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Neurobiological Basis of Childhood Trauma and the Risk for Neurological Deficits Later in Life

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Childhood Trauma in Mental Disorders

Abstract

Childhood trauma (CT) produces a cascade of neurobiological events that have the potential to cause enduring changes in brain development. These changes involve not only structural and functional cerebral modifications but also alteration of neuroendocrine pathways, in particular the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, leading to altered action of specific hormones and neurotransmitters. The major structural consequences of CT include the following: (1) volume reduction of amygdala and hippocampus, especially when CT is experienced early in life and repeated; (2) shrinkage of dendrites and loss of spines throughout the medial prefrontal cortex, whereas dendrites expand in the orbitofrontal cortex; (3) marked reduction of volume in the middle portions of the corpus callosum, that is associated with reduced communication between left and right hemispheres. The major functional consequences of the abovementioned changes are electrical irritability of limbic structures and attenuated activity of cerebellar vermis, indicating that early trauma could interfere with the development of these structures. In addition to brain structural and functional changes, CT is associated with an increased risk of several negative health outcomes throughout the life course. In particular, the neurobiological sequelae of events in early life may contribute to late-life neurological and neurodegenerative disorders development. From a functional point of view, CT is related to impairments of self-regulation capacity, attention, and memory processing, deficits in selecting information as well as in the ability to control impulses, reasoning and regulation of emotions, up to overt manifestations of dementia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy

    Francesca Assogna, Federica Piras & Gianfranco Spalletta

  2. Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Gianfranco Spalletta

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  1. Francesca Assogna
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  1. Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy

    Gianfranco Spalletta

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Delfina Janiri

  3. Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy

    Federica Piras

  4. Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, UniversitĂ  Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

    Gabriele Sani

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Assogna, F., Piras, F., Spalletta, G. (2020). Neurobiological Basis of Childhood Trauma and the Risk for Neurological Deficits Later in Life. In: Spalletta, G., Janiri, D., Piras, F., Sani, G. (eds) Childhood Trauma in Mental Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49414-8_18

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