Abstract
In the past years, optogenetics has been recognized as a powerful and versatile technology to control diverse processes, such as gene expression, in multiple biological systems. This implies utilizing light of defined wavelength to excite a photoreceptor module assembled as part of a circuit or switch, triggering a certain cellular response. Because of the characteristics of light, it is possible to achieve tunable responses with great spatiotemporal resolution. In most cases, the different optogenetic devices are based on the utilization of a photoreceptor assembled as a bio-block forming part of a chimeric protein, circuit, or signaling pathway. Several examples involve the utilization of photoreceptors coming from plants or bacteria, whereas in seldom cases they derive from fungi. Among the latter, the light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domains, such as found in the proteins VVD and WC-1 from the fungus Neurospora crassa, have been successfully implemented as part of optogenetic systems in diverse biological platforms like mice and recently yeast. This chapter covers basic aspects of optogenetics while also highlighting the fact that the fungal kingdom holds great potential as a source of light-sensing modules that could give rise to new optogenetic devices. Thus, although fungal photobiology has been mainly focused on the effect of light in fungal processes, and the photoreceptors involved in the response, it is easy to foresee that such studies can yield important insights to harness natural optogenetic circuits in the organism of origin while also exporting and domesticating them to be used in diverse other organisms.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
An-Adirekkun JM, Stewart CJ, Geller SH et al (2019) A yeast optogenetic toolkit (yOTK) for gene expression control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 117(3):886–893. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.27234
Andrianantoandro E, Basu S, Karig DK, Weiss R (2006) Synthetic biology: new engineering rules for an emerging discipline. Mol Syst Biol 2:2006.0028
Banerjee R, Batschauer A (2004) Plant blue-light receptors. Planta 220:498–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1418-z
Bashor CJ, Horwitz AA, Peisajovich SG, Lim WA (2010) Rewiring cells: synthetic biology as a tool to interrogate the organizational principles of living systems. Annu Rev Biophys 39:515–537
Baumschlager A, Aoki SK, Khammash M (2017) Dynamic blue light-inducible T7 RNA polymerases (Opto-T7RNAPs) for precise spatiotemporal gene expression control. ACS Synth Biol 6:2157–2167
Bayram O, Krappmann S, Seiler S et al (2008) Neurospora crassa ve-1 affects asexual conidiation. Fungal Genet Biol 45:127–138
Bayram O, Braus GH, Fischer R, Rodriguez-Romero J (2010) Spotlight on Aspergillus nidulans photosensory systems. Fungal Genet Biol 47:900–908
Beiert T, Bruegmann T, Sasse P (2014) Optogenetic activation of Gq signalling modulates pacemaker activity of cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 102:507–516
Benner SA, Sismour AM (2005) Synthetic biology. Nat Rev Genet 6:533–543
Bieszke JA, Braun EL, Bean LE et al (1999a) The nop-1 gene of Neurospora crassa encodes a seven transmembrane helix retinal-binding protein homologous to archaeal rhodopsins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:8034–8039
Bieszke JA, Spudich EN, Scott KL et al (1999b) A eukaryotic protein, NOP-1, binds retinal to form an archaeal rhodopsin-like photochemically reactive pigment. Biochemistry 38:14138–14145
Blackwell M (2011) The Fungi: 1 2, 3 … 5.1 million species? Am J Bot 98:426–438. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000298
Blumenstein A, Vienken K, Tasler R et al (2005) The Aspergillus nidulans phytochrome FphA represses sexual development in red light. Curr Biol 15:1833–1838
Boyden ES, Zhang F, Bamberg E et al (2005) Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity. Nat Neurosci 8:1263–1268
Brenker K, Osthof K, Yang J, Reth M (2016) LED thermo flow—combining optogenetics with flow cytometry. J Vis Exp. https://doi.org/10.3791/54707
Briggs WR (2014) Phototropism: some history some puzzles, and a look ahead. Plant Physiol 164:13–23. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.230573
Bruegmann T, Malan D, Hesse M et al (2010) Optogenetic control of heart muscle in vitro and in vivo. Nat Methods 7:897–900
Bugaj LJ, Choksi AT, Mesuda CK et al (2013) Optogenetic protein clustering and signaling activation in mammalian cells. Nat Methods 10:249–252
Bugaj LJ, Spelke DP, Mesuda CK et al (2015) Regulation of endogenous transmembrane receptors through optogenetic Cry2 clustering. Nat Commun 6:6898
Canessa P, Schumacher J, Hevia MA et al (2013) Assessing the effects of light on differentiation and virulence of the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea: characterization of the White Collar Complex. PLoS One 8:e84223
Carafoli E, Krebs J (2016) Why calcium? How calcium became the best communicator. J Biol Chem 291:20849–20857
Castellanos F, Schmoll M, Martínez P et al (2010) Crucial factors of the light perception machinery and their impact on growth and cellulase gene transcription in Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Genet Biol 47:468–476
Cesbron F, Brunner M, Diernfellner AC (2013) Light-dependent and circadian transcription dynamics in vivo recorded with a destabilized luciferase reporter in Neurospora. PLoS One 8:e83660
Chen CH, Ringelberg CS, Gross RH et al (2009) Genome-wide analysis of light-inducible responses reveals hierarchical light signalling in Neurospora. EMBO J 28:1029–1042
Chen CH, DeMay BS, Gladfelter AS et al (2010) Physical interaction between VIVID and white collar complex regulates photoadaptation in Neurospora. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:16715–16720
Cheng P, Yang Y, Wang L et al (2003) WHITE COLLAR-1, a multifunctional neurospora protein involved in the circadian feedback loops, light sensing, and transcription repression of wc-2. J Biol Chem 278:3801–3808
Christie JM, Salomon M, Nozue K et al (1999) LOV (light, oxygen, or voltage) domains of the blue-light photoreceptor phototropin (nph1): binding sites for the chromophore flavin mononucleotide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:8779–8783
Christie JM, Arvai AS, Baxter KJ et al (2012) Plant UVR8 photoreceptor senses UV-B by tryptophan-mediated disruption of cross-dimer salt bridges. Science 335:1492–1496
Corrochano LM (2007) Fungal photoreceptors: sensory molecules for fungal development and behaviour. Photochem Photobiol Sci 6:725–736
Corrochano LM (2019) Light in the fungal world: from photoreception to gene transcription and beyond. Annu Rev Genet 53:149–170
Corrochano LM, Garre V (2010) Photobiology in the Zygomycota: multiple photoreceptor genes for complex responses to light. Fungal Genet Biol 47:893–899
Dasgupta A, Chen CH, Lee C et al (2015) Biological significance of photoreceptor photocycle length: VIVID photocycle governs the dynamic VIVID-white collar complex pool mediating photo-adaptation and response to changes in light intensity. PLoS Genet 11:e1005215
Dean R, Van KJA, Pretorius ZA et al (2012) The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Mol Plant Pathol 13:414–430
Deisseroth K (2011) Optogenetics. Nat Methods 8:26–29
Drepper T, Krauss U, Meyer zu BS et al (2011) Lights on and action! Controlling microbial gene expression by light. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 90:23–40
Essen LO (2006) Photolyases and cryptochromes: common mechanisms of DNA repair and light-driven signaling? Curr Opin Struct Biol 16:51–59
Fairchild CD, Quail PH (1998) The phytochromes: photosensory perception and signal transduction. Symp Soc Exp Biol 51:85–92
Favory JJ, Stec A, Gruber H et al (2009) Interaction of COP1 and UVR8 regulates UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis and stress acclimation in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 28:591–601
