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The Fight Against Poverty and the Right to Development

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General Reports of the XXth General Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law - Rapports généraux du XXème Congrès général de l'Académie internationale de droit comparé

Part of the book series: Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law ((GRIA,volume 50))

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Abstract

This general report conducts a comparative study from two analytical points of view. First, it accounts for the legal dimensions of the fight against poverty and the Right to Development (RtD) as seen from domestic law. It examines the domestic legal tools such as constitutional law, which contribute to the fight against poverty and the RtD. Second, the general report accounts for the domestic contributions to the international legal framework. The report also examines crosscutting themes in relation to the fight against poverty and the RtD. The general report is based on several national reports and one thematic report, which are included as part of the overall volume.

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Professor Malcom Langford, Oslo, and Professor Tomaso Ferrando, Antwerpen, for useful comments on earlier drafts of this general report.

This General Report will be also published, together with the National Reports from each jurisdiction, by Springer Nature Switzerland in a thematic volume.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The concept and measure of poverty have generated a wide range of debates, in fields including moral and political philosophy, social theory, public and social policy, and development economics. In the latter field, an important distinction is made between absolute poverty (measured in terms of income below fixed income poverty lines) and relative poverty (measured in comparison with other segments of a population), as well as between unidimensional (focusing primarily on income and access to economic resources) and multidimensional approaches (see e.g. United Nations Development Program Human Development Index Multidimensional Poverty Index, which measures income as well as basic needs to measure extreme poverty). Among conceptual proponents of the latter, broader approach to poverty, one can point to Amartya Sen’s approach to poverty as capability deprivation (see notably Sen 1999). Sen’s celebrated approach suggests that poverty is not just a lack of income, but a deprivation of all freedoms that would allow for an individual to flourish and live a life he or she has reason to value (i.e. encompassing income but access to other components of “human development” more broadly understood such as literacy, food, drinking water, as well as employment and the ability to participate politically in decision-making processes). Also notable among the multidimensional approaches to poverty is former United Nations Independent Expert on Extreme Poverty Arjun Sengupta’s concept of poverty as including a combination of income poverty, human development poverty and social exclusion (entailing the systematic exclusion from opportunities or benefits of development), see Sengupta (2010), pp. 85–89.

  2. 2.

    For a historical analysis, suggesting that the reasons for a shift towards a focus on poverty as a central goal of development policy-making are numerous and complex, and include the fact that it allowed to overcome disagreement between U.N. agencies and International Financial Institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund over neoliberal development “Washington Consensus” policies as a means towards development, see Fukuda-Parr (2017).

  3. 3.

    The Millennium Declaration was adopted in 2000, which in 2001 gave birth to the MDGs. The United Nations General Assembly formally endorsed the MDGs in 2005. For a thorough analysis, see Fukuda-Parr (2017).

  4. 4.

    Fukuyama (1992).

  5. 5.

    Sachs (2005).

  6. 6.

    For an early analysis of the mainstreaming of human rights in development discourse, see Uvin (2004).

  7. 7.

    See e.g. Cornia (2004) and Milanovic (2016).

  8. 8.

    Pogge (2002). For a useful discussion, see Langford (2017), pp. 258–298.

  9. 9.

    The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights defined poverty in 2001 as “a human condition characterized by the sustained or chronic deprivation of the resources, capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and other civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights”, in terms that echo Amartya Sen’s vision of human rights as interdependent determinants of poverty. The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights added that poverty-related deprivations are deprivations that are related to the lack of income or access to other productive or economic resources “not every case of a low level of well-being can be regarded as poverty (…) for poverty to exist, a lack of command over economic resources must play a role in the causal chain leading to a low level of well-being” (2004).

  10. 10.

    See e.g. Dos Costa (2008).

  11. 11.

    For a thorough analysis and discussion, see Young (2008).

  12. 12.

    United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights General Comment 3, The Nature of States parties obligations (Art. 2, par. 1), 14 December 1990.

  13. 13.

    United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights General Comment 20, Non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights (art. 2, para. 2, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), 2 July 2009.

  14. 14.

    United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution 21/11, 27 September 2012.

  15. 15.

    See e.g. Carrington, “Climate apartheid: UN expert says human rights may not survive. Right to life is likely to be undermined alongside the rule of law, special rapporteur says”, The Guardian, 25 June, 2019; Booth and Butler, “UK austerity has inflicted ‘great misery’ on citizens, UN says. Poverty envoy says callous policies driven by political desire for social re-engineering”, The Guardian, 16 November 2019.

  16. 16.

    See M’baye (1972). See broader context and discussion in Yusuf (2014, 2016).

  17. 17.

    UN Commission on Human Rights Res. 4 (XXXIII) (Feb 21, 1977).

  18. 18.

    African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 (Jun. 27, 1981), art. 22.

  19. 19.

    Declaration on the Right to Development, UN GA Res. 41/128, U.N. Doc. A/Res/41/128 (Dec. 4, 1986).

  20. 20.

    The Right to Development was reaffirmed as a “universal and inalienable right and an integral part of fundamental human rights” in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted at the World Conference on Human Rights in 1993 (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, UN Doc. A/CONF. 157/23, Jul. 12, 1993, Part I, par. 10).

  21. 21.

    The Right to Development has survived institutionally, notably through the appointment in 1998 by the UN Commission on Human Rights of Indian economist Arjun Sengupta as the Independent Expert on the Right to Development, the establishment (UN Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/72) of the open-ended Working Group on the Right to Development (renewed in 2007), and the creation in 2004 of a high-level task force on the implementation of the right to development. See overview at the OHCR home pages, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/Introduction.aspx [visited: 20.02.2020] and the Report of the Working Group on the Right to Development on its seventeenth session (Geneva, 25 April–3 May 2016).

  22. 22.

    Declaration on the Right to Development, UN GA Res. 41/128, U.N. Doc. A/Res/41/128 (Dec. 4, 1986).

  23. 23.

    Scholarly debates about and around the RtD have carried on long after 1986, and include critiques by prominent human rights scholars (e.g. Alston 2005, p. 755) as well as critical voices from the Global North (e.g. see Clapham and Marks 2005) or the Global South (e.g. Shivji 1989; Ibhawoh 2011, p. 76. For a useful analysis, see also Marks 2010).

  24. 24.

    In total twelve reports prepared by sixteen rapporteurs. See above an overview of the contributors to this volume. In addition, Geneviève Dufour and David Pavot also provided a national report for Canada, but it is not published. Moreover, we have ourselves contributed from the contexts of France and Norway and have used input from our session at the 20th Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law. In this regard, we would like to thank all participants at the session and especially our moderator Lauro Gama Jr., who also provided valuable input from the context in Brazil.

  25. 25.

    The questionnaire prepared for the 20th Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law is included in annex at the end of this chapter.

  26. 26.

    See Sect. 3.4 for more information.

  27. 27.

    Germany, Poland, Czechia.

  28. 28.

    For a survey of a broader sample of countries, see Jung et al. (2014), pp. 1043–1094. See also Nolan et al. (2009).

  29. 29.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.

  30. 30.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 4.1.

  31. 31.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 4.1.

  32. 32.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, section 1.1.

  33. 33.

    See for example, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/UniversalHumanRightsInstruments.aspx [visited: 20.02.2020].

  34. 34.

    Colombia, Cyprus, Czechia, Ghana, Italy, Poland, Taiwan.

  35. 35.

    Constitution of Colombia, Article 1.

  36. 36.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 3.

  37. 37.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 3.

  38. 38.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 3.2.

  39. 39.

    Cyprus, Czechia, Ghana, Italy, Poland, Taiwan. Also, France provides for ESCRs in paragraph 11 of the Preamble to the Constitution of 1946, see Roman (2012), p. 367.

  40. 40.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 2.2.

  41. 41.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 2.2.

  42. 42.

    See in this volume Lee, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in Taiwan, section 2.1.

  43. 43.

    Article 1 & 4, Charter of fundamental freedoms and rights, Canada report, p. 7.

  44. 44.

    Dufour and Pavot, Canada national report (2018) (unpublished), p. 8.

  45. 45.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.1.

  46. 46.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.1.

  47. 47.

    Article 20(1), German Basic Law.

  48. 48.

    For an example of emerging social rights jurisprudence on this issue in Germany, see Bittner (2011), p. 1941.

  49. 49.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.1.

  50. 50.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.1.

  51. 51.

    See for example the constitutions of Colombia, Cyprus, Ghana, Czechia and Poland.

  52. 52.

    For an analysis in this sense, see e.g. De Schutter (2010).

  53. 53.

    Colombia, Cyprus, Czechia, Ghana, Poland and Taiwan.

  54. 54.

    Canada, Germany, United States.

  55. 55.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.1.

  56. 56.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.2.

  57. 57.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.3.

  58. 58.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 3.2.

  59. 59.

    Colombia Constitution, Article 86.

  60. 60.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 3.

  61. 61.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 3.

  62. 62.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 3.1.

  63. 63.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 3.2.

  64. 64.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, section 2.1.

  65. 65.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, section 3.1.

  66. 66.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, section 3.2.

  67. 67.

    Cyprus, Czechia, Poland, Taiwan.

  68. 68.

    See in this volume Łasak, the Fight Against Poverty and the Right to Development in Poland, section 2.2.

  69. 69.

    See in this volume Łasak, the Fight Against Poverty and the Right to Development in Poland, section 2.4.

  70. 70.

    See in this volume Łasak, the Fight Against Poverty and the Right to Development in Poland, section 2.4.

  71. 71.

    See in this volume Łasak, the Fight Against Poverty and the Right to Development in Poland, section 2.4.

  72. 72.

    See in this volume Lee, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in Taiwan, section 2.1.

  73. 73.

    See in this volume Lee, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in Taiwan, section 2.1.

  74. 74.

    See in this volume Lee, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in Taiwan, section 2.1.

  75. 75.

    See in this volume Lee, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in Taiwan, section 2.1.

  76. 76.

    See in this volume Šturma and Bílková, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the Czech Republic, section 1.2.

  77. 77.

    Cypriot constitution, Article 9.

  78. 78.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 2.2.

  79. 79.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 2.2.

  80. 80.

    Colombia, Ghana.

  81. 81.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.2.

  82. 82.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.3.

  83. 83.

    Dufour and Pavot, Canada national report (2018) (unpublished), p. 10.

  84. 84.

    Dufour and Pavot, Canada national report (2018) (unpublished), p. 11.

  85. 85.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 2.5.

  86. 86.

    One such example is Cyprus, which provides for administrative appeal (i.e. the public administration is given a chance to rectify individual decisions). A recourse to the Cyprus Administrative Court is the only judicial venue available in the Cypriot legal order for challenging decisions of the State in connection to social benefits.

  87. 87.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 2.2 and Łasak, the Fight Against Poverty and the Right to Development in Poland, section 2.3.

  88. 88.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.4.

  89. 89.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.4.

  90. 90.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.4.

  91. 91.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.4.

  92. 92.

    See in this volume Gradoni and Pasquet, Failing to protect basic human rights: the fight against poverty and the right to development in Italy’s legal practice, section 3.

  93. 93.

    See in this volume Gradoni and Pasquet, Failing to protect basic human rights: the fight against poverty and the right to development in Italy’s legal practice, section 3.

  94. 94.

    See in this volume Gradoni and Pasquet, Failing to protect basic human rights: the fight against poverty and the right to development in Italy’s legal practice, section 2.

  95. 95.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.4.

  96. 96.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, section 4.0.

  97. 97.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, section 1.1.

  98. 98.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 4.

  99. 99.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.1.

  100. 100.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 2.2.

  101. 101.

    See in this volume Šturma and Bílková, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the Czech Republic, section 1.3.

  102. 102.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.5.

  103. 103.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.1.

  104. 104.

    Roman (2012), p. 364.

  105. 105.

    Roman (2012), p. 365.

  106. 106.

    IACHR, Report on Poverty and Human Rights in the Americas, 2017, p. 9.

  107. 107.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order.

  108. 108.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 3.1.

  109. 109.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 3.1.

  110. 110.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 3, Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.6 and Dufour and Pavot, Canada national report (2018) (unpublished), p. 10.

  111. 111.

    See in this volume Šturma and Bílková, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the Czech Republic, section 1.2.

  112. 112.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, section 2.1 and Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 2.

  113. 113.

    See in this volume Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 2.

  114. 114.

    See in this volume Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 2.

  115. 115.

    See in this volume Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 2.

  116. 116.

    See in this volume Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 2.

  117. 117.

    See in this volume Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 2.

  118. 118.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 3.1.

  119. 119.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 3.1.

  120. 120.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 3.1 and Šturma and Bílková, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the Czech Republic, section 2.1.

  121. 121.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 4.

  122. 122.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 4.

  123. 123.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 4.

  124. 124.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.6.

  125. 125.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.6.

  126. 126.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 4.2.

  127. 127.

    Canada, United States, Germany, Czechia, Cyprus, Netherlands, Poland, Italy.

  128. 128.

    World Conference on Human Rights on 25 June 1993 and endorsed by General Assembly resolution 48/121 of 20 December 1993, para. 10.

  129. 129.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 3.1.

  130. 130.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 4.2.

  131. 131.

    Dufour and Pavot, Canada national report (2018) (unpublished), p. 11.

  132. 132.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 3.2.

  133. 133.

    See in this volume Constantinides, the Legal and Policy Framework of Cyprus for the Fight Against Poverty at the Domestic and International Levels, section 3.4.

  134. 134.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 3.1.

  135. 135.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 3.1.

  136. 136.

    See in this volume Šturma and Bílková, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the Czech Republic, section 2.1 and Gradoni and Pasquet, Failing to protect basic human rights: the fight against poverty and the right to development in Italy’s legal practice, section 4.

  137. 137.

    See in this volume Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 3.2.

  138. 138.

    See in this volume Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 3.3.

  139. 139.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.8.

  140. 140.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.10.

  141. 141.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.3.

  142. 142.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.3.

  143. 143.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.6.

  144. 144.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.6.

  145. 145.

    Italy, Netherlands, Czechia.

  146. 146.

    See in this volume Gradoni and Pasquet, Failing to protect basic human rights: the fight against poverty and the right to development in Italy’s legal practice, section 3.

  147. 147.

    United States, Netherlands, Italy, Cyprus, Germany, Czechia.

  148. 148.

    Netherlands, Italy.

  149. 149.

    Netherlands, Italy.

  150. 150.

    See in this volume Gradoni and Pasquet, Failing to protect basic human rights: the fight against poverty and the right to development in Italy’s legal practice, section 4, Šturma and Bílková, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the Czech Republic, section 2.1 and Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 3.8.

  151. 151.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 3.1.

  152. 152.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.3.

  153. 153.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.3.

  154. 154.

    See in this volume Schmahl, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the German Legal Order, section 3.1.

  155. 155.

    Dufour and Pavot, Canada national report (2018) (unpublished), p. 11.

  156. 156.

    Dufour and Pavot, Canada national report (2018) (unpublished), p. 11.

  157. 157.

    See in this volume Šturma and Bílková, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in the Czech Republic, section 2.2.

  158. 158.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, sections 5.1.2, 5.1.3, and 5.1.4.

  159. 159.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, section 5.1.3.

  160. 160.

    See in this volume Fedtke, Poverty and the Right to Development in the United States of America, section 2.6.

  161. 161.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, section 5.1.3.

  162. 162.

    See in this volume Atuguba, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development: The Ghana National Chapter, section 5.1.1.

  163. 163.

    See in this volume Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 3.7.

  164. 164.

    See in this volume Lee, the Fight against Poverty and the Right to Development in Taiwan, sections 2.2 and 3.

  165. 165.

    Brabant and Savourey (2017).

  166. 166.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 3.1.

  167. 167.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 2.3.

  168. 168.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.

  169. 169.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 5.

  170. 170.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 5.

  171. 171.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 5.

  172. 172.

    Germany, United States, Taiwan.

  173. 173.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 5.

  174. 174.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 5.

  175. 175.

    See in this volume Betancur-Restrepo, the Colombian Legal Framework for Social Rights and the Challenges of a Post-Conflict Society, section 5.

  176. 176.

    https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2018/06/refugees-venezuela-colombia-election-crisis-simon-bolivar-culture/ [visited: 20.02.2020].

  177. 177.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 4.2.

  178. 178.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.5.

  179. 179.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, sections 5.4 and 5.5.

  180. 180.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, sections 5.4 and 5.5.

  181. 181.

    For an account of how international trade law and international investment law have evolved, see e.g. Kurtz (2016).

  182. 182.

    WTO website, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/thewto_e.htm [visited: 20.02.2020].

  183. 183.

    It is also referred to as the WTO Agreement and the WTO Institutional Agreement.

  184. 184.

    Marrakesh Agreement, Preamble.

  185. 185.

    See for example Article XX(g), GATT.

  186. 186.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.4.

  187. 187.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.4.

  188. 188.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.4.

  189. 189.

    Khalfan (2011), p. 70.

  190. 190.

    Sornarajah (2013), pp. 493–495.

  191. 191.

    Muir Watt (2012), p. 2.

  192. 192.

    Sornarajah (2013), p. 484.

  193. 193.

    Sornarajah (2013), p. 476.

  194. 194.

    Muir Watt (2012), p. 5.

  195. 195.

    Mbengue and Scacherer (2018).

  196. 196.

    Mbengue and Scacherer (2018).

  197. 197.

    Mbengue and Scacherer (2018), pp. 447–448.

  198. 198.

    Mbengue and Scacherer (2018).

  199. 199.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.5.

  200. 200.

    Accord, Introduction to the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, Brochure, 2015, p. 3.

  201. 201.

    Accord, Introduction to the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, Brochure, 2015, p. 3.

  202. 202.

    2018 Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, Scope, p. 2.

  203. 203.

    Accord, Introduction to the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, Brochure, 2015, p. 6.

  204. 204.

    2018 Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, Termination of the Agreement, p. 8.

  205. 205.

    United Nations, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, HR/PUB/11/04, 2011, New York and Geneva.

  206. 206.

    IBA, “Practical Guide on Business and Human Rights for Business Lawyers”, 2016, p. 7.

  207. 207.

    IBA, “Practical Guide on Business and Human Rights for Business Lawyers”, 2016, p. 7.

  208. 208.

    See in this volume Coomans and ter Vrugt, The Netherlands and the Right to Development, section 5.

  209. 209.

    See in this volume De Schutter, the International Dimensions of the Right to Development: Enabling Poverty-Reduction in Domestic Legal Orders by a Reformed International Legal Order, section 5.5.

Abbreviations

CPRs:

Civil and Political Rights

ESCRs:

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

EU:

European Union

ICESCR:

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966

MDGs:

Millennium Development Goals

NGOs:

Non-Governmental Organisations

RtD:

Right to Development

SDGs:

Sustainable Development Goals

UN:

United Nations

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Law, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Mads Andenas

  2. Sciences Po Law School, Sciences Po, Paris, France

    Jeremy Perelman & Christian Scharling

Authors
  1. Mads Andenas
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  2. Jeremy Perelman
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  3. Christian Scharling
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christian Scharling .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. AcadÕmie internationale de droit comparÕ, International Academy of Comparative Law, Paris, France

    Katharina Boele-Woelki

  2. Académie internationale de droit comparé, International Academy of Comparative Law, Paris, France

    Diego P. Fernández Arroyo

  3. AcadÕmie internationale de droit comparÕ, International Academy of Comparative Law, Paris, France

    Alexandre Senegacnik

Appendices

Legal Documents

  • UN Commission on Human Rights Res. 4 (XXXIII) (Feb 21, 1977).

  • African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 (Jun. 27, 1981), art. 22

  • Declaration on the Right to Development, UN GA Res. 41/128, U.N. Doc. A/Res/41/128 (Dec. 4, 1986).

  • Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted at the World Conference on Human Rights in 1993 (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, UN Doc. A/CONF. 157/23, Jul. 12, 1993, Part I, par. 10)

  • UN Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/72

  • Declaration on the Right to Development, UN GA Res. 41/128, U.N. Doc. A/Res/41/128 (Dec. 4, 1986)

  • Constitution of Colombia

  • German Basic Law

  • World Conference on Human Rights on 25 June 1993 and endorsed by General Assembly resolution 48/121 of 20 December 1993

  • WTO Agreement and the WTO Institutional Agreement

  • Accord, Introduction to the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, Brochure, 2015

  • 2018 Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh

  • United Nations, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, HR/PUB/11/04, 2011, New York and Geneva

  • International Bar Association, “Practical Guide on Business and Human Rights for Business Lawyers”, 2016

Miscellaneous

  • Geneviève Dufour and David Pavot, reply to the Questionnaire on the Fight Against Poverty and the Right to Development for the 20th General Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law, Canada national report, 2018 (unpublished).

  • Report of the Working Group on the Right to Development on its seventeenth session (Geneva, 25 April – 3 May 2016)

  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on Poverty and Human Rights in the Americas, 2017

Websites

News Articles

  • Damian Carrington, “Climate apartheid: UN expert says human rights may not survive. Right to life is likely to be undermined alongside the rule of law, special rapporteur says”, The Guardian, 25 June, 2019

  • Robert Booth & Patrick Butler, “UK austerity has inflicted ‘great misery’ on citizens, UN says. Poverty envoy says callous policies driven by political desire for social re-engineering”, The Guardian, 16 November 2019

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Andenas, M., Perelman, J., Scharling, C. (2021). The Fight Against Poverty and the Right to Development. In: Boele-Woelki, K., Fernández Arroyo, D.P., Senegacnik, A. (eds) General Reports of the XXth General Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law - Rapports généraux du XXème Congrès général de l'Académie internationale de droit comparé. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law(), vol 50. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48675-4_16

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