Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biomimetic Lotus Effect Surfaces for Nanopackaging

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nano-Bio- Electronic, Photonic and MEMS Packaging

  • 660 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter addresses fundamentals on biomimetic nano Lotus surfaces, their chemistry, and nanostructure texture physics. In addition, preparation methodologies for various nano-textured superhydrophobic surfaces, their applications, and future researches are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wagner, T., Neinhuis, C., Barthlott, W.: Wettability and contaminability of insect wings as a function of their surface sculptures. Acta Zool. 77, 213–215 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Neinhuis, C., Barthlott, W.: Characterization and distribution of water-repellent, self-cleaning plant surfaces. Ann. Bot. 79, 667–677 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sacher, E., Sapieha, J.K., Schrieber, H.P., Wertheimer, N.R., McIntyre, N.S.: Silanes, Surfaces, and Interfaces, vol. I. Taylor & Francis, London (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Morra, M., Occhiello, E., Garbassi, F.: Contact-angle hysteresis in oxygen plasma treated poly(tetrafluoroethylene). Langmuir. 5, 872–876 (1989)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Shibuichi, S., Yamamoto, T., Onda, T., Tsujii, K.: Super water- and oil-repellent surfaces resulting from fractal structure. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 208, 287–294 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nosonovsky, M., Bhushan, B.: Biologically inspired surfaces: broadening the scope of roughness. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 843–855 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sun, T.L., Feng, L., Gao, X.F.: Bioinspired surfaces with special wettability. Acc. Chem. Res. 38, 644–652 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gao, X.F., Jiang, L.: Water-repellent legs of water striders. Nature. 432, 36 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gao, X.F., Yan, X., Yao, X., Xu, L., Zhang, K., Zhang, J.H., Yang, B., Jiang, L.: The dry-style antifogging properties of mosquito compound eyes and artificial analogues prepared by soft lithography. Adv. Mater. 19, 2213–2217 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Berthier, S.: Iridescences: the Physical Colors of Insects. Springer, New York (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cassie, A.B.D., Baxter, S.: Wettability of porous surfaces. Trans. Faraday Soc. 40, 0546–0550 (1944)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wenzel, R.N.: Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Ind. Eng. Chem. 28, 988–994 (1936)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Marmur, A.: Wetting on hydrophobic rough surfaces: to be heterogeneous or not to be? Langmuir. 19, 8343–8348 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Xiu, Y., Zhu, L., Hess, D.W., Wong, C.P.: Biomimetic creation of hierarchical surface structures by combining colloidal self-assembly and Au sputter deposition. Langmuir. 22, 9676–9681 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lu, X.Y., Zhang, J.L., Zhang, C.C., Han, Y.C.: Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) surface with a wettability gradient by tuning its microstructures. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 26, 637–642 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Han, W., Wu, D., Ming, W.H., Niemantsverdriet, H., Thune, P.C.: Direct catalytic route to superhydrophobic polyethylene films. Langmuir. 22, 7956–7959 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Teshima, K., Sugimura, H., Inoue, Y., Takai, O., Takano, A.: Ultra-water-repellent poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates. Langmuir. 19, 10624–10627 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tadanaga, K., Morinaga, J., Matsuda, A., Minami, T.: Superhydrophobic-superhydrophilic micropatterning on flowerlike alumina coating film by the sol-gel method. Chem. Mater. 12, 590–592 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Nakajima, A., Fujishima, A., Hashimoto, K., Watanabe, T.: Preparation of transparent superhydrophobic boehmite and silica films by sublimation of aluminum acetylacetonate. Adv. Mater. 11, 1365–1368 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Israelachvili, J.: Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2nd edn. Academic, New York (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nishino, T., Meguro, M., Nakamae, K., Matsushita, M., Ueda, Y.: The lowest surface free energy based on -CF3 alignment. Langmuir. 15, 4321–4323 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Tuteja, A., Choi, W., Ma, M., Mabry, J.M., Mazzella, S.A., Rutledge, G.C., McKinley, G.H., Cohen, R.E.: Designing superoleophobic surfaces. Science. 318, 1618–1622 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ahuja, A., Taylor, J.A., Lifton, V., Sidorenko, A.A., Salamon, T.R., Lobaton, E.J., Kolodner, P., Krupenkin, T.N.: Nanonails: a simple geometrical approach to electrically tunable superlyophobic surfaces. Langmuir. 