Foley BJ, Stutts H, Schmitt SL et al (2018) Characterization of a vivid homolog in Botrytis cinerea. Photochem Photobiol 94:985–993
Froehlich AC, Liu Y, Loros JJ, Dunlap JC (2002) White Collar-1, a circadian blue light photoreceptor, binding to the frequency promoter. Science 297:815–819
Froehlich AC, Chen CH, Belden WJ et al (2010) Genetic and molecular characterization of a cryptochrome from the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Eukaryot Cell 9:738–750
Fuller KK, Dunlap JC, Loros JJ (2016) Fungal light sensing at the bench and beyond. Adv Genet 96:1–51
Fuller KK, Dunlap JC, Loros JJ (2018) Light-regulated promoters for tunable, temporal, and affordable control of fungal gene expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:3849–3863
Galagan JE, Calvo SE, Borkovich KA et al (2003) The genome sequence of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Nature 422:859–868
Gautier A, Gauron C, Volovitch M et al (2014) How to control proteins with light in living systems. Nat Chem Biol 10:533–541
Gerhardt KP, Olson EJ, Castillo-Hair SM et al (2016) An open-hardware platform for optogenetics and photobiology. Sci Rep 6:35363
Gin E, Diernfellner AC, Brunner M, Höfer T (2013) The Neurospora photoreceptor VIVID exerts negative and positive control on light sensing to achieve adaptation. Mol Syst Biol 9:667
Glantz ST, Carpenter EJ, Melkonian M et al (2016) Functional and topological diversity of LOV domain photoreceptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:E1442–E1451
Glantz ST, Berlew EE, Jaber Z et al (2018) Directly light-regulated binding of RGS-LOV photoreceptors to anionic membrane phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:E7720–E7727
Goffeau A, Barrell BG, Bussey H et al (1996) Life with 6000 genes. Science 274(546):563–567
Guinn MT, Balázsi G (2019) Noise-reducing optogenetic negative-feedback gene circuits in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 47:7703–7714
Gyalai-Korpos M, Nagy G, Mareczky Z et al (2010) Relevance of the light signaling machinery for cellulase expression in Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina). BMC Res Notes 3:330
Han X, Boyden ES (2007) Multiple-color optical activation, silencing, and desynchronization of neural activity, with single-spike temporal resolution. PLoS One 2:e299
Harper SM, Neil LC, Gardner KH (2003) Structural basis of a phototropin light switch. Science 301:1541–1544
He Q, Liu Y (2005) Molecular mechanism of light responses in Neurospora: from light-induced transcription to photoadaptation. Genes Dev 19:2888–2899
He Q, Cheng P, Yang Y et al (2002) White collar-1, a DNA binding transcription factor and a light sensor. Science 297:840–843
Herrera-Estrella A, Horwitz BA (2007) Looking through the eyes of fungi: molecular genetics of photoreception. Mol Microbiol 64:5–15
Hevia MA, Canessa P, Müller-Esparza H, Larrondo LF (2015) A circadian oscillator in the fungus Botrytis cinerea regulates virulence when infecting Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:8744–8749
Hughes J, Lamparter T, Mittmann F et al (1997) A prokaryotic phytochrome. Nature 386:663
Hughes RM, Bolger S, Tapadia H, Tucker CL (2012) Light-mediated control of DNA transcription in yeast. Methods 58:385–391
Hunt SM, Thompson S, Elvin M, Heintzen C (2010) VIVID interacts with the WHITE COLLAR complex and FREQUENCY-interacting RNA helicase to alter light and clock responses in Neurospora. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:16709–16714
Hurley JM, Chen CH, Loros JJ, Dunlap JC (2012) Light-inducible system for tunable protein expression in Neurospora crassa. G3 (Bethesda) 2:1207–1212
Idnurm A, Heitman J (2005) Photosensing fungi: phytochrome in the spotlight. Curr Biol 15:R829–R832
Idnurm A, Verma S, Corrochano LM (2010) A glimpse into the basis of vision in the kingdom Mycota. Fungal Genet Biol 47:881–892
