic enzymes, generally convert foreign compounds to derivatives for Phase II reactions. This chapter briefly focuses on the overview, key points, and relevant text that are in the format of problem-solving study questions followed by multiple-choice questions (MCQs) along with their answers.
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Further Reading
Fruncillo RJ (2011) 2,000 Toxicology board review questions. Xlibris, Publishers, Bloomington
Gupta PK (2010) Absorption, distribution, & excretion of xenobiotics. In: Gupta PK (ed) Modern toxicology: basis of organ and reproduction toxicity, vol 1, 2nd reprint edn. PharmaMed Press, Hyderabad, pp 71–92
Gupta PK (2014) Essential concept in toxicology, 1st edn. BSP, Hyderabad
Gupta PK (2016) Fundamental of toxicology: essential concept and applications. Elsevier/BSP, San Diego
Gupta PK (2018) Illustrative toxicology, 1st edn. Elsevier, San Diego
Gupta PK (2019) Concepts and applications in veterinary toxicology: an interactive guide. Springer-Nature, Switzerland
Gupta PK (2020) Brain storming questions in toxicology. Francis and Taylor CRC Press, Boca Raton
Krishnamurti CR (2010) Biotransformation of xenobiotics. In: Gupta PK (ed) Modern toxicology: basis of organ and reproduction toxicity, vol 1, 2nd reprint edn. PharmaMed Press, Hyderabad, pp 95–129
Lehman-McKeeman LD (2015) Absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants. In: Klaassen CD, Watkins JB III (eds) Casarett & Doull’s essentials of toxicology, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 61–78
Parkinson A, Ogilvie BW, Buckley DB, Kazmi F, Czerwinski M, Parkinson O (2015) Biotransformation of xenobiotics. In: Klaassen CD, Watkins JB III (eds) Casarett & Doull’s essentials of toxicology, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 79–108
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Gupta, P.K. (2020). Disposition of Toxicants. In: Problem Solving Questions in Toxicology:. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50409-0_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50409-0_5
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