Visualising Roman Institutional Environments for Exchange as a Complex System

Haklai, Merav

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47898-8_5

Merav Haklai⁸

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Ancient Economies ((PASTAE))

488 Accesses

Abstract

Haklai combines an institutional approach with complexity economics to analyse Roman legal environments during the High Empire; specifically, the institutional framework for using money in the private sphere. The chapter starts with the relationship between economics and complexity theory, gives examples of visualised complexity, and surveys visualisations previously applied in studying ancient economies. Haklai offers two complexity-oriented visualisations: The first diagram explores the complex mechanism of money in Roman law, acknowledging its abstract nature whilst accommodating a spectrum of its physical manifestations. The second is a causal loop diagram, which partially visualises the institutional environments of economic interactions carried out under coexisting legal systems: Roman, Greek-Egyptian, and Jewish. Both visualisations emphasise the self-adjustment of the institutional environment and the emergence of new practices and procedures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 119.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 159.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 159.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
North, “Institutions,” 97.
2.
Andreau, La vie financière dans le monde romain; Andreau, Banking and Business in the Roman World; Rathbone and Temin, “Financial Intervention in first century AD Rome and Eighteenth Century England”.
3.
Rathbone, Economic Rationalism and Rural Society in Third-Century A.D. Egypt; Kehoe, Investment, Profit, and Tenancy; Kehoe, Law and the Rural Economy in the Roman Empire.
4.
As put by Snowdon and Vane, Modern Macroeconomics, 4: “Theories, by definition, are simplifications of reality. This must be so given the complexity of the real world.”
5.
To use the metaphor of Leijonhufvud, “Life among the Econ”, who wrote a spoof anthropological article about the two castes within the tribe of the Econ, the Micro-caste and the Macro-caste, each with its own totem, which look remarkably similar to each other, that is the supply-demand and the LM-IS curves crossing one another in the point of equilibrium.
6.
Weaver, “Science and Complexity”, who offers a good starting point.
7.
Wible, “What is Complexity?”; Prasch, “Complexity and Economic Method”; Montgomery, “Complexity Theory”.
8.
Nicolis and Prigogine, Exploring Complexity, 2–6.
9.
Van Der Leeuw and McGlade, “Archaeology and Non-linear Dynamics,” 14.
10.
Nicolis and Prigogine, Exploring Complexity, 25–7; Wible, “What is complexity?,” 17–8.
11.
Wible, “What is complexity?,” 18–9.
12.
On features of complexity advocated by Austrian economics, see below.
13.
http://www.santafe.edu. Anderson, Arrow, and Pines, The Economy as an Evolving Complex System; Arthur, Durlauf, and Lane, The Economy as an Evolving Complex System; Wible, “What is Complexity?”.
14.
Labelled “The changing face of Economics” by Colander, Holt, and Rosser, The Changing Face of Economics.
15.
For instance Lindgren, “Evolutionary Dynamics in Game-Theoretic Models”; Metcalfe and Foster, Evolution and Economic Complexity.
16.
For example, North, “Some Fundamental Puzzles in Economic History/Development”; Prasch, “Complexity and Economic Method,” 220–2.
17.
For example, Brock, “Asset Price Behavior in Complex Environments”; Kirman, “The Economy as an Interactive System”.
18.
Arthur, Durlauf, and Lane, “Introduction”.
19.
Arthur, “Positive Feedbacks in the Economy”; Arthur, Durlauf, and Lane, “Introduction,” 4–6.
20.
Arthur, Durlauf, and Lane, “Introduction,” 2–5.
21.
