Skip to main content

Millennial Travelers’ Perception of Terrorism Risks: Evidence from Poland and Slovakia

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Eurasian Business Perspectives

Part of the book series: Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics ((EBES,volume 15/2))

  • 321 Accesses

Abstract

The subject of the study paper is the risk perception and the decisions of Gen Y tourists regarding tourist destinations in the context of increased terrorist risk in the world. It is examined how Millennial travelers from Poland and Slovakia perceive the travel risk choosing tourist destinations in the context of terrorist risks. Both studied countries are recognized to belong to a region that has a low terrorism risk index. It is examined whether they are willing to forgo safety and security in exchange for economic advantage deciding to outbound travel. In addition it is checked whether sex, frequency of traveling, and travel expenses differentiate risk perception among Millennials. The research results showed that a large proportion of Millennials in this region of Europe are willing to accept tourist risks in the face of terrorism and agree to higher-value travel costs than safety. Gender and the level of travel expenses are factors that determine the perception of travel risk among Millennials, but the frequency of traveling does not.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Araña, J. E., & León, C. J. (2008). The impact of terrorism on tourism demand. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 299–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aschauer, W. (2010). Perceptions of tourists at risky destinations. A model of psychological influence factors. Tourism Review, 65(2), 4–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basarić, V., Vujičić, A., Mitrović Simić, J., Bogdanović, V., & Saulić, N. (2016). Gender and age differences in the travel behavior – A Novi Sad case study. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 4324–4333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bassil, C. (2014). The effect of terrorism on tourism demand in the Middle East. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(4), 669–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benckendorff, P., Moscardo, G., & Pendergast, D. (Eds.). (2010). Tourism and Generation Y. Wallingford: CABI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bencsik, A., Horváth-Csikós, G., & Juhász, T. (2016). Y and Z Generations at workplaces. Journal of Competitiveness, 8(3), 90–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benzion, U., Shahrabani, S., & Shavit, T. (2009). Emotions and perceived risks after the 2006 Israel–Lebanon war. Mind & Society, 8(1), 21–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buffa, F. (2015). Young tourists and sustainability. Profiles, Attitudes, and Implications for Destination Strategies, Sustainability, 7, 14042–14062.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., & Gursoy, D. (2001). An investigation of tourists’ destination loyalty and preferences. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(2), 79–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chhabra, D. (2012). What do student travelers really want? Revisiting the buyer’s black box. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(3), 344–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chien, L.-H., & Jeh, M.-H. (2009). Information, risk perception and disease insurance decision. The International Journal of Economic Policy Studies, 4(1), 185–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chingarande, A., & Saayman, A. (2018). Critical success factors for tourism-led growth. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(6), 800–818.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, F. (2013). Encountering Auckland and Seoul: Youth, travel and micro-politics of Korea-New Zealand relations. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 15(2), 110–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crotts, J. C. (2003). Theoretical perspectives on tourist criminal victimization. Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(1), 92–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demir, E., Gozgor, G., & Paramati, S. R. (2019). Do geopolitical risks matter for inbound tourism? Eurasian Business Review, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doran, R., Larsen, S., & Wolff, K. (2015). Different but similar: Social comparison of travel motives among tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17, 555–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drakos, K., & Kutan, A. M. (2003). Regional effects of terrorism on tourism: Evidence from three Mediterranean countries. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(5), 621–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enders, W., Sandler, T., & Parise, G. F. (1992). An econometric analysis of the impact of terrorism on tourism. Kyklos, 45(4), 531–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada, M. A. R., Park, D., Kim, J. S., & Khan, A. (2015). The economic impact of terrorism: A new model and its application to Pakistan. Journal of Policy Modeling, 37, 1065–1080.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. H., Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Benckendorff, P. (2012). Travel and learning: A neglected tourism research area. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 908–927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management, 22, 135–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feridun, M. (2011). Impact of terrorism on tourism in Turkey: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Applied Economics, 43(24), 3349–3354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, D., & Shortland, A. (2009). Does television terrify tourists? Effects of US television news on demand for tourism in Israel. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 38(3), 245–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, M. F., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2004). Profiling risk perceptions of tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 1051–1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fong, Y. L., Firoz, D., & Sulaiman, W. I. W. (2017). The impact of tourism advertisement promotional videos on young adults. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 12(3), 87–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2011). An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32(2), 266–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg, A., & Kumar, J. (2017). The impact of risk perception and factors on tourists’ decision making for choosing the destination Uttarakhand/India. Journal of Tourism and Management Research, 2(2), 144–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, R. (2010). Visitor perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk: The case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town. Tourism Management, 31(6), 806–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, H., & Yiannakis, A. (2002). Tourist roles: Needs and the life course. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 358–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huan, T. C., & Beaman, J. (2004). Contexts and dynamics of social interaction and information search in decision-making for discretionary travel. Tourism Analysis, 8(2–4), 177–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Calafat, A., Juan, M., Schnitzer, S., & Anderson, Z. (2008). Predictors of violence in young tourists: A comparative study of British, German and Spanish holidaymakers. European Journal of Public Health, 18(6), 569–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kandampully, J., & Suhartanto, D. (2000). Customer loyalty in the hotel industry: The role of customer satisfaction and image. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(6), 346–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koo, T. T. R., Caponecchia, C., & Williamson, A. (2018). How important is safety in making flight choices? Evidence from simple choice experiments. Transportation, 45, 159–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korstanje, M. K., & Tarlow, P. (2012). Being lost: Tourism, risk and vulnerability in the post-‘9/11’ entertainment industry. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 10(1), 22–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international Travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9, 233–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. A., Manthiou, A., Chiang, L., & Tang, L. R. (2018). An assessment of value dimensions in hiking tourism: Pathways toward quality of life. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(2), 236–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. (2000). Geographical consciousness and tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 863–883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, M., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., & Chen, Y. (2015). A grid-group analysis of tourism motivation. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17, 35–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (2006). Tourism, security and safety: From the theory to practice. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McCartney, G., Butler, R., & Bennett, M. (2009). Positive tourism image perceptions attract travellers – Fact or fiction? The case of Beijing visitors to Macao. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(2), 179–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, C. (2007). Survival theory: Tourist consumption as a beneficial experiential process in a limited risk setting. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9, 115–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKercher, B., Pang, S. F. H., & Prideaux, B. (2011). Do gender and nationality affect attitudes towards tourism and the environment? International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(3), 266–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morakabati, Y., & Kapuściński, G. (2016). Personality, risk perception, benefit sought and terrorism effect. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18, 506–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaj, R., & Žuromskaitė, B. (2018). Millennium travelers tourism choices in an era of global threats of terrorist attacks – A case study of Poland and Lithuania. In NORDSCI Proceedings of the NordSci Conference on Social Sciences (pp. 287–297). Helsinki: Saima Consult.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagaj, R., & Žuromskaitė, B. (2020). Security measures as a factor in the competitiveness of accommodation facilities. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(5), 99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumayer, E. (2004). The impact of political violence on tourism—Dynamic cross-national estimation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2), 259–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavesi, A., Gartner, W. C., & Denizci-Guillet, B. (2016). The effects of a negative travel experience on tourists’ decisional behavior. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(5), 423–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pendergast, D. (2010). Getting to know the Y Generation. In P. Benckendorff, G. Moscardo, & D. Pendergast (Eds.), Tourism and Generation Y (pp. 1–15). Wallingford: CABI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pizam, A., & Fleischer, A. (2002). Severity versus frequency of acts of terrorism: Which has a larger impact on tourism demand? Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 337–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pizam, A., Jeong, G., Reichel, A., Van Boemmel, H., Lusson, J., Steynberg, L., State-Costache, O., Volo, S., Kroesbacher, C., Hucerova, J., & Montmany, N. (2004). The relationship between risk taking, sensation seeking and the tourist behavior of young adults: A cross cultural study. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 251–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Red24. (2017). red24’s Global Terrorism Risk Map 2017 [Online]. Accessed July 19, 2017, from https://opinion.red24.com/2017/01/10/red24s-global-terrorism-risk-map-2017/

  • Roser, M., Nagdy, M., & Ritchie, H. (2018). Terrorism. Our world in data [Online]. Accessed May 30, 2019, from https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism

  • Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. P. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, G. J., & Wessely, S. (2013). The psychological and psychiatric effects of terrorism: Lessons from London. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 36(3), 339–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha, S., & Yap, G. (2014). The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development: A cross-country panel analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 53(4), 509–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samitas, A., Asteriou, D., Polyzos, S., & Kenourgios, D. (2018). Terrorist incidents and tourism demand: Evidence from Greece. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 23–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, K., & Muldoon, O. T. (2015). Perceived threat, social identification, and psychological well-being: The effects of political conflict exposure. Political Psychology, 36(1), 75–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seabra, C., Abrantes, J. L., & Kastenholz, E. (2014). The influence of terrorism risk perception on purchase involvement and safety concern of international travellers. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(9–10), 874–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seddighi, M. W., Nuttall, A. L., & Theocharous, H. R. (2001). Does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice? An empirical study with special reference to political instability. Tourism Management, 22(2), 181–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellick, M. (2004). Discovery, connection, nostalgia: Key travel motives within the senior market. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 17(1), 55–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, P. M., & Siguaw, J. A. (2008). Perceived travel risks: The traveller perspective and manageability. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(4), 315–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sofronov, B. (2018). Millennials: A new trend for the tourism industry. Annals of Spiru Haret University Economic Series, 18(3), 109–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sönmez, S., & Graefe, A. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staats, S., Panek, P., & Cosmar, D. (2006). Predicting travel attitudes among university faculty after 9/11. Journal of Psychology, 140(2), 121–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarlow, P. (2014). Tourism security: Strategies for effectively managing travel risk and safety (1st ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitler-Regev, S., Desivilya-Syna, H., & Shahrabani, S. (2015). Decision – Making patterns of young tourists regarding risky destinations. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(1) [Online]. Accessed May 4, 2019, from http://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_4_vol_41_jan-_june_2015.pdf

  • Tasci, A. D. A., & Boylu, Y. (2010). Cultural comparison of tourists’ safety perception in relation to trip satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(2), 179–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting, C. S., Chiu, L. K., & Kayat, K. (2015). Travel lifestyles and outbound tourism intentions of young Malaysians. American Journal of Tourism Management, 4(2), 40–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomić, N., Kovačević, B., Berber, N., & Milić, N. (2014). Factors influencing the motivation of young people when choosing a City destination in Europe – A case study from Esbjerg (Denmark). European Researcher, 69(2–2), 414–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNWTO. (2008). Youth travel matters: Understanding the global phenomenon of youth travel. Madrid: UNWTO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2009). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Žuromskaitė, B., Nagaj, R., & Dačiulytė, R. (2018). Source of information on the perceived risk and safety in the tourism industry: A comparative analysis of polish and Lithuanian young tourists. In N. Grünwald & M. Zakrzewska (Eds.), Series of the Robert-Schmidt-Institute: Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific Conference on “Modern Economics” (pp. 137–143). Wismar: University of Wismar.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The project is financed within the framework of the program of the Minister of Science and Higher Education under the name “Regional Excellence Initiative” in the years 2019–2022, project number 001/RID/2018/19, the amount of financing PLN 10,684,000.00.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rafał Nagaj .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Nagaj, R. (2020). Millennial Travelers’ Perception of Terrorism Risks: Evidence from Poland and Slovakia. In: Bilgin, M.H., Danis, H., Demir, E., Tony-Okeke, U. (eds) Eurasian Business Perspectives. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, vol 15/2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48505-4_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics