Abstract
Membrane distillation is a widely adapted thermally driven technology that offers versatilities in desalination and wastewater treatment. The prominent challenge for membrane distillation is membrane fouling and wetting that has received amplitude of attention over the past few decades, but very few researchers have explored the minimization of fouling-wetting phenomenon so far. This book chapter specifically focusses on mechanism of fouling and wetting, achievable prevention techniques, and selection of key parameters of membrane properties, useful in curtailing the concerns of membrane fouling. Even the role of hydrophobicity, pore size, and thickness of membrane is discussed in this article. The book chapter also illustrates the stages of membrane fouling and its harmful effects, fouling differences due to various sources of water, effects of operating parameters, fouling prevention, and cleaning techniques. The mechanism of wetting along with degree of wetting has been demonstrated thoroughly. Basically, this chapter provides a detailed insight of various foulants along with fouling mechanisms in membrane distillation process. The book chapter highlights a number of approaches on membrane fouling and wetting minimization including the pre-treatment techniques, optimization of operational conditions, and utilization of superhydrophobic membrane in membrane distillation process.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- FO:
-
Forward osmosis
- MD:
-
Membrane distillation
- PTFE:
-
Polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF:
-
Polyvinylidene fluoride
- PP:
-
Polypropylene
- DS:
-
Draw solution
- FS:
-
Feed solution
- NOM:
-
Natural organic matters
- RO:
-
Reverse osmosis
- NF:
-
Nanofiltration
- LEP:
-
Liquid entry pressure
- MWCO:
-
Molecular weight cutoff
- Jw:
-
Water flux (L/m2 h)
- R%:
-
Salt rejection %
References
Al-Amoudi AS (2010) Factors affecting natural organic matter (NOM) and scaling fouling in NF membranes: a review. Desalination 259(1–3):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.003
Alkhudhiri A, Darwish N, Hilal N (2012) Membrane distillation: a comprehensive review. Desalination 287:2–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.08.027
Amjad Z, Yorke MA (1985) Carboxylic functional polyampholytes as silica polymerization retardants and dispersants. In: Google Patents
Banat FA, Simandl J (1994) Theoretical and experimental study in membrane distillation. Desalination 95(1):39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(94)00005-0
Barnett TP, Adam JC, Lettenmaier DP (2005) Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438(7066):303. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04141
Bellona C, Drewes JE, Xu P, Amy G (2004) Factors affecting the rejection of organic solutes during NF/RO treatment—a literature review. Water Res 38(12):2795–2809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.034
Bonyadi S, Chung TS (2007) Flux enhancement in membrane distillation by fabrication of dual layer hydrophilic–hydrophobic hollow fiber membranes. J Membr Sci 306(1–2):134–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.08.034
Broeckmann A, Busch J, Wintgens T, Marquardt W (2006) Modeling of pore blocking and cake layer formation in membrane filtration for wastewater treatment. Desalination 189(1–3):97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.06.018
Burgoyne A, Vahdati MM (2000) Direct contact membrane distillation. Sep Sci Technol 35(8):1257–1284. https://doi.org/10.1081/SS-100100224
Camacho LM, Dumée L, Zhang J, Li J-d, Duke M, Gomez J, Gray S (2013) Advances in membrane distillation for water desalination and purification applications. Water 5(1):94–196. https://doi.org/10.3390/w5010094
Chang Y-R, Lee Y-J, Lee D-J (2018) Membrane fouling during water or wastewater treatments: current research updated. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.12.019
Chen JP, Kim SL, Ting YP (2003) Optimization of membrane physical and chemical cleaning by a statistically designed approach. J Membr Sci 219(1–2):27–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00174-1
Chen D, Weavers LK, Walker HW (2006) Ultrasonic control of ceramic membrane fouling: effect of particle characteristics. Water Res 40(4):840–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.12.031
Chen G, Yang X, Wang R, Fane AG (2013) Performance enhancement and scaling control with gas bubbling in direct contact membrane distillation. Desalination 308:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.018
Curcio E, Drioli E (2005) Membrane distillation and related operations—a review. Sep Purif Rev 34(1):35–86. https://doi.org/10.1081/SPM-200054951
Curcio E, Ji X, Di Profio G, Fontananova E, Drioli E (2010) Membrane distillation operated at high seawater concentration factors: role of the membrane on CaCO3 scaling in presence of humic acid. J Membr Sci 346(2):263–269. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie000906d
Ding Z, Liu L, Liu Z, Ma R (2011) The use of intermittent gas bubbling to control membrane fouling in concentrating TCM extract by membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 372(1–2):172–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.063
Dommati H, Ray SS, Wang J-C, Chen S-S (2019) A comprehensive review of recent developments in 3D printing technique for ceramic membrane fabrication for water purification. J RSC Adv 9(29):16869–16883. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA00872A
Dong Z-Q, Ma X-H, Xu Z-L, Gu Z-Y (2015) Superhydrophobic modification of PVDF–SiO 2 electrospun nanofiber membranes for vacuum membrane distillation. RSC Adv 5(83):67962–67970. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA10575G
Drioli E, Ali A, Macedonio F (2015) Membrane distillation: recent developments and perspectives. Desalination 356:56–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.028
Dumée L, Germain V, Sears K, Schütz J, Finn N, Duke M et al (2011) Enhanced durability and hydrophobicity of carbon nanotube bucky paper membranes in membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 376(1–2):241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.04.024
Duong HC, Gray S, Duke M, Cath TY, Nghiem LD (2015) Scaling control during membrane distillation of coal seam gas reverse osmosis brine. J Membr Sci 493:673–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.07.038
El-Bourawi MS, Ding Z, Ma R, Khayet M (2006) A framework for better understanding membrane distillation separation process. J Membr Sci 285(1–2):4–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.08.002
Fan L, Nguyen T, Roddick FA, Harris JL (2008) Low-pressure membrane filtration of secondary effluent in water reuse: pre-treatment for fouling reduction. J Membr Sci 320(1–2):135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.058
Fane AG, Fell CJD (1987) A review of fouling and fouling control in ultrafiltration. Desalination 62:117–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(87)87013-3
Franken ACM, Nolten JAM, Mulder MHV, Bargeman D, Smolders CA (1987) Wetting criteria for the applicability of membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 33(3):315–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80288-4
Freese DT (1993) Inhibition of silica and silicate deposition in cooling water systems. In: Google Patents
García-Payo MDC, Izquierdo-Gil MA, Fernández-Pineda C (2000) Wetting study of hydrophobic membranes via liquid entry pressure measurements with aqueous alcohol solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 230(2):420–431. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.7106
Ge J, Peng Y, Li Z, Chen P, Wang S (2014) Membrane fouling and wetting in a DCMD process for RO brine concentration. Desalination 344:97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.03.017
Gethard K, Sae-Khow O, Mitra S (2010) Water desalination using carbon-nanotube-enhanced membrane distillation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3(2):110–114. https://doi.org/10.1021/am100981s
Gilron J, Ladizansky Y, Korin E (2013) Silica fouling in direct contact membrane distillation. Ind Eng Chem Res 52(31):10521–10529. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie400265b
Ginzburg B, Peeters J, Pawloski J (2008) On-line fouling control for energy reduction in membrane bioreactors. Proc Water Environ Fed 2008(1):514–524
Goh S, Zhang J, Liu Y, Fane AG (2013a) Fouling and wetting in membrane distillation (MD) and MD-bioreactor (MDBR) for wastewater reclamation. Desalination 323:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.12.001
Goh S, Zhang Q, Zhang J, McDougald D, Krantz WB, Liu Y, Fane AG (2013b) Impact of a biofouling layer on the vapor pressure driving force and performance of a membrane distillation process. J Membr Sci 438:140–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.03.023
Gryta M (2005) Long-term performance of membrane distillation process. J Membr Sci 265(1–2):153–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.04.049
Gryta M (2007) Influence of polypropylene membrane surface porosity on the performance of membrane distillation process. J Membr Sci 287(1):67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.10.011
Gryta M (2008a) Alkaline scaling in the membrane distillation process. Desalination 228(1–3):128–134
Gryta M (2008b) Fouling in direct contact membrane distillation process. J Membr Sci 325(1):383–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.08.001
Gryta M (2010) Desalination of thermally softened water by membrane distillation process. Desalination 257(1–3):30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.03.012
Gryta M (2011) The influence of magnetic water treatment on CaCO3 scale formation in membrane distillation process. Sep Purif Technol 80(2):293–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.05.008
Guillen-Burrieza E, Mavukkandy MO, Bilad MR, Arafat HA (2016) Understanding wetting phenomena in membrane distillation and how operational parameters can affect it. J Membr Sci 515:163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.051
Guo W, Ngo H-H, Li J (2012) A mini-review on membrane fouling. Bioresour Technol 122:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.089
He F, Sirkar KK, Gilron J (2009) Effects of antiscalants to mitigate membrane scaling by direct contact membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 345(1–2):53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.08.021
Hilal N, Al-Zoubi H, Darwish NA, Mohamma AW, Arabi MA (2004) A comprehensive review of nanofiltration membranes: treatment, pretreatment, modelling, and atomic force microscopy. Desalination 170(3):281–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.01.007
Hoek EMV, Bhattacharjee S, Elimelech M (2003) Effect of membrane surface roughness on colloid− membrane DLVO interactions. Langmuir 19(11):4836–4847. https://doi.org/10.1021/la027083c
Hoekstra AY, Mekonnen MM, Chapagain AK, Mathews RE, Richter BD (2012) Global monthly water scarcity: blue water footprints versus blue water availability. PLoS One 7(2):e32688. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032688
Hsu ST, Cheng KT, Chiou J-S (2002) Seawater desalination by direct contact membrane distillation. Desalination 143(3):279–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00266-7
Huisman IH, Elzo D, Middelink E, Trägårdh AC (1998) Properties of the cake layer formed during crossflow microfiltration. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 138(2–3):265–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(96)03976-3
Jiang T, Kennedy MD, van der Meer WGJ, Vanrolleghem PA, Schippers JC (2003) The role of blocking and cake filtration in MBR fouling. Desalination 157(1–3):335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00414-4
Jiang T, Kennedy MD, Guinzbourg BF, Vanrolleghem PA, Schippers JC (2005) Optimising the operation of a MBR pilot plant by quantitative analysis of the membrane fouling mechanism. Water Sci Technol 51(6–7):19–25
Karakulski K, Gryta M, Morawski A (2002) Membrane processes used for potable water quality improvement. Desalination 145(1–3):315–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00429-0
Kazi SN (2012) Fouling and fouling mitigation on heat exchanger surfaces. In Heat Exchangers-Basics Design Applications: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/32990
Khawaji AD, Kutubkhanah IK, Wie J-M (2008) Advances in seawater desalination technologies. Desalination 221(1–3):47–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067
Khayet M, Matsuura T, Mengual JI, Qtaishat M (2006) Design of novel direct contact membrane distillation membranes. Desalination 192(1–3):105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.06.047
Kimura S, Nakao S-I, Shimatani S-I (1987) Transport phenomena in membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 33(3):285–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80286-0
Konieczny K, Rafa J (2000) Modeling of the membrane filtration process of natural waters. Pol J Environ Stud 9(1):57–64
Krivorot M, Kushmaro A, Oren Y, Gilron J (2011) Factors affecting biofilm formation and biofouling in membrane distillation of seawater. J Membr Sci 376(1–2):15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.061
Laganà F, Barbieri G, Drioli E (2000) Direct contact membrane distillation: modelling and concentration experiments. J Membr Sci 166(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00234-3
Lalia BS, Guillen-Burrieza E, Arafat HA, Hashaikeh R (2013) Fabrication and characterization of polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) electrospun membranes for direct contact membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 428:104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.10.061
Lawson KW, Lloyd DR (1997) Membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 124(1):1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(96)00236-0
Liao Y, Wang R, Tian M, Qiu C, Fane AG (2013) Fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber membranes by electro-spinning for direct contact membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 425:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.09.023
Liu GL, Zhu C, Cheung CS, Leung CW (1998) Theoretical and experimental studies on air gap membrane distillation. Heat Mass Transf 34(4):329–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002310050267
Lu J-G, Zheng Y-F, Cheng M-D (2008) Wetting mechanism in mass transfer process of hydrophobic membrane gas absorption. J Membr Sci 308(1–2):180–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.09.051
Martinetti CR, Childress AE, Cath TY (2009) High recovery of concentrated RO brines using forward osmosis and membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 331(1–2):31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.01.003
Martı́nez-Dı́ez L, Vazquez-Gonzalez MI (1999) Temperature and concentration polarization in membrane distillation of aqueous salt solutions. J Membr Sci 156(2):265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00349-4
Masafu CK, Trigg MA, Carter R, Howden NJK (2016) Water availability and agricultural demand: an assessment framework using global datasets in a data scarce catchment, Rokel-Seli River, Sierra Leone. J Hydrol Reg Stud 8:222–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2016.10.001