Day, “Complex Economic Dynamics”, 14; Montgomery, “Complexity Theory”; Shapiro, “A Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Techniques of Adaptive Nonlinear Models”; Velupialli, “Non-Linear Dynamics, Complexity and Randomness”.
22.
Arthur, Durlauf, and Lane, The Economy as an Evolving Complex System; Lane, “Is What Is Good for Each Best for All”; Prasch, “Complexity and Economic Method”.
23.
Day, “Complex Economic Dynamics”; Arthur, Durlauf, and Lane, “Introduction,” 5–11; Krugman, “How the Economy Organises Itself in Space,” 241–3.
24.
Weaver, “Science and Complexity,” 539.
25.
Vaughn, “Hayek’s Implicit Economics”; Koppl, “Complexity and Austrian Economics”, who even attributes a proto-complexity approach to the founding father of the Austrian economic school, Carl Menger, seeing him as a predecessor of the “spontaneous order” idea; J. Barkley Rosser, “How complex are the Austrians?”.
26.
Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order; id., “The Theory of Complex Phenomena”. On Hayek’s complexity ideas, see Chaumont-Chancelier, “Hayek’s Complexity”; Vaughn, “Hayek’s Implicit Economics”; Wible, “What is complexity?,” 19–23; Caldwell, Hayek’s challenge, 323–82; Gaus, “Hayek on the evolution of society and mind”, 232–58.
27.
Vaughn, “Hayek’s Implicit Economics;” Montgomery, “Complexity Theory: An Austrian perspective,” 228–9; Rosser, “How complex are the Austrians?”.
28.
Hayek, “The Theory of Complex Phenomena”; Wible, “What is complexity?,” 19–23; Montgomery, “Complexity Theory: An Austrian perspective”; Rosser, “How Complex are the Austrians?”.
29.
Adam Ferguson, The History of Economic Thought (1767), quoted in Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, 57.
30.
For example, Krugman, The Self-Organizing Economy.
31.
Contra, Koppl, “Complexity and Austrian Economics”. On Austrian vs. Complexity economics, see Montgomery, “Complexity Theory”; Rosser, “How Complex are the Austrians?”.
32.
Montgomery, “Complexity Theory”.
33.
Arthur, Durlauf, and Lane, “Introduction,” 3.
34.
Arthur, Durlauf, and Lane, “Introduction,” 3–4; Prasch, “Complexity and Economic Method,” 216. There is another prominent distinction: while economists affiliated with the new complexity perspective tend to advocate market-intervention policies, Austrian economics usually strongly rejects government intervention.
35.
Ware, Information Visualization, 2–4.
36.
Lima, Visual Complexity, who offers a short history of Tree-Models, further elaborated in Lima, The Book of Trees.
37.
Van der Leeuw and McGlade, “Archaeology and Non-Linear Dynamics,” 13.
38.
For criticism on Tree Models, see Lima, Visual Complexity, 43–69.
39.
On nineteenth-century scientific paradigm of thought as one which concerns “simple problems,” see Weaver, “Science and complexity.”
40.
Manovich, “Introduction,” 13.
41.
Lima, Visual Complexity, 97, 158, who offers a sort of a manual for possible schemata.
42.
Ibid., 98–157, who gives examples for network-based visualisations.
43.
Ibid., 188–91.
44.
Ibid., 160–3.
45.
Ibid., 164–6.
46.
Econophysics often is concerned with financial markets; for criticism, see Casti, “Money is Funny”.
47.
Jovanovic and Schinckus, “The Emergence of Econophysics”.
48.
Schinckus, “Between Complexity of Modelling and Modelling of Complexity”; Jovanovic and Schinckus, “The Emergence of Econophysics.”
49.
Schinckus, “Between Complexity of Modelling and Modelling of Complexity,” 3655.
50.
Ibid.
51.
Schinckus, “Between Complexity of Modelling and Modelling of Complexity”; Jovanovic and Schinckus, “The Emergence of Econophysics,” sec. III.2, 19–20, in the online version.
52.
With the stationary hypothesis according to which future data will be a statistical reflection of past data; Schinckus, “Between Complexity of Modelling and Modelling of Complexity,” 3656, 3660, 3661 n. 26.
53.
Tumminello et al., “A Tool for Filtering Information in Complex Systems,” 10423.
54.
Ibid., 10421.
55.
Ibid., 10423.
56.
Lima, Visual Complexity, 158, 192–5.
57.
Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 21; cited in Lima, Visual Complexity, 44.
58.
Vandenbroeck, Goossens, and Clemens, Tackling Obesities; Lima, Visual Complexity, 194.
59.
Lima, Visual Complexity, 158, 194, who categorises this model as “organic rhizome.”
60.
Vennix, Group Model Building, 3–7 (on the assumptions of system dynamics methodology), 52–60 (on casual loop models).
61.
Vandenbroeck, Goossens, and Clemens, Tackling Obesities, 3–6.
62.
Ibid., 4–6.
63.
Holland, Emergence; but see Corning, “The re-emergence of emergence”.
64.
For example, Finley, The Ancient Economy, 177–8, who speaks of a “large unified economic space.”
65.
Duncan-Jones, Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy, 44. Also, Hopkins, “Taxes and Trade,” 104, who mentions “cellular autarky of individual peasant farmers”; Davies, “Linear and Nonlinear Flow Models for Ancient Economies,” 152–3, who offers cellular-structured visualisation for ancient economies.
66.
Ware, Information Visualization, xvii.
67.
Davies, “Linear and Nonlinear Flow Models,” 130–41, 152, who gives a survey of the relevant literature.
68.
Hopkins, “Taxes and Trade”.
69.
What Davies, “Linear and Nonlinear Flow Models,” 139, calls “the “return” (real or symbolic, full or inadequate) from the centre and periphery to the middle zone.”
70.
For example, Andreau, Banking and Business in the Roman World, 135.
71.
Davies, “Ancient Economies: Models and Muddles”; Davies, “Linear and Nonlinear Flow Models”.
72.
Van Der Leeuw and McGlade, Time, process, and structured transformation in archaeology.
73.
For example, Seland, “Here, There and Everywhere.”
74.
Davies, “Linear and Nonlinear Flow Models,” 142.
75.
Ibid., 140–2.
76.
Davies, “Ancient Economies: Models and Muddles.”
77.
Davies, “Linear and Nonlinear Flow Models.”
78.
Ibid., 155.
79.
Ibid., 142–52.
80.
On “organised complexity,” see Weaver, “Science and Complexity.”
81.
For example, the supply-demand or LM-IS curves, crossing one another at the point of equilibrium.
82.
Davies, “Linear and Nonlinear Flow Models.”
83.
Ulp. Dig. 50.16.178.pr. (49 ad sab.).
84.
For example, Paul. Dig. 18.1.1.1 (33 ad ed.); Ulp. Dig. 14.6.7.3 (29 ad ed.).
85.
Harris, “A revisionist view of Roman money”; Bange, Kreditgeld in der römischen Antike.
86.
That is, based on the joint agreement of the parties; Gai. Inst. 3.135; Epit. 2.9.13; Paul. Dig. 19.2.1 (34 ad ed.); Just. Inst. 3.22; 29.4.
87.
Gai. Inst. 3.137.
88.
For example, Ulp. Dig. 19.2.9.pr. (32 ad ed.); Paul. Dig. 19.2.24.4 (34 ad ed.); Afric. Dig. 19.2.33 (8 quaest.).
89.
Kaser, Das römishce Privatrecht, 563.
90.
For example, Labeo Dig. 19. 2. 60. 8 (5 post. a javol. Epit.); Pompon. Dig. 18. 1. 20 (9 ad sab.).
91.
For example, Papin. Dig. 16. 3. 25. 1 (3 respon.); Paul. Dig. 47. 2. 21. 1 (40 ad sab.).
92.
For example, Papin. Dig. 16. 3. 24 (9 quaest.); Paul. Dig. 16. 3. 26. 1 (4 respon.); Ulp. Dig. 16. 3. 7. 2–3 (30 ad ed.); 42. 5. 24. 2 (63 ad ed.), in both excerpts Ulpian rules that depositors who received interest on their deposits should be “considered to have renounced their deposits,” thereby indicating that this was, in fact, a common practice; Scaev. Dig. 32. 37. 5 (18 dig.); Cod Iust. 4. 34. 4 (Gordian, 238–244 CE).
93.
Kaser, Das römische Privatrecht, 536.
94.
Gaius discusses twenty-two such controversies, and some are mentioned also in Justinian’s Corpus Iuris Civilis; Leesen, Gaius Meets Cicero.
95.
The main texts are Gai. Inst. 3. 141; Paul. Dig. 18. 1. 1. 1 (33 ad ed.); 19. 4. 1. pr. (32 ad ed.).
96.
See notes 91–93 above.
97.
No matter whether regarded as the so-called locatio conductio operis (contracting a task), or locatio conductio operarum (employing a guard).
98.
For example, Harris, “A revisionist view of Roman money”; Bange, Kreditgeld in der römischen Antike.
99.
For example, the Babatha archive; Oudshoorn, The Relationship between Roman and Local Law in the Babatha and Salome Komaise Archives.

