Abstract
The subject of the study paper is the risk perception and the decisions of Gen Y tourists regarding tourist destinations in the context of increased terrorist risk in the world. It is examined how Millennial travelers from Poland and Slovakia perceive the travel risk choosing tourist destinations in the context of terrorist risks. Both studied countries are recognized to belong to a region that has a low terrorism risk index. It is examined whether they are willing to forgo safety and security in exchange for economic advantage deciding to outbound travel. In addition it is checked whether sex, frequency of traveling, and travel expenses differentiate risk perception among Millennials. The research results showed that a large proportion of Millennials in this region of Europe are willing to accept tourist risks in the face of terrorism and agree to higher-value travel costs than safety. Gender and the level of travel expenses are factors that determine the perception of travel risk among Millennials, but the frequency of traveling does not.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Araña, J. E., & León, C. J. (2008). The impact of terrorism on tourism demand. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 299–315.
Aschauer, W. (2010). Perceptions of tourists at risky destinations. A model of psychological influence factors. Tourism Review, 65(2), 4–20.
Basarić, V., Vujičić, A., Mitrović Simić, J., Bogdanović, V., & Saulić, N. (2016). Gender and age differences in the travel behavior – A Novi Sad case study. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 4324–4333.
Bassil, C. (2014). The effect of terrorism on tourism demand in the Middle East. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(4), 669–684.
Benckendorff, P., Moscardo, G., & Pendergast, D. (Eds.). (2010). Tourism and Generation Y. Wallingford: CABI.
Bencsik, A., Horváth-Csikós, G., & Juhász, T. (2016). Y and Z Generations at workplaces. Journal of Competitiveness, 8(3), 90–106.
Benzion, U., Shahrabani, S., & Shavit, T. (2009). Emotions and perceived risks after the 2006 Israel–Lebanon war. Mind & Society, 8(1), 21–41.
Buffa, F. (2015). Young tourists and sustainability. Profiles, Attitudes, and Implications for Destination Strategies, Sustainability, 7, 14042–14062.
Chen, J., & Gursoy, D. (2001). An investigation of tourists’ destination loyalty and preferences. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(2), 79–85.
Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382–393.
Chhabra, D. (2012). What do student travelers really want? Revisiting the buyer’s black box. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(3), 344–355.
Chien, L.-H., & Jeh, M.-H. (2009). Information, risk perception and disease insurance decision. The International Journal of Economic Policy Studies, 4(1), 185–201.
Chingarande, A., & Saayman, A. (2018). Critical success factors for tourism-led growth. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(6), 800–818.
Collins, F. (2013). Encountering Auckland and Seoul: Youth, travel and micro-politics of Korea-New Zealand relations. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 15(2), 110–135.
Crotts, J. C. (2003). Theoretical perspectives on tourist criminal victimization. Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(1), 92–98.
Demir, E., Gozgor, G., & Paramati, S. R. (2019). Do geopolitical risks matter for inbound tourism? Eurasian Business Review, 1–9.
Doran, R., Larsen, S., & Wolff, K. (2015). Different but similar: Social comparison of travel motives among tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17, 555–563.
Drakos, K., & Kutan, A. M. (2003). Regional effects of terrorism on tourism: Evidence from three Mediterranean countries. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(5), 621–641.
Enders, W., Sandler, T., & Parise, G. F. (1992). An econometric analysis of the impact of terrorism on tourism. Kyklos, 45(4), 531–554.
Estrada, M. A. R., Park, D., Kim, J. S., & Khan, A. (2015). The economic impact of terrorism: A new model and its application to Pakistan. Journal of Policy Modeling, 37, 1065–1080.
Falk, J. H., Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Benckendorff, P. (2012). Travel and learning: A neglected tourism research area. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 908–927.
Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management, 22, 135–147.
Feridun, M. (2011). Impact of terrorism on tourism in Turkey: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Applied Economics, 43(24), 3349–3354.
Fielding, D., & Shortland, A. (2009). Does television terrify tourists? Effects of US television news on demand for tourism in Israel. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 38(3), 245–263.
Floyd, M. F., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2004). Profiling risk perceptions of tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 1051–1054.
Fong, Y. L., Firoz, D., & Sulaiman, W. I. W. (2017). The impact of tourism advertisement promotional videos on young adults. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 12(3), 87–102.
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2011). An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32(2), 266–276.
Garg, A., & Kumar, J. (2017). The impact of risk perception and factors on tourists’ decision making for choosing the destination Uttarakhand/India. Journal of Tourism and Management Research, 2(2), 144–160.
George, R. (2010). Visitor perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk: The case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town. Tourism Management, 31(6), 806–815.
Gibson, H., & Yiannakis, A. (2002). Tourist roles: Needs and the life course. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 358–383.
Huan, T. C., & Beaman, J. (2004). Contexts and dynamics of social interaction and information search in decision-making for discretionary travel. Tourism Analysis, 8(2–4), 177–182.
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Calafat, A., Juan, M., Schnitzer, S., & Anderson, Z. (2008). Predictors of violence in young tourists: A comparative study of British, German and Spanish holidaymakers. European Journal of Public Health, 18(6), 569–574.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–292.
Kandampully, J., & Suhartanto, D. (2000). Customer loyalty in the hotel industry: The role of customer satisfaction and image. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(6), 346–351.
Koo, T. T. R., Caponecchia, C., & Williamson, A. (2018). How important is safety in making flight choices? Evidence from simple choice experiments. Transportation, 45, 159–175.
Korstanje, M. K., & Tarlow, P. (2012). Being lost: Tourism, risk and vulnerability in the post-‘9/11’ entertainment industry. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 10(1), 22–33.
Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international Travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9, 233–242.
Lee, S. A., Manthiou, A., Chiang, L., & Tang, L. R. (2018). An assessment of value dimensions in hiking tourism: Pathways toward quality of life. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(2), 236–246.
Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606–624.
Li, Y. (2000). Geographical consciousness and tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 863–883.
Li, M., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., & Chen, Y. (2015). A grid-group analysis of tourism motivation. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17, 35–44.
Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (2006). Tourism, security and safety: From the theory to practice. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
McCartney, G., Butler, R., & Bennett, M. (2009). Positive tourism image perceptions attract travellers – Fact or fiction? The case of Beijing visitors to Macao. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(2), 179–193.
McIntyre, C. (2007). Survival theory: Tourist consumption as a beneficial experiential process in a limited risk setting. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9, 115–130.
McKercher, B., Pang, S. F. H., & Prideaux, B. (2011). Do gender and nationality affect attitudes towards tourism and the environment? International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(3), 266–300.
Morakabati, Y., & Kapuściński, G. (2016). Personality, risk perception, benefit sought and terrorism effect. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18, 506–514.
Nagaj, R., & Žuromskaitė, B. (2018). Millennium travelers tourism choices in an era of global threats of terrorist attacks – A case study of Poland and Lithuania. In NORDSCI Proceedings of the NordSci Conference on Social Sciences (pp. 287–297). Helsinki: Saima Consult.
Nagaj, R., & Žuromskaitė, B. (2020). Security measures as a factor in the competitiveness of accommodation facilities. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(5), 99.
Neumayer, E. (2004). The impact of political violence on tourism—Dynamic cross-national estimation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2), 259–281.
Pavesi, A., Gartner, W. C., & Denizci-Guillet, B. (2016). The effects of a negative travel experience on tourists’ decisional behavior. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(5), 423–433.
Pendergast, D. (2010). Getting to know the Y Generation. In P. Benckendorff, G. Moscardo, & D. Pendergast (Eds.), Tourism and Generation Y (pp. 1–15). Wallingford: CABI.
Pizam, A., & Fleischer, A. (2002). Severity versus frequency of acts of terrorism: Which has a larger impact on tourism demand? Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 337–339.
Pizam, A., Jeong, G., Reichel, A., Van Boemmel, H., Lusson, J., Steynberg, L., State-Costache, O., Volo, S., Kroesbacher, C., Hucerova, J., & Montmany, N. (2004). The relationship between risk taking, sensation seeking and the tourist behavior of young adults: A cross cultural study. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 251–260.
Red24. (2017). red24’s Global Terrorism Risk Map 2017 [Online]. Accessed July 19, 2017, from https://opinion.red24.com/2017/01/10/red24s-global-terrorism-risk-map-2017/
Roser, M., Nagdy, M., & Ritchie, H. (2018). Terrorism. Our world in data [Online]. Accessed May 30, 2019, from https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism
Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. P. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320.
Rubin, G. J., & Wessely, S. (2013). The psychological and psychiatric effects of terrorism: Lessons from London. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 36(3), 339–350.
Saha, S., & Yap, G. (2014). The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development: A cross-country panel analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 53(4), 509–521.
Samitas, A., Asteriou, D., Polyzos, S., & Kenourgios, D. (2018). Terrorist incidents and tourism demand: Evidence from Greece. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 23–28.
Schmid, K., & Muldoon, O. T. (2015). Perceived threat, social identification, and psychological well-being: The effects of political conflict exposure. Political Psychology, 36(1), 75–92.
Seabra, C., Abrantes, J. L., & Kastenholz, E. (2014). The influence of terrorism risk perception on purchase involvement and safety concern of international travellers. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(9–10), 874–903.
Seddighi, M. W., Nuttall, A. L., & Theocharous, H. R. (2001). Does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice? An empirical study with special reference to political instability. Tourism Management, 22(2), 181–191.
Sellick, M. (2004). Discovery, connection, nostalgia: Key travel motives within the senior market. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 17(1), 55–71.
Simpson, P. M., & Siguaw, J. A. (2008). Perceived travel risks: The traveller perspective and manageability. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(4), 315–327.
Sofronov, B. (2018). Millennials: A new trend for the tourism industry. Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 18(3), 109–122.
Sönmez, S., & Graefe, A. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112–144.
Staats, S., Panek, P., & Cosmar, D. (2006). Predicting travel attitudes among university faculty after 9/11. Journal of Psychology, 140(2), 121–132.
Tarlow, P. (2014). Tourism security: Strategies for effectively managing travel risk and safety (1st ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Teitler-Regev, S., Desivilya-Syna, H., & Shahrabani, S. (2015). Decision – Making patterns of young tourists regarding risky destinations. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(1) [Online]. Accessed May 4, 2019, from http://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_4_vol_41_jan-_june_2015.pdf
Tasci, A. D. A., & Boylu, Y. (2010). Cultural comparison of tourists’ safety perception in relation to trip satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(2), 179–192.
Ting, C. S., Chiu, L. K., & Kayat, K. (2015). Travel lifestyles and outbound tourism intentions of young Malaysians. American Journal of Tourism Management, 4(2), 40–42.
Tomić, N., Kovačević, B., Berber, N., & Milić, N. (2014). Factors influencing the motivation of young people when choosing a City destination in Europe – A case study from Esbjerg (Denmark). European Researcher, 69(2–2), 414–428.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297–323.
UNWTO. (2008). Youth travel matters: Understanding the global phenomenon of youth travel. Madrid: UNWTO.
Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2009). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179–188.
Žuromskaitė, B., Nagaj, R., & Dačiulytė, R. (2018). Source of information on the perceived risk and safety in the tourism industry: A comparative analysis of polish and Lithuanian young tourists. In N. Grünwald & M. Zakrzewska (Eds.), Series of the Robert-Schmidt-Institute: Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific Conference on “Modern Economics” (pp. 137–143). Wismar: University of Wismar.
Acknowledgments
The project is financed within the framework of the program of the Minister of Science and Higher Education under the name “Regional Excellence Initiative” in the years 2019–2022, project number 001/RID/2018/19, the amount of financing PLN 10,684,000.00.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Nagaj, R. (2020). Millennial Travelers’ Perception of Terrorism Risks: Evidence from Poland and Slovakia. In: Bilgin, M.H., Danis, H., Demir, E., Tony-Okeke, U. (eds) Eurasian Business Perspectives. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, vol 15/2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48505-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48505-4_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-48504-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-48505-4
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)