Abstract
Climate change and global warming have hit the boardrooms of corporations more than ever before. Sustainability indices have become important criteria in today’s parlance to assess the risk of investing or collaborating with any company as part of their supply chain strategy. Many international firms provide these indices used by corporations to assess sustainability and collaborate. In a competing scenario, there is a need for companies in developing economies like India to be on par with their counterparts across the world by obtaining good sustainability scores. Towards this, one of the measures the Government in India has taken is mandating transparency in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting through The Companies Act 2013. Since then large amounts of money that have been spent in specific areas have been reported towards achieving the societal needs and as part of that towards greening the supply chain. Using data obtained from the annual reports of NIFTY indexed companies, this paper develops a fuzzy-logic-based model to obtain a sustainability score for companies. The inputs used in the model deal with the triple bottom line criteria—Profit, People and Planet (PPP). Using fuzzy logic, rules have been created that define sustainability. This chapter also discusses the patterns in the sustainability scores obtained with respect to the NIFTY indexed companies.
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Appendices
Annexure 1: PPP Orientation and Sustainability Scores of NIFTY Indexed Companies for 2014–15 to 2015–16
Company name | Profit oriented | People oriented | Planet oriented | Sustainability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd. | 0.4049 | 0.4014 | 0.5333 | 0.4343 |
Ambuja Cements Ltd. | 0.3509 | 0.5458 | 0.3890 | 0.4163 |
Asian Paints Ltd. | 0.3967 | 0.5851 | 0.4114 | 0.5635 |
Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. | 0.4673 | 0.5358 | 0.4167 | 0.6805 |
Axis Bank Ltd. | 0.4278 | 0.3990 | 0.4870 | 0.4392 |
Bajaj Auto Ltd. | 0.2572 | 0.3135 | 0.6875 | 0.5762 |
Bajaj Finance Ltd. | 0.2808 | 0.7279 | 0.2500 | 0.5000 |
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. | 0.4088 | 0.4453 | 0.5632 | 0.7058 |
Bharti Airtel Ltd. | 0.5333 | 0.4271 | 0.3838 | 0.4808 |
Bharti Infratel Ltd. | 0.2857 | 0.2509 | 0.7497 | 0.5000 |
Bosch Ltd. | 0.3688 | 0.6185 | 0.2500 | 0.4403 |
Cipla Ltd. | 0.3794 | 0.4931 | 0.3750 | 0.4181 |
Coal India Ltd. | 0.2465 | 0.4546 | 0.5454 | 0.5000 |
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. | 0.4082 | 0.5118 | 0.3750 | 0.4730 |
Eicher Motors Ltd. | 0.5000 | 0.5000 | 0.2500 | 0.5000 |
GAIL (India) Ltd. | 0.2493 | 0.2575 | 0.7500 | 0.5000 |
HCL Technologies Ltd. | 0.4470 | 0.5030 | 0.3701 | 0.5779 |
HDFC Bank Ltd. | 0.4746 | 0.5154 | 0.2500 | 0.5000 |
Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | 0.3282 | 0.6609 | 0.2500 | 0.5880 |
Hindalco Industries Ltd. | 0.3776 | 0.3957 | 0.4119 | 0.4073 |
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. | 0.3333 | 0.3337 | 0.6663 | 0.5972 |
Hindustan Unilever Ltd. | 0.4592 | 0.4026 | 0.3898 | 0.4205 |
Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd. | 0.2658 | 0.2602 | 0.7500 | 0.5000 |
I T C Ltd. | 0.4203 | 0.4085 | 0.4720 | 0.4335 |
ICICI Bank Ltd. | 0.5178 | 0.3960 | 0.3750 | 0.4169 |
Indiabulls Housing Finance Ltd. | 0.3893 | 0.5941 | 0.2500 | 0.5871 |
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. | 0.4210 | 0.4521 | 0.4771 | 0.5248 |
IndusInd Bank Ltd. | 0.4391 | 0.4758 | 0.4657 | 0.5840 |
Infosys Ltd. | 0.2602 | 0.2499 | 0.7500 | 0.5000 |
Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. | 0.4209 | 0.4476 | 0.3750 | 0.4779 |
Larsen & Toubro Ltd. | 0.3562 | 0.5837 | 0.3478 | 0.4078 |
Lupin Ltd. | 0.4602 | 0.4791 | 0.3780 | 0.5762 |
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. | 0.3924 | 0.3920 | 0.4531 | 0.4046 |
Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. | 0.4747 | 0.5035 | 0.2808 | 0.5443 |
NTPC Ltd. | 0.3465 | 0.6337 | 0.2500 | 0.5372 |
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. | 0.3797 | 0.3861 | 0.3612 | 0.3841 |
Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. | 0.2634 | 0.5852 | 0.3981 | 0.6148 |
Reliance Industries Ltd. | 0.4299 | 0.3794 | 0.3887 | 0.3940 |
State Bank of India | 0.2531 | 0.2510 | 0.7500 | 0.5000 |
Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. | 0.2593 | 0.6475 | 0.2500 | 0.5000 |
Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. | 0.4806 | 0.4409 | 0.3718 | 0.4860 |
Tata Motors Ltd. | 0.3946 | 0.4035 | 0.3941 | 0.4105 |
Tata Steel Ltd. | 0.3749 | 0.4488 | 0.3795 | 0.4060 |
Tech Mahindra Ltd. | 0.5534 | 0.3531 | 0.3870 | 0.4499 |
UltraTech Cement Ltd. | 0.3810 | 0.4077 | 0.4615 | 0.4269 |
UPL Ltd. | 0.4432 | 0.3985 | 0.4403 | 0.4231 |
Vedanta Ltd. | 0.4230 | 0.3741 | 0.3952 | 0.3978 |
Wipro Ltd. | 0.4405 | 0.4165 | 0.4646 | 0.4416 |
Yes Bank Ltd. | 0.4429 | 0.4662 | 0.5345 | 0.6185 |
Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd. | 0.4729 | 0.4433 | 0.4083 | 0.4940 |
Annexure 2: PPP Orientation and Sustainability Scores of NIFTY Indexed Companies from 2015–16 to 2016–17
Company name | Profit oriented | People oriented | Planet oriented | Sustainability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd. | 0.5015 | 0.4207 | 0.3750 | 0.4545 |
Ambuja Cements Ltd. | 0.3880 | 0.3948 | 0.4168 | 0.3969 |
Asian Paints Ltd. | 0.4279 | 0.4846 | 0.3750 | 0.5198 |
Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. | 0.3029 | 0.2516 | 0.7498 | 0.5000 |
Axis Bank Ltd. | 0.5232 | 0.3826 | 0.4097 | 0.4466 |
Bajaj Auto Ltd. | 0.3813 | 0.3165 | 0.6179 | 0.4855 |
Bajaj Finance Ltd. | 0.3190 | 0.2507 | 0.6906 | 0.5765 |
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. | 0.5907 | 0.2895 | 0.2500 | 0.4353 |
Bharti Airtel Ltd. | 0.4759 | 0.2731 | 0.4258 | 0.3962 |
Bharti Infratel Ltd. | 0.5094 | 0.3449 | 0.4369 | 0.4764 |
Bosch Ltd. | 0.3929 | 0.4504 | 0.5588 | 0.6079 |
Cipla Ltd. | 0.4772 | 0.3745 | 0.3750 | 0.3864 |
Coal India Ltd. | 0.2400 | 0.5199 | 0.4698 | 0.5000 |
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. | 0.3927 | 0.4008 | 0.4330 | 0.4076 |
Eicher Motors Ltd. | 0.5729 | 0.4194 | 0.2500 | 0.5102 |
GAIL (India) Ltd. | 0.3746 | 0.3850 | 0.3615 | 0.3817 |
HCL Technologies Ltd. | 0.2644 | 0.4892 | 0.5107 | 0.5000 |