Bibliography

Anderson, Philip W., Kenneth J. Arrow, and David Pines, eds. The economy as an evolving complex system: the proceedings of the Evolutionary Paths of the Global Economy Workshop, held September, 1987 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Redwood City, Ca.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1988.
Google Scholar
Andreau, Jean. La vie financière dans le monde romain: les métiers de manieurs d’argent (IVe siècle av. J.-C.- IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.). Rome: Ecole Francaise de Roma, 1987.
Google Scholar
Andreau, Jean. Banking and Business in the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Google Scholar
Arthur, W. Brian. “Positive Feedbacks in the Economy.” Scientific American 262 (1990): 92–9.
Article Google Scholar
Arthur, W. Brian, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane, eds. The economy as an evolving complex system II (Santa Fe Institute, Studies in the Sciences of Complexity). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1997a.
Google Scholar
Arthur, W. Brian, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane. “Introduction.” In The economy as an evolving complex system II (Santa Fe Institute, Studies in the Sciences of Complexity), edited by W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane, 1–14. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1997b.
Google Scholar
Bange, Matthias. Kreditgeld in der römischen Antike. Ursprünge, Entstehung, Übertragung und Verbreitung (Pharos Studien zur griechisch-römischen Antike, Band 33). Rahden/Westf: Verlag Mary Leidorf GmbH, 2014.
Google Scholar
Brock, William A. “Asset Price Behavior in Complex Environments.” In The economy as an evolving complex system II (Santa Fe Institute, Studies in the Sciences of Complexity), edited by W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane, 385–423. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
Google Scholar
Caldwell, Bruce. Hayek’s challenge: An intellectual biography of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Google Scholar
Casti, John L. “Money is funny, or why finance is too complex for physics.” Complexity 8, no. 2 (2003): 14–8.
Google Scholar
Chaumont-Chancelier, Frédérique. “Hayek’s Complexity.” Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines 9, no. 4 (December, 1999): 543–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/jeeh-1999-0405.
Colander, David. ed. Complexity and the History of Economic Thought: Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought. Selected papers from the history of economics Society Conference, 1998. London: Routledge, 2000.
Book Google Scholar
Colander, David, Richard P. F. Holt, and J. Barkley Rosser. The changing face of economics: Conversations with Cutting Edge Economists. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. (Reprinted 2007).
Google Scholar
Corning, Peter A. “The re-emergence of “emergence”: A venerable concept in search of a theory.” Complexity 7, no. 6 (2002): 18–30.
Google Scholar
Davies, John K. “Ancient Economies: Models and Muddles.” In Trade, Traders and the Ancient City, edited by Helen Parkins and Christopher John Smith, 221–52. London: Routledge, 1998.
Google Scholar
Davies, John K. “Linear and Nonlinear Flow Models for Ancient Economies.” In The Ancient Economy: Evidence and Models, edited by Joseph G. Manning and Ian Morris, 127–56. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2005.
Google Scholar
Day, R. H. “Complex Economic Dynamics: Obvious in History, Generic in Theory, Elusive in Data.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 7 (Supplement Special Issue on Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics) (1992): 9–23.
Google Scholar
Deleuze, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translation and Foreword by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis; London: University of Minnesota Press, 1987.
Google Scholar
Duncan-Jones, Richard. Structure and scale in the Roman economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Book Google Scholar
Finley, Moses I. The Ancient Economy. Foreword by Ian Morris. Berkeley; London: University of California Press, 1985. Reprinted 1999.
Google Scholar
Furber, John D., Systems Biology of Human Aging—Network Model Wall Chart (Rev 11 March 2018), available at http://www.LegendaryPharma.com/chartbg.html.
Gaus, G. F. “Hayek on the evolution of society and mind.” In The Cambridge companion to Hayek, edited by E. Feser, 232–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Chapter Google Scholar
Harris, William V. “A revisionist view of Roman money.” Journal of Roman Studies 96 (2006): 1–24.
Article Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A. von. Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948.
Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A. von. The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A. von. “The Theory of Complex Phenomena.” In Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, 22–42. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967.
Google Scholar
Holland, John H. Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Google Scholar
Hollander, David B. Money in the late Roman Republic. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007.
Google Scholar
Hopkins, Keith. “Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire.” Journal of Roman Studies 70 (1980): 101–25.
Article Google Scholar
Jovanovic, Franck, and Christophe Schinckus. “The Emergence of Econophysics: A New Approach in Modern Financial Theory.” History of Political Economy 45, no.3 (2013): 443–74. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-2334758.
Kaser, Max. Das römishce Privatrecht, Erster Abschnitt: Das altrömische, das vorklassische und klassische Recht. 2nd ed. München: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1971.
Google Scholar
Kehoe, Dennis P. Investment, profit, and tenancy: the jurists and the Roman agrarian economy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
Book Google Scholar
Kehoe, Dennis P. Law and the rural economy in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.
Book Google Scholar
Kirman, Alan P. “The Economy as an Interactive System.” In The economy as an evolving complex system II (Santa Fe Institute, Studies in the Sciences of Complexity), edited by W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane, 491–531. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
Google Scholar
Koppl, Roger. “Complexity and Austrian economics.” In Handbook of research on complexity, edited by J. Barkley Rosser, 393–406. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781952665.00026.
Chapter Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul R. The Self-Organizing Economy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul R. “How the Economy Organises Itself in Space: A Survey of the New Economic Geography.” In The economy as an evolving complex system II (Santa Fe Institute, Studies in the Sciences of Complexity), edited by W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane, 239–62. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
Google Scholar
Lane, David A. “Is What Is Good for Each Best for All? Learning from Others in the Information Contagion Model.” In The economy as an evolving complex system II (Santa Fe Institute, Studies in the Sciences of Complexity), edited by W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane, 105–27. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
Google Scholar
Leesen, Tessa G.. Gaius Meets Cicero: Law and Rhetoric in the School Controversies. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.
Book Google Scholar
Leijonhufvud, Axel. “Life among the Econ.” In Information and Coordination: Essays in Macroeconomic Theory, 347–59. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Google Scholar
Lima, Manuel. Visual Complexity: Mapping Patterns of Information. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011.
Google Scholar
Lima, Manuel. The book of trees: visualizing branches of knowledge. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014.
Google Scholar
Lindgren, Kristian. “Evolutionary Dynamics in Game-Theoretic Models.” In The economy as an evolving complex system II (Santa Fe Institute, Studies in the Sciences of Complexity), edited by W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane, 337–67. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
Google Scholar
Manovich, Lev. “Introduction.” In Visual Complexity: Mapping Patterns of Information, by Manuel Lima, 11–3. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011.
Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J. Stanley, and John Foster. eds. Evolution and Economic Complexity. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007.
Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael R. “Complexity Theory: An Austrian perspective.” In Complexity and the History of Economic Thought: Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought. Selected papers from the history of economics Society Conference, 1998, edited by David Colander, 227–40. London: Routledge, 2000.
Google Scholar
Nicolis, Gregoier, and Iya Prigogine. Exploring complexity: An introduction. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1989.
Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. “Institutions.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 1 (1991): 97–112.
Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. “Some Fundamental Puzzles in Economic History/Development.” In The economy as an evolving complex system II (Santa Fe Institute, Studies in the Sciences of Complexity), edited by W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane, 223–37. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
Google Scholar
Oudshoorn, Jacobine G. The relationship between Roman and local law in the Babatha and Salome Komaise archives: general analysis and three case studies on law of succession, guardianship, and marriage. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Book Google Scholar