Mayer M, Braun R, Fuchs W (2006) Comparison of various aeration devices for air sparging in crossflow membrane filtration. J Membr Sci 277(1–2):258–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.10.035
Meier D, Dubin L (1987) A novel approach to silica inhibition. Corrosion/87, Paper(334)
Meindersma GW, Guijt CM, De Haan AB (2006) Desalination and water recycling by air gap membrane distillation. Desalination 187(1–3):291–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.088
Meng S, Ye Y, Mansouri J, Chen V (2014) Fouling and crystallisation behaviour of superhydrophobic nano-composite PVDF membranes in direct contact membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 463:102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.027
Morel F, Hering JG, Hering JG (1993) Principles and applications of aquatic chemistry. Wiley, New York
Mosadegh-Sedghi S, Rodrigue D, Brisson J, Iliuta MC (2014) Wetting phenomenon in membrane contactors–causes and prevention. J Membr Sci 452:332–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.09.055
Naidu G, Jeong S, Kim S-J, Kim IS, Vigneswaran S (2014) Organic fouling behavior in direct contact membrane distillation. Desalination 347:230–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.05.045
Naidu G, Jeong S, Vigneswaran S, Hwang T-M, Choi Y-J, Kim S-H (2016) A review on fouling of membrane distillation. Desalin Water Treat 57(22):10052–10076. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1040271
Pangarkar BL, Sane MG, Parjane SB, Guddad M (2011) Vacuum membrane distillation for desalination of ground water by using flat sheet membrane. Int J Chem Biol Eng 5:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2014.01.018
Phattaranawik J, Jiraratananon R, Fane AG (2003) Effect of pore size distribution and air flux on mass transport in direct contact membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 215(1–2):75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00603-8
Prince JA, Rana D, Matsuura T, Ayyanar N, Shanmugasundaram TS, Singh G (2014) Nanofiber based triple layer hydro-philic/−phobic membrane-a solution for pore wetting in membrane distillation. Sci Rep 4:6949. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06949
Purkait MK, Singh R (2018) Membrane technology in separation science. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Rácz G, Kerker S, Kovács Z, Vatai G, Ebrahimi M, Czermak P (2014) Theoretical and experimental approaches of liquid entry pressure determination in membrane distillation processes. Periodica Polytechnica. Chem Eng 58(2):81. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPch.2179
Ray SS, Chen S-S, Li C-W, Nguyen NC, Nguyen HT (2016) A comprehensive review: electrospinning technique for fabrication and surface modification of membranes for water treatment application. RSC Adv 6(88):85495–85514. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA14952A
Ray SS, Chen S-S, Nguyen NC, Hsu H-T, Nguyen HT, Chang C-T (2017) Poly (vinyl alcohol) incorporated with surfactant based electrospun nanofibrous layer onto polypropylene mat for improved desalination by using membrane distillation. Desalination 414:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.03.032
Ray SS, Chen S-S, Hsu H-T, Cao D-T, Nguyen H-T, Nguyen NC (2017a) Uniform hydrophobic electrospun nanofibrous layer composed of polysulfone and sodium dodecyl sulfate for improved desalination performance. Sep Purif Technol 186:352–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.032
Ray SS, Chen S-S, Chang H-M, Thanh CND, Le HQ, Nguyen NC (2018a) Enhanced desalination using a three-layer OTMS based superhydrophobic membrane for a membrane distillation process. RSC Adv 8(18):9640–9650. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA01043A
Ray SS, Chen S-S, Dan CTN, Hsu H-T, Chang H-M, Nguyen NC, Nguyen H-T (2018b) Casting of a superhydrophobic membrane composed of polysulfone/Cera flava for improved desalination using a membrane distillation process. RSC Adv 8(4):1808–1819. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA12474K
Ray SS, Chen S-S, Sangeetha D, Chang H-M, Thanh CND, Le QH, Ku H-M (2018c) Developments in forward osmosis and membrane distillation for desalination of waters. Environ Chem Lett:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0750-7
Ray SS, Gandhi M, Chen SS, Chang HM, Dan CTN, Le HQ (2018d) Anti-wetting behaviour of a superhydrophobic octadecyltrimethoxysilane blended PVDF/recycled carbon black composite membrane for enhanced desalination. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EW00451J
Ray SS, Deb CK, Chang H-M, Chen S-S, Ganesapillai M (2019) Crosslinked PVDF-HFP-based hydrophobic membranes incorporated with CNF for enhanced stability and permeability in membrane distillation. J Appl Polym Sci 136(40):48021. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48021
Ray SS, Dommati H, Wang J-C, Chen S-S (2020) Solvent based Slurry Stereolithography 3D printed hydrophilic ceramic membrane for ultrafiltration application. Ceram Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.02.010
Rockström J, Falkenmark M, Karlberg L, Hoff H, Rost S, Gerten D (2009) Future water availability for global food production: the potential of green water for increasing resilience to global change. Water Resour Res 45(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006767
Schofield RW, Fane AG, Fell CJD (1987) Heat and mass transfer in membrane distillation. J Membr Sci 33(3):299–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80287-2
Schofield RW, Fane AG, Fell CJD (1990) Gas and vapour transport through microporous membranes. I Knudsen-Poiseuille transition. J Membrane Sci 53(1–2):159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(90)80011-A
Shirazi S, Lin C-J, Chen D (2010) Inorganic fouling of pressure-driven membrane processes—a critical review. Desalination 250(1):236–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.02.056
Singh R, Purkait MK (2019) Microfiltration membranes. In: Membrane separation principles and applications. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 111–146
Sinha Ray S, Lee H-K, Kwon Y-N (2020) Review on blueprint of designing anti-wetting polymeric membrane surfaces for enhanced membrane distillation performance. Polymers 12(1):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010023
Smolders KFACM, Franken ACM (1989) Terminology for membrane distillation. Desalination 72(3):249–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(89)80010-4
Srisurichan S, Jiraratananon R, Fane AG (2005) Humic acid fouling in the membrane distillation process. Desalination 174(1):63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.09.003
Tabatabai SAA, Schippers JC, Kennedy MD (2014) Effect of coagulation on fouling potential and removal of algal organic matter in ultrafiltration pretreatment to seawater reverse osmosis. Water Res 59:283–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.001
Tijing LD, Woo YC, Johir MAH, Choi J-S, Shon HK (2014) A novel dual-layer bicomponent electrospun nanofibrous membrane for desalination by direct contact membrane distillation. Chem Eng J 256:155–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.06.076
Tijing LD, Woo YC, Choi J-S, Lee S, Kim S-H, Shon HK (2015) Fouling and its control in membrane distillation—a review. J Membr Sci 475:215–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.042
Vrijenhoek EM, Hong S, Elimelech M (2001) Influence of membrane surface properties on initial rate of colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes. J Membr Sci 188(1):115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00376-3
Warsinger DM, Swaminathan J, Guillen-Burrieza E, Arafat HA (2015) Scaling and fouling in membrane distillation for desalination applications: a review. Desalination 356:294–313
Wilkinson KJ, Lead JR (2007) Environmental colloids and particles: behaviour, separation and characterisation, vol 10. Wiley, Chichester. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470024539
Yadav NS, Kumar A, Sharma MP (2014) Ecological health assessment of Chambal River using water quality parameters. J Integr Sci Technol 2(2):52–56
Yang N (2005) Physical conditioning for scale prevention during desalination by reverse osmosis
Zhang J, Chua HC, Zhou J, Fane AG (2006) Factors affecting the membrane performance in submerged membrane bioreactors. J Membr Sci 284(1–2):54–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.06.022
Zhang X, Wang Z, Wu Z, Wei T, Lu F, Tong J, Mai S (2011) Membrane fouling in an anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) for municipal wastewater treatment: characteristics of membrane foulants and bulk sludge. Process Biochem 46(8):1538–1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.04.002
Zhang J, Song Z, Li B, Wang Q, Wang S (2013) Fabrication and characterization of superhydrophobic poly (vinylidene fluoride) membrane for direct contact membrane distillation. Desalination 324:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.05.018
Zhao S, Zou L (2011) Effects of working temperature on separation performance, membrane scaling and cleaning in forward osmosis desalination. Desalination 278(1–3):157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.05.018
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the funding from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Republic of China (ROC) (Taiwan) and Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management (IEEM), National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan, under the grant number 107-2221-E-027-001-MY3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ray, S.S., Deb, C.K., Chang, HM., Chen, SS., Ganesapillai, M. (2021). Fouling and Wetting: A Major Challenge for Membrane Distillation. In: Gothandam, K.M., Ranjan, S., Dasgupta, N., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 3. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 50. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48973-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48973-1_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-48972-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-48973-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)