HDFC Bank Ltd. | 0.3291 | 0.3341 | 0.5016 | 0.3853 |
Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | 0.4697 | 0.4481 | 0.4038 | 0.5040 |
Hindalco Industries Ltd. | 0.3615 | 0.3811 | 0.4000 | 0.3863 |
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. | 0.5624 | 0.3998 | 0.2500 | 0.5995 |
Hindustan Unilever Ltd. | 0.4542 | 0.4143 | 0.4416 | 0.4402 |
Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd. | 0.4151 | 0.5685 | 0.2577 | 0.5258 |
I T C Ltd. | 0.4622 | 0.4117 | 0.4360 | 0.4394 |
ICICI Bank Ltd. | 0.3892 | 0.4041 | 0.4330 | 0.4131 |
Indiabulls Housing Finance Ltd. | 0.2731 | 0.2474 | 0.7500 | 0.4944 |
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. | 0.5230 | 0.4341 | 0.4304 | 0.5480 |
IndusInd Bank Ltd. | 0.5432 | 0.4238 | 0.3745 | 0.4842 |
Infosys Ltd. | 0.2700 | 0.2538 | 0.7500 | 0.5000 |
Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. | 0.3709 | 0.4277 | 0.3746 | 0.3970 |
Larsen & Toubro Ltd. | 0.2588 | 0.2500 | 0.6850 | 0.4880 |
Lupin Ltd. | 0.5360 | 0.3756 | 0.4028 | 0.4462 |
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. | 0.4079 | 0.3927 | 0.3963 | 0.4006 |
Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. | 0.4728 | 0.4158 | 0.4265 | 0.4478 |
NTPC Ltd. | 0.3570 | 0.3729 | 0.4391 | 0.3771 |
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. | 0.2545 | 0.2515 | 0.7500 | 0.5000 |
Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. | 0.4522 | 0.4416 | 0.3750 | 0.4768 |
Reliance Industries Ltd. | 0.4779 | 0.3943 | 0.3897 | 0.4101 |
State Bank of India | 0.5998 | 0.2497 | 0.3996 | 0.5000 |
Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. | 0.3814 | 0.2281 | 0.5637 | 0.4294 |
Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. | 0.2831 | 0.2519 | 0.7450 | 0.5000 |
Tata Motors Ltd. | 0.3922 | 0.4794 | 0.4559 | 0.4969 |
Tata Steel Ltd. | 0.3694 | 0.3901 | 0.4147 | 0.3992 |
Tech Mahindra Ltd. | 0.5773 | 0.3951 | 0.2925 | 0.5382 |
UltraTech Cement Ltd. | 0.3860 | 0.4023 | 0.4503 | 0.4180 |
UPL Ltd. | 0.2332 | 0.6041 | 0.3941 | 0.4457 |
Vedanta Ltd. | 0.2593 | 0.6794 | 0.2500 | 0.5000 |
Wipro Ltd. | 0.4557 | 0.4213 | 0.4596 | 0.4527 |
Yes Bank Ltd. | 0.4783 | 0.4146 | 0.4959 | 0.6045 |
Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd. | 0.2819 | 0.2932 | 0.4277 | 0.3555 |
Annexure 3: PPP Orientation and Sustainability Scores of NIFTY Indexed Companies from 2016–17 to 2017–18
Company name | Profit oriented | People oriented | Planet oriented | Sustainability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd. | 0.4850 | 0.4287 | 0.4467 | 0.4768 |
Ambuja Cements Ltd. | 0.3738 | 0.3268 | 0.3616 | 0.3619 |
Asian Paints Ltd. | 0.4242 | 0.3277 | 0.5754 | 0.5372 |
Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. | 0.4152 | 0.3976 | 0.5203 | 0.4357 |
Axis Bank Ltd. | 0.3925 | 0.3958 | 0.4170 | 0.4048 |
Bajaj Auto Ltd. | 0.3691 | 0.3175 | 0.6298 | 0.4634 |
Bajaj Finance Ltd. | 0.4829 | 0.4821 | 0.2500 | 0.5000 |
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. | 0.4792 | 0.4908 | 0.2500 | 0.5000 |
Bharti Airtel Ltd. | 0.2635 | 0.7498 | 0.2500 | 0.5000 |
Bharti Infratel Ltd. | 0.5067 | 0.4385 | 0.3594 | 0.4971 |
Bosch Ltd. | 0.2682 | 0.2507 | 0.7310 | 0.5000 |
Cipla Ltd. | 0.3114 | 0.5093 | 0.4722 | 0.5556 |
Coal India Ltd. | 0.3682 | 0.3341 | 0.3627 | 0.3589 |
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. | 0.3737 | 0.3767 | 0.4310 | 0.3853 |
Eicher Motors Ltd. | 0.3861 | 0.2643 | 0.6139 | 0.6361 |
GAIL (India) Ltd. | 0.3794 | 0.3966 | 0.4327 | 0.4090 |
HCL Technologies Ltd. | 0.4283 | 0.3410 | 0.3644 | 0.3698 |
HDFC Bank Ltd. | 0.4221 | 0.5779 | 0.2500 | 0.5000 |
Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | 0.2763 | 0.2504 | 0.7500 | 0.5000 |
Hindalco Industries Ltd. | 0.5044 | 0.3934 | 0.4515 | 0.4813 |
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. | 0.5780 | 0.4141 | 0.3883 | 0.5880 |
Hindustan Unilever Ltd. | 0.4138 | 0.4088 | 0.5604 | 0.4684 |
Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd. | 0.3888 | 0.4284 | 0.5569 | 0.4839 |
I T C Ltd. | 0.4355 | 0.4046 | 0.4433 | 0.4241 |
ICICI Bank Ltd. | 0.2520 | 0.2502 | 0.7500 | 0.5000 |
Indiabulls Housing Finance Ltd. | 0.2941 | 0.7500 | 0.2500 | 0.4963 |
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. | 0.5575 | 0.4337 | 0.3975 | 0.5998 |
IndusInd Bank Ltd. | 0.5633 | 0.3286 | 0.3318 | 0.4092 |
Infosys Ltd. | 0.2673 | 0.2507 | 0.7234 | 0.5000 |
Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. | 0.3960 | 0.2566 | 0.5851 | 0.6266 |
Larsen & Toubro Ltd. | 0.4088 | 0.3977 | 0.3745 | 0.4094 |
Lupin Ltd. | 0.4815 | 0.4104 | 0.4262 | 0.4453 |
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. | 0.3899 | 0.3879 | 0.5259 | 0.4173 |
Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. | 0.5379 | 0.4280 | 0.3462 | 0.5666 |
NTPC Ltd. | 0.3846 | 0.3748 | 0.5567 | 0.4298 |
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. | 0.3867 | 0.4035 | 0.3676 | 0.3994 |
Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. | 0.3375 | 0.2506 | 0.6620 | 0.5641 |
Reliance Industries Ltd. | 0.3869 | 0.3154 | 0.6127 | 0.5320 |
State Bank of India | 0.4049 | 0.4015 | 0.3709 | 0.4129 |
Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. | 0.3942 | 0.4406 | 0.3759 | 0.4195 |
Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. | 0.2705 | 0.2506 | 0.7264 | 0.5000 |
Tata Motors Ltd. | 0.3945 | 0.3790 | 0.4472 | 0.3993 |
Tata Steel Ltd. | 0.3489 | 0.4293 | 0.5195 | 0.4356 |
Tech Mahindra Ltd. | 0.4962 | 0.4187 | 0.4136 | 0.4619 |
UltraTech Cement Ltd. | 0.2695 | 0.2509 | 0.7500 | 0.5000 |
UPL Ltd. | 0.2819 | 0.2501 | 0.7500 | 0.5000 |
Vedanta Ltd. | 0.5000 | 0.2502 | 0.5000 | 0.5000 |
Wipro Ltd. | 0.4435 | 0.3968 | 0.3750 | 0.4101 |
Yes Bank Ltd. | 0.5719 | 0.2507 | 0.3975 | 0.5938 |
Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd. | 0.5000 | 0.5000 | 0.2500 | 0.5000 |
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Vinod, M.S.S., Ravishankar, U.S., Sivakumar, N. (2020). Greening the Supply Chain Through CSR: A Model for Assessing Sustainability Using Fuzzy-Based PPP Approach. In: Ramanathan, U., Ramanathan, R. (eds) Sustainable Supply Chains: Strategies, Issues, and Models. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48876-5_4
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