24, 9–14 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cao, L.L., Price, T.P., Weiss, M., Gao, D.: Super water- and oil-repellent surfaces on intrinsically hydrophilic and oleophilic porous silicon films. Langmuir. 24, 1640–1643 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cao, L.L., Hu, H.H., Gao, D.: Design and fabrication of micro-textures for inducing a superhydrophobic behavior on hydrophilic materials. Langmuir. 23, 4310–4314 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Patankar, N.A.: Transition between superhydrophobic states on rough surfaces. Langmuir. 20, 7097–7102 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lieberman, M.A., Lichtenberg, A.J.: Principles of Plasma Discharges and Materials Processing, 2nd Translator. Wiley-Interscience, London (2005)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  28. Stelmashuk, V., Biederman, H., Slavinska, D., Zemek, J., Trchova, M.: Plasma polymer films rf sputtered from PTFE under various argon pressures. Vacuum. 77, 131–137 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Shiu, J.Y., Kuo, C.W., Chen, P.: Fabrication of tunable superhydrophobic surfaces. Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Optical Eng. 5648, 325–332 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Byun, D., Lee, Y., Tran, S.B.Q., Nugyen, V.D., Kim, S., Park, B., Lee, S., Inamdar, N., Bau, H.H.: Electrospray on superhydrophobic nozzles treated with argon and oxygen plasma. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 093507 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Larsen, K.P., Petersen, D.H., Hansen, O.: Study of the roughness in a photoresist masked, isotropic, SF6-based ICP silicon etch. J. Electrochem. Soc. 153, G1051–G1058 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lejeune, M., Lacroix, L.M., Bretagnol, F., Valsesia, A., Colpo, P., Rossi, F.: Plasma-based processes for surface wettability modification. Langmuir. 22, 3057–3061 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Teshima, K., Sugimura, H., Inoue, Y., Takai, O., Takano, A.: Transparent ultra water-repellent poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates fabricated by oxygen plasma treatment and subsequent hydrophobic coating. Appl. Surf. Sci. 244, 619–622 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Tserepi, A.D., Vlachopoulou, M.E., Gogolides, E.: Nanotexturing of poly(dimethylsiloxane) in plasmas for creating robust super-hydrophobic surfaces. Nanotechnology. 17, 3977–3983 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Teshima, K., Sugimura, H., Inoue, Y., Takai, O., Takano, A.: Wettability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates modified by a two-step plasma process: ultra water-repellent surface fabrication. Chem. Vap. Depos. 10, 295 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Teshima, K., Sugimura, H., Inoue, Y., Takai, O., Takano, A.: Transparent ultra water-repellent poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates fabricated by oxygen plasma treatment and subsequent hydrophobic coating. Appl. Surf. Sci. 244, 619–624 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Teshima, K., Sugimura, H., Takano, A., Inoue, Y., Takai, O.: Ultrahydrophobic/ultrahydrophilic micropatterning on a polymeric substrate. Chem. Vap. Depos. 11, 347–352 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fresnais, J., Chapel, J.P., Poncin-Epaillard, F.: Synthesis of transparent superhydrophobic polyethylene surfaces. Surf. Coat. Technol. 200, 5296–5305 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Fresnais, J., Benyahia, L., Poncin-Epaillard, F.: Dynamic (de)wetting properties of superhydrophobic plasma-treated polyethylene surfaces. Surf. Interface Anal. 38, 144–149 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Fresnais, J., Benyahia, L., Chapel, J.P., Poncin-Epaillard, F.: Polyethylene ultrahydrophobic surface: synthesis and original properties. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 26, 209–214 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Di Mundo, R., Palumbo, F., d’Agostino, R.: Nanotexturing of polystyrene surface in fluorocarbon plasmas: from sticky to slippery superhydrophobicity. Langmuir. 24, 5044–5051 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Woodward, I., Schofield, W.C.E., Roucoules, V., Badyal, J.P.S.: Super-hydrophobic surfaces produced by plasma fluorination of polybutadiene films. Langmuir. 19, 3432–3438 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Dorrer, C., Ruhe, J.: Wetting of silicon nanograss: from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic surfaces. Adv. Mater. 20, 159–164 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Artus, G.R.J., Jung, S., Zimmermann, J., Gautschi, H.P., Marquardt, K., Seeger, S.: Silicone nanofilaments and their application as superhydrophobic coating. Adv. Mater. 18, 2758–2762 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Zimmermann, J., Rabe, M., Artus, G.R.J., Seeger, S.: Patterned superfunctional surfaces based on a silicone nanofilament coating. Soft Matter. 4, 450–452 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Zhu, L.B., Xiu, Y.H., Xu, J.W., Tamirisa, P.A., Hess, D.W., Wong, C.P.: Superhydrophobicity on two-tier rough surfaces fabricated by controlled growth of aligned carbon nanotube arrays coated with fluorocarbon. Langmuir. 21, 11208–11212 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lau, K.K.S., Bico, J., Teo, K.B.K., Chhowalla, M., Amaratunga, G.A.J., Milne, W.I., McKinley, G.H., Gleason, K.K.: Superhydrophobic carbon nanotube forests. Nano Lett. 3, 1701–1705 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Roig, A., Molins, E., Rodriguez, E., Martinez, S., Moreno-Manas, M., Vallribera, A.: Superhydrophobic silica aerogels by fluorination at the gel stage. Chem. Commun. 20, 2316–2317 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Tadanaga, K., Katata, N., Minami, T.: Formation process of super-water-repellent Al2O3 coating films with high transparency by the sol-gel method. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80, 3213–3216 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Doshi, D.A., Shah, P.B., Singh, S., Branson, E.D., Malanoski, A.P., Watkins, E.B., Majewski, J., van Swol, F., Brinker, C.J.: Investigating the interface of superhydrophobic surfaces in contact with water. Langmuir. 21, 7805–7811 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rao, A.V., Bhagat, S.D., Hirashima, H., Pajonk, G.M.: Synthesis of flexible silica aerogels using methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) precursor. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 300, 279–285 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Shirtcliffe, N.J., McHale, G., Newton, M.I., Perry, C.C.: Intrinsically superhydrophobic organosilica sol-gel foams. Langmuir. 19, 5626–5631 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gao, L.C., McCarthy, T.J.: A perfectly hydrophobic surface (theta(A)/theta(R)=180 degrees/180 degrees). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 9052 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Koynov, S., Brandt, M.S., Stutzmann, M.: Black nonreflecting silicon surfaces for solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 203107/1 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Peng, K.Q., Wu, Y., Fang, H., Zhong, X.Y., Xu, Y., Zhu, J.: Uniform, axial-orientation alignment of one-dimensional single-crystal silicon nanostructure arrays. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 2737–2742 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Peng, K.Q., Yan, Y.J., Gao, S.P., Zhu, J.: Dendrite-assisted growth of silicon nanowires in electroless metal deposition. Adv. Funct. Mater. 13, 127–132 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Xiu, Y., Zhu, L., Hess, D.W., Wong, C.P.: Hierarchical silicon etched structures for controlled hydrophobicity/superhydrophobicity. Nano Lett. 7, 3388–3393 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Xiu, Y., Zhang, S., Yelundur, V., Rohatgi, A., Hess, D.W., Wong, C.P.: Superhydrophobic and low light reflectivity silicon surfaces fabricated by hierarchical etching. Langmuir. 24, 10421–10426 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Qian, B.T., Shen, Z.Q.: Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces by dislocation-selective chemical etching on aluminum, copper, and zinc substrates. Langmuir. 21, 9007–9009 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Guo, Z.G., Zhou, F., Hao, J.C., Liu, W.M.: Effects of system parameters on making aluminum alloy lotus. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 303, 298–305 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Shirtcliffe, N.J., McHale, G., Newton, M.I., Perry, C.C.: Wetting and wetting transitions on copper-based super-hydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir. 21, 937–943 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Rupp, F., Scheideler, L., Olshanska, N., de Wild, M., Wieland, M., Geis-Gerstorfer, J.: Enhancing surface free energy and hydrophilicity through chemical modification of microstructured titanium implant surfaces. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 76A, 323–334 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lai, Y.K., Lin, C.J., Huang, J.Y., Zhuang, H.F., Sun, L., Nguyen, T.: Markedly controllable adhesion of superhydrophobic spongelike nanostructure TiO2 films. Langmuir. 24, 3867 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Shiu, J.Y., Kuo, C.W., Chen, P.L., Mou, C.Y.: Fabrication of tunable superhydrophobic surfaces by nanosphere lithography. Chem. Mater. 16, 561–564 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Sun, C.H., Jiang, P., Jiang, B.: Broadband moth-eye antireflection coatings on silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 051107 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Zheng, H., Okada, H., Nojima, S., Suye, S., Hori, T.: Layer-by-layer assembly of enzymes and polymerized mediator on electrode surface by electrostatic adsorption. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 5, 371–376 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ji, J., Fu, J.H., Shen, J.C.: Fabrication of a superhydrophobic surface from the amplified exponential growth of a multilayer. Adv. Mater. 18, 1441–1444 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Zhai, L., Cebeci, F.C., Cohen, R.E., Rubner, M.F.: Stable superhydrophobic coatings from polyelectrolyte multilayers. Nano Lett. 4, 1349–1353 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Yabu, H., Shimomura, M.: Single-step fabrication of transparent superhydrophobic porous polymer films. Chem. Mater. 17, 5231–5234 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Feng, L., Zhang, Z.Y., Mai, Z.H., Ma, Y.M., Liu, B.Q., Jiang, L., Zhu, D.B.: A super-hydrophobic and super-oleophilic coating mesh film for the separation of oil and water. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 2012–2014 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Barkhudarov, P.M., Shah, P.B., Watkins, E.B.: Corrosion inhibition using superhydrophobic films. Corros. Sci. 50, 897–902 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ashurst, W.R., Yau, C., Carraro, C., Lee, C., Kluth, G.J., Howe, R.T., Maboudian, R.: Alkene based monolayer films as anti-stiction coatings for polysilicon MEMS. Sensors Actuators A Phys. 91, 239–248 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mastrangelo, C.H., Hsu, C.H.: Mechanical stability and adhesion of microstructures under capillary forces: part I: basic theory. IEEE J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2, 33–43 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mastrangelo, C.H., Hsu, C.H.: Mechanical stability and adhesion of microstructures under capillary forces – part II: experiments. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2, 44–55 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kulkarni, S.A., Mirji, S.A., Mandale, A.B.: Thermal stability of self-assembled octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayers on planar and curved silica surfaces. Thin Solid Films. 496, 420–425 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lee, C.C., Hsu, W.: Method on surface roughness modification to alleviate stiction of microstructures. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 21, 1505–1510 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cottin-Bizonne, C., Barrat, J.L., Bocquet, L.: Low-friction flows of liquid at nanopatterned interfaces. Nat. Mater. 2, 237–240 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mahdavi, A., Ferreira, L., Sundback, C., Nichol, J.W., et al.: A biodegradable and biocompatible gecko-inspired tissue adhesive. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 2307–2312 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Zhang, X.T., Jin, M., Liu, Z.Y., Nishimoto, S., Saito, H., Murakami, T., Fujishima, A.: Preparation and photocatalytic wettability conversion of TiO2-based superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir. 22, 9477–9479 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wang, J.X., Wen, Y.Q., Feng, X.J.: Control over the wettability of colloidal crystal films by assembly temperature. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 27, 188–192 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Li, X., Bohn, P.W.: Metal-assisted chemical etching in HF/H2O2 produces porous silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2572–2574 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Chattopadhyay, S., Li, X.L., Bohn, P.W.: In-plane control of morphology and tunable photoluminescence in porous silicon produced by metal-assisted electroless chemical etching. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 6134–6140 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Peng, K.Q., Xu, Y., Wu, Y., Yan, Y.J., Lee, S.T., Zhu, J.: Aligned single-crystalline Si nanowire arrays for photovoltaic applications. Small. 1, 1062–1067 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Deegan, R.D., Bakajin, O., Dupont, T.F., Huber, G., Nagel, S.R., Witten, T.A.: Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops. Nature. 389, 827–829 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Xiu, Y.H., Hess, D.W., Wong, C.P.: UV and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings from sol-gel processing. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 326, 465–470 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Yonghao Xiu & C. P. (Ching-Ping) Wong

Authors
  1. Yonghao Xiu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. P. (Ching-Ping) Wong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yonghao Xiu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science & Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

    C. P.(Ching-Ping) Wong

  2. School of Materials Science & Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Kyoung-sik (Jack) Moon

  3. Intel Corp., Chandler, AZ, USA

    Yi Li

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Xiu, Y., Wong, C.P.(P. (2021). Biomimetic Lotus Effect Surfaces for Nanopackaging. In: Wong, C.PP., Moon, Ks.(., Li, Y. (eds) Nano-Bio- Electronic, Photonic and MEMS Packaging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49991-4_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation