Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Stages of Early Metallurgical Activities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Archaeometallurgy – Materials Science Aspects

Part of the book series: Natural Science in Archaeology ((ARCHAEOLOGY))

  • 692 Accesses

Abstract

Even though, from a global perspective, the developmental stages of early metallurgy show significant chronological and geographical differences, surprisingly many common technological basics can be observed again and again, despite the considerable spatial distances. This is made obvious by many publications, of which only a few can be mentioned here. Robert Maddin followed the topic many years ago with the organisation of the already mentioned conference series The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys (BUMA), of which, e.g. the work of Maddin (1988) has to be mentioned. This volume contains articles that show the extraction and distribution of ores and metals in Europe, the Middle East, South-west and South-east Asia, South America and Africa. Recently, Roberts and Thornton (2014), presented a thoroughly comprehensive global overview of the development of early metallurgy with their opus Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective, highlighting the current state of research in this field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Abdel-Motelib A, Bode M, Hartmann R, Hartung U, Hauptmann A, Pfeiffer K (2012) Archaeometallurgical expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula and the Eastern Desert of Egypt (2006, 2008). Meta 19(1/2):3–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Anfinset N (1996) Social and technological aspects of mining, smelting and casting copper. An ethnoarchaeological study from Nepal. MA-thesis, Dept. Archaeol, Univers Bergen, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  • Anfinset N (2011) Social and technological aspects of mining, smelting and casting copper. An ethnoarchaeological study from Nepal. Publ Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum 181

    Google Scholar 

  • Avner U, Carmi I, Segal D (1994) Neolithic to bronze age settlement of the Negev and Sinai in light of radiocarbon dating: a view from the Southern Negev. In: Bar-Yosef O, Kra RS (eds) Late qatrenary chronology and paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean. RadioCarbon, Arizona, pp 265–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamberger M, Wincierz P (1990) Ancient smelting of oxide copper Ore. In: Rothenberg B (ed) Researches in the Arabah 1959-1984, vol II: the ancient metallurgy of copper. Inst Archaeo-Metall Stud, London, pp 123–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef O, Alon D (1988) Nahal Hemar Cave. The excavations. Altiqot 18:1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels C, Fessner M, Klappauf L, Linke FA (2007) Kupfer, Blei und Silber aus dem Goslarer Rammelsberg von den Anfängen bis 1620. Publ Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum 151

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisson MS (2000) Precolonial copper metallurgy: sociopolitical context. In: Vogel J (ed) Ancient African metallurgy. Altamira-Press, Walnut-Creek, pp 83–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Borg G (2014) “Gold is where you find it” – Zeitgenössischer artisanaler Goldbergbau in Afrika als Analogie (prä-)historischer Goldgewinnung. In: Meller H, Risch R, Pernicka E (eds) Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag, Oct 2013, Halle (Saale), pp 53–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Catt J (1992) Angewandte Quartärgeologie. Enke Publ Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Celis G (1991) Eisenhütten in Afrika. Les fonderies africaines du fer. Museum für Völkerkunde Frankfurt am Main. Henrich, Frankfurt a.M.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childe VG (1928) The most ancient east: the oriental prelude to European prehistory. Kegan Paul

    Google Scholar 

  • Comşa E (1991) L’utilisation du cuivre en Roumanie pendant le Néolithic moyen. In: Éluère S, Mohen JP (eds) La Découverte du métal. Picard (Millénaire 2), Paris, pp 77–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Craddock PT (1995) Early metal mining and production. Edinburgh University Press 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Day PM, Doonan RCP (2007) Metallurgy in the early bronze age Aegean. Sheffield studies in Aegean archaeology 7. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty RC, Caldwell JR (1966) Evidence of early pyrometallurgy in the Kerman range. Iran Sci 153:27–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Esin U (1993) Copper beads of Aşıklı. In: Mellink M, Porada E, Özgüç T (eds) Aspects of art and iconography: anatolia and its neighbours, Studies in honor of Nimet Özgüç, pp 173–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Esin U (1996) Asikli, ten thousand years ago: a habitation model from central Anatolia. In: Housing and settlement in Anatolia: a historical perspective. Habitat, Istanbul, pp 31–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes RJ (1972) Metallurgy in antiquity 2. Copper and bronze, tin, arsenic, antimony and iron. Brill, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Frame LD (2012) Reconstructing ancient technologies: chalcolithic crucible smelting at Tal-i-Iblis, Iran. In: Jett P, McCathy B, Douglas JD (eds) Fifth Forbes symposium: studies of ancient Asian Asian metallurgy. Smiths, Washington DC, pp 181–202

    Google Scholar 

  • French D (1962) Excavations at Can Hasan. First preliminary report. Anatol Stud 12:27–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gale NH, Papastamataki A, Stos-Gale ZA, Leonis K (1985) Copper sources and copper metallurgy in the Aegean bronze age. In: Craddock PT, Hughes MJ (eds) Furnaces and smelting technology in antiquity, Brit Mus Occ Papers, vol 48, pp 81–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauß R (2015) Früher Bergbau und Metallurgie auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. Faszikel 1: Zambujal und die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der Estremadura (Portugal). Technologie der Kupfergewinnung, Herkunft des Metalls und soziokulturelle Bedeutung der Innovation. Iberia Archaeologica 15.1. Wasmuth, Tübingen

    Google Scholar 

  • Glumac PD, Todd JA (1991a) Earl metallurgy in Southeast Europe: the evidence for production. MASCA Res Pap 8(1):9–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Glumac PD, Todd JA (1991b) Eneolithic copper smelting slags from the middle Danubian Basin. In: Pernicka E, Wagner GA (eds) Archaeometry 1990. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 155–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden J (2014) Who Dunnit? New clues concerning the development of chalcolithic metal technology in the Southern Levant. In: Roberts BW, Thornton CP (eds) Archaeometallurgy in global perspective, methods and syntheses. Springer, pp 559–578

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowland W (1899) The early metallurgy of copper, tin and iron in Europe, as illustrated by ancient remains and the primitive processes surviving in Japan. Archaeologia 56(2):267–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel Y, Klimscha F, Shalev S, Rosenberg D (2014) The beginning of metallurgy in the Southern levant: a late 6 millennium CalBC copper Awl from Tel Tsaf. PLoS One 9(3):e92591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanning E, Gauß R, Goldenberg G (2010) Metal for Zambujal: experimentally reconstructing a 5000-year-old technology. In: Proc Symp Arqueometalurgia: Aspectos tecnológicos, económicos y sociales en la orehistoria reciente Europea. Trabajos de Prehistoria, vol 67, pp 287–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen S (2016) Prähistorische Innovationsforschung. Das Altertum 61:81–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann A (2007) The early metallurgy of copper. Evidence fom Faynan, Jordan. In: Wagner GA, Herrmann B (eds) Natural science in archaeology. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann A, Weisgerber G (1996) The early production of metal in the near east. In: Bagolini B, LoSchiavo F (eds) The copper age in the near east and Europe. Proc Internat Congress Prehist and Protohist Sc, Forli, pp 95–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann A, Yalçın Ü (2000) Lime plaster, cement and the first Puzzolanic reaction. Paléorient 26(2):61–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann A, Khalil L, Schmitt-Strecker S (2004) Evidence for late chalcolithic/early bronze age I copper production from Timna ores at tall Magass, Aqaba. In: Khalil L, Schmidt K (eds) Prehistoric Aqaba I, Orient-Archäol, vol 23, pp 295–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann A, Löffler I (2013a) Technological innovations and organisational structures of prehistoric mining and metal production – examples from Faynan, Jordan. In: Burmeister S, Hansen S, Kunst M, Müller-Scheeßel N (eds) Metal matters. Innovative technologies and social change in prehistory and antiquity, vol 12. Menschen – Kulturen – Traditionen. Forschungsclust Deutsches Archäolog Inst, VML Rahden/Westf, pp 65–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann A, Schmitt-Strecker S, Levy TE, Begemann F (2015) On early bronze age copper Bar ingots from the southern Levant. Bull Am Soc Orient Res 373:1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann A, Schneider G, Bartels C (2016) The shipwreck of Bom Jesus, AD 1533: Fugger copper in Namibia. J Afr Archaeol 14(2):181–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heeb J (2014) Copper shaft-hole axes and early metallurgy in South-Eastern Europe. Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Heeb J, Ottaway B (2014) Experimental archaeometallurgy. In: Roberts BW, Thornton CP (eds) Archaeometallurgy in global perspective, Methods and syntheses. Springer, pp 161–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Herdits H (1993) Zum Beginn experimentalarchäologischer Untersuchungen einer bronzezeitlichen Kupferverhüttungsanlage in Mühlbach, Salzburg. Archaeologia Austriaca 77:31–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankovič S (1997) The Carpatho-Balkanides and adjacent area: a sector of the Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt. Mineral Deposits 32:426–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein S, Hauptmann A (2016) Ur, Mesopotamia: the Lead metal from pit X. Meta 22(1):136–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Laschimke R, Burger M (2015) Die Anfänge der Kupfermetallurgie - archäometallurgische Versuche zur Verhüttung von Malachit am offenen Feuer. In: Weller U, Lessig T (eds) Experimentelle Archäologie in Europa, pp 10–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Laschimke R, Burger M (2017) Neolithische Flachbeile aus Kupfer, die ältesten Metallwerkzeuge des menschen – archäometallurgische Experimente zu ihrer Herstellung. Metall 3:85–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Laschimke R, Burger M (2018) Die Herstellung von kupferzeitlichen Äxten mit Schaftloch – archäometallurgische Experimente. Metall 6:239–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Lechtman H, Klein S (1999) The production of copper-arsenic alloys (arsenic bronze) by Cosmelting: modern experiment, ancient Practise. J Archaeol Sci 26:497–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leroi-Gourhan (1943) L’Homme et la Matìere: evolution et Techniques (archive). Peris, Albin coll

    Google Scholar 

  • Leusch V, Pernicka E, Armbruster B (2014) Chalcolithic gold from Varna – provenance, circulation and function. In: Meller H, Risch R, Pernicka E (eds) Metalle der Macht – Frühes gold und Silber, 6. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag, Oct 2013, Halle (Saale), pp 165–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy TE, Adams RB, Hauptmaqnn A, Prange M, Schmitt-Strecker S, Najjar M (2002) Early bronze age metallurgy: a newly discovered copper manufactory in southern Jordan. Antiquity 76:425–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linduff K, Mei J (2014) Metallurgy in ancient eastern Asia: retrospect and prospects. In: Roberts BW, Thornton CP (eds) Archaeometallurgy in global perspective, Methods and syntheses. Springer, pp 785–803

    Google Scholar 

  • Maczek M, Preuschen E, Pittioni R (1952) Beiträge zum problem des Ursprunges der Kupfererzverwertung in der Alten welt. Archaeol Aust 10:61–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddin R (1988) The beginning of the use of metals and alloys II. MIT Press, Cambridge/MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddin R, Muhly JD, Stech T (1999) Early metalworking at Çayönü. In: Hauptmann A, Pernicka E, Rehren T, Yalçın Ü (eds) The beginnings of metallurgy, Der Anschnitt, Beih, vol 9, pp 37–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall T (2015) die Macht der Geographie. Wie sich Weltpolitik anhand von 10 Karten erklären lässt. Dtv München

    Google Scholar 

  • Meignen L, Goldberg P, Bar-Yosef O (2007) The hearths at Kebara Cave and their role in site formation processes. In: Bar-Yosef O, Meignen L (eds) Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel: the Middle and Upper Paleolithic archaeology. Part I. American School of Prehistoric Research, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, pp 91–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellaart J (1966) Excavations at Çatal Höyük, 1965. Fourth preliminary report. Anatol Stud 16:165–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merkel J (1990) Experimental reconstruction of bronze age copper smelting based on archaeological evidence from Timna. In: Rothenberg B (ed) The ancient metallurgy of copper, Inst. Archaeo-Metall. Stud. University College, London, pp 78–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Montero Ruiz I, Ruíz Taboada A (1996) Enterramiento colectivo y metalurgia en el yacimiento Neolítico de Cerro Virtud (Cuevas de Almanzora, Almería). Trabajos de Prehist 53(2):55–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moorey PR (1994) Ancient Mesopotamian materials and industries. The archaeological evidence. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Muhly JD (1991) The development of copper metallurgy in late bronze age Cyprus. In: Gale NH (ed) Bronze age trade in the Mediterranean, J Mediterran Archaeol, vol 90, pp 180–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuninger H, Pittioni R, Siegel W (1964) Frühkeramikzeitliche Kupfergewinnung in Anatolien. Arch Austriaca XXXV:98–110

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien W (2013) Bronze age copper mining in Europe. In: Fokkens H, Harding A (eds) Oxford handbook of the European bronze age

    Google Scholar 

  • Özdoĝan M, Özdoĝan A (1999) Archaeological evidence on the early metallurgy at Çayönü Tepesi. In: Hauptmann A, Pernicka E, Rehren T, Yalçın Ü (eds) The beginning of metallurgy. Proc. Int. Conf. Bochum 1995, Der Anschnitt, Beih, vol 9, pp 13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottaway BS (1994) Prähistorische Archäometallurgie. M Leidorf, Espelkamp

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce M (2015) The spread of early copper mining and metallurgy in Europe: an assessment of the diffusionist model. In: Hauptmann A, Modarressi-Tehrani D (eds) Archaeometallurgy in Europe III, pp 45–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Percy J (1861) Metallurgy: fuel, fire clays, copper, zinc, Brass. J Murray, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Pernicka E (1990) Gewinnung und Verbreitung der Metalle in prähistorischer Zeit. Jb Röm-German Zentralmus 37(1):21–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Pernicka E (1998) Die Ausbreitung der Zinnbronze im 3. Jahrtausend. In: Hänsel B (ed) Mensch und Umwelt in der Bronzezeit Europas. Oetker-Voges Verlag, Kiel, pp 135–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Pernicka E (2013) Die Ausbreitung der Metallurgie in der Alten welt. In: Bronzezeit (ed) Europa ohne Grenzen. 4.-1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Ausstellungskatalog St. Petersburg, Moskau, Berlin. St. Petersburg publishing house, pp 66–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Pernicka E, Begemann F, Schmitt-Strecker S, Wagner GA (1993) Eneolithic and early bronze age copper artefacts from the Balkans and their relation to Serbian copper ores. Prähist Zeitschr 68:1–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pernicka E, Begemann F, Schmitt-Strecker S, Todorova H, Kuleff I (1997) Prehistoric copper in Bulgaria. Eurasia Antiqua 3:41–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Pigott VC (1999) The development of metal production on the Iranian plateau – an Archaeometallurgical perspective. In: Pigott VC (ed) The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world, Univers Pennsylv Mus, pp 73–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Potts DT (1997) Mesopotamian civilization. The material foundations. Cornell University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Radivojević M, Rehren T, Pernicka E, Šljivar D, Brauns M (2010) On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe. J Archaeol Sci 37:2775–2787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radivojević M, Rehren T, Kuzmanović-Cvetković J, Marija J, Peter N (2013) Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago. Antiquity 87:1030–1045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radivojevic M et al (2017) Repealing the Çatalhöyük extractive metallurgy: the green, the fire and the ‘slag’. J Archaeol Sci 86:101–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.07.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramage A, Craddock PT (2000) King Croesus’ gold. Excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining. Brit Mus Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew C (1969) The autonomy of the south-east European copper age. Proc Prehist Soc 36:12–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts BW, Thornton CP (2014) Archaeometallurgy in global perspective, Methods and syntheses. Springer, Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts BW, Thornton CP, Pigott VC (2009) Development of metallurgy in Eurasia. Antiquity 83:1012–1022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts N (1998) The holocene. An environmental history. Blackwell Publ, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovira S, Montero I (2003) Natural tin-bronze alloy in Iberian Peninsula metallurgy: potentiality and reality. In: Giumlia-Mair A, LoSchiavo F (eds) The problem of early tin, Brit Archaeol rec Int Ser 1199, pp 15–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalk E (1998) Die Entwicklung der prähistorischen Metallurgie im nördlichen Karpatenbecken. Eine typologische und metallanalytische Untersuchung. Internationale Archäologie. Naturwissenschaft und Technologie 1, M Leidorf, Rahden Westf

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiegl S (1997) Feuernutzung durch den Frühmenschen. In: Wagner GA, Beinhauer KW (eds) Homo heidelbergensis von Mauer. Das Auftreten des Menschen in Europa. Winter, Heidelberg, pp 298–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoop UD (1995) Die Geburt des Hephaistos. Technologie und Kulturgeschichte neolithischer Metallverwendung im Vorderen orient, Intern Archäol 24, Leidorf, Rahden, Westfalen

    Google Scholar 

  • Shalev S (1991) Two different copper industries in the chalcolithic culture of Israel. In: Mohen JP, Éluére C (eds) Découverte du Métal. Picard, Paris, pp 413–419

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperl G (1990) Urgeschichte des Bleis. Z Met 81:799–801

    Google Scholar 

  • Srejović D (1975) Lepenski Vir. Eine vorgeschichtliche Geburtsstätte europäischer Kultur. Gustav Lübbe Publ

    Google Scholar 

  • Stöllner T (2008a) Mining landscapes in early societies – imprinting processes in pre- and protohistoric economies? In: Bartels C, Küppers-Eichas C (eds) Cultural Heritage and Landscapes in Europe. Proc Intern Conf Bochum 2007. Veröff. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, vol 161, pp 65–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Stöllner T (2008b) Montan-archaeology and research on old mining: just a contribution to economic history? In: Yalçın Ü (ed) Anatolian metal IV, Der Anschnitt Beih, vol 21, pp 149–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Strahm C (1994) Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in Mitteleuropa. Helvetia Archaeol 25:2–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Strahm C (2007) L’introduction de la métallurgie en Europe. In: Guilaine J (ed) Le Chalcolithique et la Construction des Inegalités, Collection des Hesperides, pp 47–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Strahm C, Hauptmann (2009) The metallurgical developmental phases in the old world. In: Kienlin TL, Roberts BW (eds) Metals and societies studies in honour of Barbara S Ottaway, Univers Forsch Prähist Archäol, vol 169. Habelt, Bonn, pp 116–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Tadmor M, Kedem D, Begemann F, Hauptmann A, Pernicka E, Schmitt-Strecker S (1995) The Nahal Mishmar hoard from the Judean Desert: technology, composition, and provenance. Atiqot XXVII:95–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton C (2009a) The emergence of complex metallurgy on the Iranian plateau: escaping the Levantine paradigm. J World Prehist 22:301–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton C (2009b) The chalcolithic and early bronze age metallurgy of Tepe Hissar, Northeast Iran: a challenge to the “Levantine paradigm”. PhD-diss Univers of Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Tubb KW (1985) Preliminary report on the Ain Ghazal statues. Mitt Deutsche Orientges 117:117–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Tylecote RF (1986) The prehistory of metallurgy in the British Isles. The Institute of Metals, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Tylecote RF, Austin JN, Wraith AE (1971) The mechanism of the Bloomery process. J Iron Steel Inst 5:342–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Vatandoust A, Parzinger H, Helwing B (2011) Early mining and metallurgy on the western central Iranian plateau. Report on the first five years research on the Joint Iranian-German Research Project Archäologie in Iran und Turan 9

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisgerber G (1979) Das römische Wasserheberad aus Rio Tinto in Spanien im British museum London. Der Anschnitt 2–3:62–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisgerber G, Pernicka E (1995) Ore mining in prehistoric Europe. In: Morteani G, Northover JP (eds) Prehistoric gold in Europe. Kluwer Academ Publ, pp 159–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertime TA (1967) A metallurgical expedition through the Persian Desert. In: Caldwell R (ed) Excavation at Tal-I Iblis, Illinois state museum, preliminary reports, vol 9, pp 327–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertime TA (1973) The beginnings of metallurgy: a new look. Science 182:875–887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winkelmann H (1964) Altjapanischer Goldbergabu. Eisenhütte Westfalia, Lünen

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalçın Ü (1998) Der Keulenkopf von can Hasan (TR). Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung und neue interpretation. In: Rehren T, Hauptmann A, Muhly JD (eds) Metallurgica Antiqua, In honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Der Anschnitt Beih, vol 8, pp 279–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalçın Ü (2000a) Anfänge der Metallverwendung in Anatolien. In: Yalçın Ü (ed) Anatolian metal I, Der Anschnitt Beih, vol 13, pp 17–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalçın Ü (2000b) Frühchalkolithische Metallfunde von Mersin-Yumuktepe: Beginn der extraktiven Metallurgie? Tüb-Ar III:109–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yalçın Ü (2017) The beginning of metal use in West Asia. In: Tsuneki A, Yamada S, Hisada K (eds) Ancient West Asian Civilisation. Geoenvironment and Society in the Pre-Islamic Middle East, Springer, pp 115–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalçın Ü, Pernicka E (1999) Frühneolithische Metallurgie von Aşıklı Höyük. In: Hauptmann A, Pernicka E, Rehren T, Yalçın Ü (eds) The beginnings of metallurgy. Proc Internat Conf “the beginnings of metallurgy”, Bochum 1995, Der Anschnitt Beih, vol 9, pp 45–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalçın Ü, Pulak C, Slotta R (2005) Das Schiff von Uluburun. Welthandel vor 3000 Jahren. Ausstellungskatalog Deutsches Bergbau-museum Bochum

    Google Scholar 

  • Servelle C, Servelle G (1991) Premier mètal, ultime pierredans le Sud-Ouest de la France. In: Mohen JP, Eluère C (eds) Découverte du Metal. Paris, pp 229–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen-Streily A (2000) Early pottery kilns in the Middle East. Paléorient 26(2):69–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaffenberger B (1992) Social anthropology and technology. Annu Rev Anthropol 21:491–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Haus der Archäologien, Archaeometallurgy, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum / Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany

    Andreas Hauptmann

Authors
  1. Andreas Hauptmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hauptmann, A. (2020). Stages of Early Metallurgical Activities. In: Archaeometallurgy – Materials Science Aspects. Natural Science in Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50367-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50367-3_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-50366-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-50367-3

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation