Abstract
Samuel Pufendorf was born in Saxony in 1632. He made a remarkable career. After studies at the universities of Leipzig, Jena and Leiden, he became professor of natural law at University of Heidelberg in 1660. Eight years later, he took up a similar position at University of Lund. Thereafter, he became historiographer and counsellor, first in 1677 at the court in Stockholm, and 11 years later in Berlin. He died in 1694 as a true European.
Throughout his life he produced volumes of dissertations, essays and books. The most important were his natural law works De Jure Naturae et Gentium in eight books from 1672, and an abridged version De Officio Hominis et Civis from 1673. Natural law, deduced from reason and with the dignity and equality of man as its foundation, became a university subject at many European universities. In the eighteenth century, Pufendorf was the most read European philosopher.
The first to actively use Pufendorf’s natural law works was the Enlightenment scholar John Locke. The famous philosophers of the French Enlightenment, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Denis Diderot, as well as three important scholars of the Scottish Enlightenment, Gershom Carmichael, Francis Hutcheson and Adam Smith, were all indebted to Pufendorf. Although it can be discussed if the Enlightenment as such ended in the last years of the eighteenth century, there can be no doubt that Immanuel Kant and his followers eradicated natural law. However, when the Declaration of Human Rights was decided after WWII, as the common standard of achievements for all people and nations, natural law of the Enlightenment resurrected. The final challenge is how Pufendorf’s ideas again can be brought to the forefront.
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Notes
- 1.
When his first book En introduksjon til historien til Europas nasjoner (An introduction to the history of the European nations) was published in Copenhagen in 1711, he was accused of having plagiarized Pufendorf.
- 2.
The name was introduced by Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson (1952) in her book, The School of Salamanca.
- 3.
Pufendorf must have been introduced to the Salamanca School during his stay at the University of Leiden.
- 4.
Elementorum Jurisprudentiae Universalis: Definition XIII § 24. De Jure Naturae et Gentium: II, 3, 23.
- 5.
All quotations from DOH: Dedication. iii.
- 6.
See, for example, Bo Lindberg (1983) who claims that the great dispute he had at Lund did not diminish his reputation.
- 7.
The French title Le Droit de la Nature et des Gens ou Système Général des Principes les plus importants de la Morale, de la Jurisprudence et de la Politique, Traduits du Latin de feu Mr. Le Baron de Pufendorf, Par Jean Barbeyrac, Amsterdam, Henri Schelte, 1706 (Dedication: « A sa Majesté le Roi de Prusse »).
- 8.
The complete French title Les Devoirs de l’Homme et des Citoiens, tel qu’ils lui sont prescrits par la Loi The complete French title Les Devoirs de l’Homme et des Citoiens, tel qu’ils lui sont prescrits par la Loi Naturelle, Traduits du Latin de feu Mr. Le Baron de Pufendorf, Par Jean Barbeyrac, Amsterdam, Henri Schelte, 1707. (The introduction by the translator is dated «De Berlin le 1. Mars 1707»). He based his translation upon the eleventh edition of the original, which was prepared in 1703 at Frankfurt am Main by Professor Immanuel Weber of the University of Giessen.
- 9.
Natural law had been taught at universities or academies since the Middle Ages. But with Grotius’ De jure belli et pacis from 1625 a change took place. The first chair in the subject was, according to Lindberg (1976), established at University of Uppsala in 1655.
- 10.
- 11.
Elementorum Jurisprudentiae Universalis. Definition XIII § 24. De Jure Naturae et Gentium II, 3, 23.
- 12.
It was called the Monmouth Rebellion after the Duke of Monmouth, who claimed the English throne, and led an unsuccessful rebellion against the Roman Catholic King James II in 1685. However, James II was forced to give up the English throne to William of Orange in 1689 and fled the country.
- 13.
Von Leyden (1954a, b, 39) writes ‘Locke possessed two copies of the Elementa, the edition of 1672, which he had bought together with De Jure Naturae, in 1681 and the edition of 1660, which he may have acquired shortly after it was published. There can be little doubt that he consulted this book when he wrote his essays’. This is also confirmed by Woolhouse (2007, 38), who states that in October and November of 1660 Locke was in Pensford and that from his correspondence, it is clear that he was occupied with ‘what was called the “law of nature”’. ‘Two important books on the subject had been published during the year. One of these, De Officiis secundum Naturae Jus, was by Robert Sharrock, and, …, it is very possible that Locke had read it; the other, which he evidently did read, was Samuel Pufendorf’s Elementa Jurisprudentia Universalis’.
- 14.
This main work of John Locke was written a couple of years before he returned to England. It has been published in numerous editions and reprinted repeatedly. And it has at least been translated into French, German, Hebrew, Hindi, Italian, Norwegian, Russian, Spanish and Swedish.
- 15.
Although Laslett (1964, x) claims that Locke did not write as a philosopher.
- 16.
The Cambridge Platonists believed strongly that reason is the proper judge of disagreements, and they advocated dialogue.
- 17.
All Locke’s writings on education have been collected and edited by James Axtell (1968).
- 18.
Histoire de Suède. Chatelain, Amsterdam 1748 and Introducion à l’histoire générale et politique de l’univers. Chatelaine, Amsterdam 1743.
- 19.
See also Waddicor (1970) footnote 65 and 66.
- 20.
Ephraim Chambers (c. 1680–1740) was an English writer and encyclopaedist. He is primarily known for having produced the Cyclopedia. It had the full title: Cyclopedia: or a universal dictionary of arts and sciences … the whole intended as a course of ancient and modern learning compiled by the best authors, dictionaries, journals, memoirs, transactions, ephemerides, in several languages. First published in London 1728.
- 21.
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert [Eds.] (1755, Vol. 5, 128): Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers. Bibliothèque National in Paris.
- 22.
John N. Lenhart compiled and Charles H. Reeves translated in 1985 Carmichael’s Supplements and Appendix from the 1718 edition. Also, The Introduction to the 1769 Edition and the January 1927 review of Gershom Carmichel’s notes to the De Officio in Acta Eruditorum has been translated by Charles H. Reeves and privately published by John N. Lenhart, Cleveland, Ohio. Furthermore, James Moore and Michael Silverthorne have edited, and Michael Silverthorne has translated Carmichael’s writings in 2002. Our quotations are from this last translation.
- 23.
- 24.
Francis Hutcheson On the Social Nature of Man (De Naturali hominum Socialitate Oratio Inaugurlis) 1730. It was reprinted during Smith’s tenure at Glasgow as Hutcheson’s successor, by the Foulis Press in 1756.
- 25.
Leechman (1754) in the Preface (xi) to Hutcheson’s A System of Moral Philosophy.
- 26.
Gladys Bryson (1945, 8): Man and Society; the Scottish Inquiry of the Eighteenth Century. Here quoted from Hutchison (1988, 35).
- 27.
The Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1967 Volume Four.
- 28.
Wodrow (1843, 191) ‘About this time [i.e. 1730] Mr. Hutcheson comes to Glasgow. … He teaches Mr. Carmichael’s compend and Pufendorf and speaks with much veneration of him, which at least is an evidence of his prudence.’
- 29.
Hutcheson (2000 [1747]), Introduction by Daniel Carey.
- 30.
The claim that there has been such a direct and distinctive influence has according to Mautner (1993, 5) been hotly disputed.
- 31.
The third edition appeared in 1767, the fourth edition in 1774, and the fifth in 1781. These editions differ little from edition two. Edition six, which was published in 1790, contains extensive additions and changes.
- 32.
Adam Smith’s Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres has been edited by J. C. Bryce and published by Oxford University Press 1983, an exact photographic reproduction by Liberty Classics 1985. The two discovered lecture notes on jurisprudence 1762–1763 and 1763–1764 have been edited by Meek, Raphael and Stein and published as Lectures on Jurisprudence by Oxford University Press 1978, an exact photographic reproduction by Liberty Classics 1982.
- 33.
Ronald Meek and Andrew S. Skinner (1973, 1103) claim that it must have been written before 1763.
- 34.
Published in William R Scott (1965 [1937]): Adam Smith as Student and Professor. Pp. 317–356 or as an appendix to Meek, Raphael and Stein Lectures on Jurisprudence, pp. 560–581. According to Raphael and Macfie (1982[1976], 23), ‘these documents show that Smith had gone a considerable way in his economic thinking by the time he left Scotland for France in 1764, and that this early material provided a sound foundation for developments which were certainly stimulated by the visit to France’.
- 35.
A French translation of De Jure Naturae et Gentium libri octo by J. Barbeyrac (2 vol., Amsterdam 1720–1734) can be found in Smith’s library, as reported in H. Mizuta’s Adam Smith’s Library, Cambridge 1967.
- 36.
TMS VII, iii, 1, 1.
- 37.
TMS VII, iv, 1, 1.
- 38.
Emerich de Vattel (1714–67), a Swiss philosopher and legal expert, known for his work Droit des gens; ou, Principes de la loi naturelle appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains (The Law of Nations or the Principles of Natural Law Applied to the Conduct and to the Affairs of Nations and of Sovereigns) from 1758. He was strongly influenced by the German philosopher, Christian Wolff (1679–1754), who again was a follower of Pufendorf.
- 39.
Immanuel Kant (1923, 25) Gesammelte Schriften, band 9, Berlin.
- 40.
In W. Enfield (1837, 625). The English translation of Buhle (1744).
- 41.
Karl Friedrich Stäudlin was for 36 years professor of theology at University of Göttingen. He wrote on church history, moral theology and moral philosophy. On moral philosophy, he was a follower of Kant.
- 42.
Schneewind points to several writers of the history of moral philosophy that ignore Pufendorf.
- 43.
Georg Wilhelm Friederich Hegel: Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie (Lectures on the History of Philosophy). Herausgeben von Gerd Irrlitz. Textredaktion von Karin Gurst.Verlag Philipp Reclam jun. Leipzig 1971. Diese Vorlesungen sind bisher vollständig nur in den Micheletschen Ausgaben erschienen. 3 Bände; 1. Auflage, 1833–36. Der Geschichte der Philosophie Dritter Teil Neure Philosophie. Zweiter Abschnitt. Periode des denkenden Verstandes. Erste Kapitel: Periode der Metaphysik. B. Zweite Abteilung 1. Locke 23 Seiten. 2. Grotius 1 Seite. 3. Hobbes 5 Seiten. 5. Pufendorf 1 Seite und 6. Newton 2 Seiten.
- 44.
The deportation of the Norwegian Jews on 26 November 1942 was carried out according to laws decided by the Quisling Nazi regime.
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Sæther, A. (2021). Pufendorf and His Importance for the European Enlightenment in General. In: Backhaus, J.G., Chaloupek, G., Frambach, H.A. (eds) Samuel Pufendorf and the Emergence of Economics as a Social Science. The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences, vol 23. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49791-0_2
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