Jenkins GI (2017) Photomorphogenic responses to ultraviolet-B light. Plant Cell Environ 40:2544–2557
Kaberniuk AA, Shemetov AA, Verkhusha VV (2016) A bacterial phytochrome-based optogenetic system controllable with near-infrared light. Nat Methods 13:591–597
Kawano F, Suzuki H, Furuya A, Sato M (2015) Engineered pairs of distinct photoswitches for optogenetic control of cellular proteins. Nat Commun 6:6256
Kawano F, Okazaki R, Yazawa M, Sato M (2016) A photoactivatable Cre-loxP recombination system for optogenetic genome engineering. Nat Chem Biol 12:1059–1064
Kennedy MJ, Hughes RM, Peteya LA et al (2010) Rapid blue-light-mediated induction of protein interactions in living cells. Nat Methods 7:973–975
Kojadinovic M, Laugraud A, Vuillet L et al (2008) Dual role for a bacteriophytochrome in the bioenergetic control of Rhodopseudomonas palustris: enhancement of photosystem synthesis and limitation of respiration. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777:163–172
Kolar K, Knobloch C, Stork H et al (2018) OptoBase: a web platform for molecular optogenetics. ACS Synth Biol 7:1825–1828
Lee S, Park H, Kyung T et al (2014) Reversible protein inactivation by optogenetic trapping in cells. Nat Methods 11:633–636
Linden H, Macino G (1997) White collar 2, a partner in blue-light signal transduction, controlling expression of light-regulated genes in Neurospora crassa. EMBO J 16:98–109
Liu Q, Tucker CL (2017) Engineering genetically-encoded tools for optogenetic control of protein activity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 40:17–23
Liu H, Yu X, Li K et al (2008) Photoexcited CRY2 interacts with CIB1 to regulate transcription and floral initiation in Arabidopsis. Science 322:1535–1539
Lorrain S, Genoud T, Fankhauser C (2006) Let there be light in the nucleus! Curr Opin Plant Biol 9:509–514
Ma Z, Du Z, Chen X et al (2013) Fine tuning the LightOn light-switchable transgene expression system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 440:419–423
Malzahn E, Ciprianidis S, Káldi K et al (2010) Photoadaptation in Neurospora by competitive interaction of activating and inhibitory LOV domains. Cell 142:762–772
Mao D, Li N, Xiong Z et al (2019) Single-cell optogenetic control of calcium signaling with a high-density micro-LED array. iScience 21:403–412
Martinez D, Berka RM, Henrissat B et al (2008) Genome sequencing and analysis of the biomass-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina). Nat Biotechnol 26:553–560
McIsaac RS, Oakes BL, Wang X et al (2013) Synthetic gene expression perturbation systems with rapid, tunable, single-gene specificity in yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 41:e57
McLellan MA, Rosenthal NA, Pinto AR (2017) Cre-loxP-mediated recombination: general principles and experimental considerations. Curr Protoc Mouse Biol 7:1–12
Melyan Z, Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J et al (2005) Addition of human melanopsin renders mammalian cells photoresponsive. Nature 433:741–745
Möglich A, Moffat K (2010) Engineered photoreceptors as novel optogenetic tools. Photochem Photobiol Sci 9:1286–1300
Motta-Mena LB, Reade A, Mallory MJ et al (2014) An optogenetic gene expression system with rapid activation and deactivation kinetics. Nat Chem Biol 10:196–202
Mühlhäuser WW, Fischer A, Weber W, Radziwill G (2017) Optogenetics—bringing light into the darkness of mammalian signal transduction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 1864:280–292
Müller K, Engesser R, Metzger S et al (2013a) A red/far-red light-responsive bi-stable toggle switch to control gene expression in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 41:e77
Müller K, Engesser R, Timmer J et al (2013b) Synthesis of phycocyanobilin in mammalian cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 49:8970–8972
Müller K, Zurbriggen MD, Weber W (2014) Control of gene expression using a red- and far-red light-responsive bi-stable toggle switch. Nat Protoc 9:622–632
Nagel G, Szellas T, Huhn W et al (2003) Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:13940–13945
Navara KJ, Nelson RJ (2007) The dark side of light at night: physiological epidemiological, and ecological consequences. J Pineal Res 43:215–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00473.x
Nihongaki Y, Kawano F, Nakajima T, Sato M (2015a) Photoactivatable CRISPR-Cas9 for optogenetic genome editing. Nat Biotechnol 33:755–760
Nihongaki Y, Yamamoto S, Kawano F et al (2015b) CRISPR-Cas9-based photoactivatable transcription system. Chem Biol 22:169–174
Olmedo M, Ruger-Herreros C, Luque EM, Corrochano LM (2010) A complex photoreceptor system mediates the regulation by light of the conidiation genes con-10 and con-6 in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 47:352–363
Oravecz A, Baumann A, Máté Z et al (2006) CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 is required for the UV-B response in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 18:1975–1990
Pathak GP, Strickland D, Vrana JD, Tucker CL (2014) Benchmarking of optical dimerizer systems. ACS Synth Biol 3:832–838
Polstein LR, Gersbach CA (2015) A light-inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system for control of endogenous gene activation. Nat Chem Biol 11:198–200
Pudasaini A, El-Arab KK, Zoltowski BD (2015) LOV-based optogenetic devices: light-driven modules to impart photoregulated control of cellular signaling. Front Mol Biosci 2:18
Purnick PE, Weiss R (2009) The second wave of synthetic biology: from modules to systems. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:410–422
Purschwitz J, Müller S, Kastner C et al (2008) Functional and physical interaction of blue- and red-light sensors in Aspergillus nidulans. Curr Biol 18:255–259
Quail PH (2010) Phytochromes. Curr Biol 20:R504–R507
Renicke C, Schuster D, Usherenko S et al (2013) A LOV2 domain-based optogenetic tool to control protein degradation and cellular function. Chem Biol 20:619–626
Rizzini L, Favory JJ, Cloix C et al (2011) Perception of UV-B by the Arabidopsis UVR8 protein. Science 332:103–106
Robertson JB, Davis CR, Johnson CH (2013) Visible light alters yeast metabolic rhythms by inhibiting respiration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:21130–21135
Rullan M, Benzinger D, Schmidt GW et al (2018) An optogenetic platform for real-time, single-cell interrogation of stochastic transcriptional regulation. Mol Cell 70:745–756.e6
Salichos L, Rokas A (2010) The diversity and evolution of circadian clock proteins in fungi. Mycologia 102:269–278
Salinas F, Rojas V, Delgado V et al (2017) Optogenetic switches for light-controlled gene expression in yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:2629–2640
Salinas F, Rojas V, Delgado V et al (2018) Fungal light-oxygen-voltage domains for optogenetic control of gene expression and flocculation in yeast. MBio 9:e00626-18
Sawa M, Nusinow DA, Kay SA, Imaizumi T (2007) FKF1 and GIGANTEA complex formation is required for day-length measurement in Arabidopsis. Science 318:261–265
Schmidt D, Cho YK (2015) Natural photoreceptors and their application to synthetic biology. Trends Biotechnol 33:80–91
Schmoll M (2018) Regulation of plant cell wall degradation by light in Trichoderma. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 5:10
Schmoll M, Franchi L, Kubicek CP (2005) Envoy, a PAS/LOV domain protein of Hypocrea jecorina (Anamorph Trichoderma reesei), modulates cellulase gene transcription in response to light. Eukaryot Cell 4:1998–2007
Schumacher J (2012) Tools for Botrytis cinerea: new expression vectors make the gray mold fungus more accessible to cell biology approaches. Fungal Genet Biol 49:483–497
Schumacher J (2017) How light affects the life of Botrytis. Fungal Genet Biol 106:26–41
Schwerdtfeger C, Linden H (2003) VIVID is a flavoprotein and serves as a fungal blue light photoreceptor for photoadaptation. EMBO J 22:4846–4855
Sebille S, Ayad O, Chapotte-Baldacci CA et al (2017) Optogenetic approach for targeted activation of global calcium transients in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. Sci Rep 7:11108
Seibel C, Tisch D, Kubicek CP, Schmoll M (2012) ENVOY is a major determinant in regulation of sexual development in Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei). Eukaryot Cell 11:885–895
Shcherbakova DM, Shemetov AA, Kaberniuk AA, Verkhusha VV (2015) Natural photoreceptors as a source of fluorescent proteins, biosensors, and optogenetic tools. Annu Rev Biochem 84:519–550
Shimizu-Sato S, Huq E, Tepperman JM, Quail PH (2002) A light-switchable gene promoter system. Nat Biotechnol 20:1041–1044
Sorokina O, Kapus A, Terecskei K et al (2009) A switchable light-input, light-output system modelled and constructed in yeast. J Biol Eng 3:15
Strickland D, Lin Y, Wagner E et al (2012) TULIPs: tunable, light-controlled interacting protein tags for cell biology. Nat Methods 9:379–384
Swartz TE, Corchnoy SB, Christie JM et al (2001) The photocycle of a flavin-binding domain of the blue light photoreceptor phototropin. J Biol Chem 276:36493–36500
Taslimi A, Vrana JD, Chen D et al (2014) An optimized optogenetic clustering tool for probing protein interaction and function. Nat Commun 5:4925
Verma R, Annan RS, Huddleston MJ et al (1997) Phosphorylation of Sic1p by G1 Cdk required for its degradation and entry into S phase. Science 278:455–460
Wang X, Chen X, Yang Y (2012) Spatiotemporal control of gene expression by a light-switchable transgene system. Nat Methods 9:266–269
Wang W, Shi XY, Wei DZ (2014) Light-mediated control of gene expression in filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. J Microbiol Methods 103:37–39
Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V (2003) Shedding light onto live molecular targets. Nat Med 9:123–128
Yang X, Lau KY, Sevim V, Tang C (2013) Design principles of the yeast G1/S switch. PLoS Biol 11:e1001673
Yazawa M, Sadaghiani AM, Hsueh B, Dolmetsch RE (2009) Induction of protein-protein interactions in live cells using light. Nat Biotechnol 27:941–945
Yin R, Ulm R (2017) How plants cope with UV-B: from perception to response. Curr Opin Plant Biol 37:42–48
Yin C, Fan X, Ma K et al (2019) Identification and characterization of a novel light-induced promoter for recombinant protein production in Pleurotus ostreatus. J Microbiol 58(1):39–45
Zhang K, Cui B (2015) Optogenetic control of intracellular signaling pathways. Trends Biotechnol 33:92–100
Zhang G, Liu P, Wei W et al (2016a) A light-switchable bidirectional expression system in filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. J Biotechnol 240:85–93
Zhang L, Zhao X, Zhang G et al (2016b) Light-inducible genetic engineering and control of non-homologous end-joining in industrial eukaryotic microorganisms: LML 3.0 and OFN 1.0. Sci Rep 6:20761
Zhao EM, Zhang Y, Mehl J et al (2018) Optogenetic regulation of engineered cellular metabolism for microbial chemical production. Nature 555:683–687
Zoltowski BD, Motta-Mena LB, Gardner KH (2013) Blue light-induced dimerization of a bacterial LOV-HTH DNA-binding protein. Biochemistry 52:6653–6661
Acknowledgments
Research in our labs is funded by iBio Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio-MINECON, CONICYT/FONDEQUIP EQM130158, CONICYT/FONDECYT 1171151, 11170158, and the International Research Scholar program of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rojas, V., Salinas, F., Guzman-Zamora, L., Romero, A., Delgado, V., Larrondo, L.F. (2020). Exploiting Fungal Photobiology as a Source of Novel Bio-blocks for Optogenetic Systems. In: Benz, J.P., Schipper, K. (eds) Genetics and Biotechnology. The Mycota, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49924-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49924-2_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49923-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49924-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)