Prasch, Robert E. “Complexity and economic method: an institutionalist perspective.” In Complexity and the History of Economic Thought: Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought. Selected papers from the history of economics Society Conference, 1998, edited by David Colander, 215–26. London: Routledge, 2000.
Google Scholar
Rathbone, Dominic. Economic rationalism and rural society in third-century A.D. Egypt: The Heroninos archive and the Appianus estate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Google Scholar
Rathbone, Dominic, and Peter Temin. “Financial Intervention in first century AD Rome and eighteenth century England.” In Pistoi dia tèn technèn: bankers, loans and archives in the ancient world. Studies in honour of Raymond Bogaert (Stadia Hellenistica 44), edited by Koenraad Verboven, Katelijn Vandorpe, and Véronique Chankowski, 371–419. Leuven: Peeters, 2008.
Google Scholar
Rosser, J. Barkley. “How complex are the Austrians?” In What is so Austrian about Austrian Economics? (Advances in Austrian Economics, Vol. 14), edited by Roger. Koppl, Steven Horwitz, and Pierre Desrochers, 165–79. Bingley, UK: Emerald, 2010.
Google Scholar
Schinckus, Christophe. “Between complexity of modelling and modelling of complexity: An essay on econophysics.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 392, no. 17 (2013): 3654–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2013.04.005.
Article Google Scholar
Seland, Eivind Heldaas. “Here, There and Everywhere. A Network Approach to Textile Trade in the Periplus Maris Erythraei.” In Textiles, Trade and Theories. From the Ancient Near East to the Mediterranean, edited by Kerstin Droß-Krüpe and Marie-Louise Nosch, 211–9. Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 2016.
Google Scholar
Shapiro, Arnold F. “A Hitchhiker’s guide to the techniques of adaptive nonlinear models.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 26, nos. 2–3 (2000): 119–32.
Google Scholar
Snowdon, Brian, and Howard R. Vane. Modern Macroeconomics: Its Origins, Development and Current State. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2005.
Google Scholar
Tumminello, Michelle, Tomaso Aste, Tiziana Di Matteo, and Rosario Mantegna. “A Tool for Filtering Information in Complex Systems.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (30) (August, 2005): 10421–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500298102.
Van Der Leeuw, Sander, and James McGlade. eds. Time, process, and structured transformation in archaeology. London: Routledge, 1997a.
Google Scholar
Van Der Leeuw, Sander, and James McGlade. “Archaeology and non-linear dynamics—new approaches to long-term change.” In Time, process, and structured transformation in archaeology, edited by Sander Van Der Leeuw and James McGlade, 1–31. London: Routledge, 1997b.
Google Scholar
Vandenbroeck, Philippe, Jo Goossens, and Marshall Clemens. Tackling obesities: Future Choices—Building the Obesity System Map, London: Government Office for Science, Dept. of Innovation, Universities and Skills, 2007. http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/foresight/docs/obesity/11.pdf.
Vaughn, Karen I. “Hayek’s Implicit Economics: Rules and the Problem of Order.” Review of Austrian Economics 11 (1999): 129–44.
Article Google Scholar
Velupialli, K. Vela. “Non-Linear Dynamics, Complexity and Randomness: Algorithmic Foundations.” Journal of Economic Surveys 25, no. 3 (2011): 547–68.
Google Scholar
Vennix, Jac A. M. Group model building: facilitating team learning using system dynamics. Chichester: Wiley, 1996.
Google Scholar
Ware, Colin. Information visualization: perception for design. 3rd ed. Waltham, Mass.: Morgan Kaufmann, 2013.
Google Scholar
Weaver, Warren. “Science and complexity.” American Scientist 36, no. 4 (October, 1948): 536–44.
Google Scholar
Wible, James. “What is complexity?” In Complexity and the History of Economic Thought: Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought. Selected papers from the history of economics Society Conference, 1998, edited by David Colander, 15–30. London: Routledge, 2000.
Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
Merav Haklai

Authors

Merav Haklai
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Merav Haklai .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Department of History, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Koenraad Verboven

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Haklai, M. (2021). Visualising Roman Institutional Environments for Exchange as a Complex System. In: Verboven, K. (eds) Complexity Economics. Palgrave Studies in Ancient Economies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47898-8_5

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47898-8_5
Published: 26 November 2020
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-47897-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-47898-8
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics