Skip to main content

Transition in RE in Finland

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Religious Education in a Post-Secular Age

Abstract

In this chapter, we will discuss key questions regarding religious education in Finnish state schools today. Recent years have shown that issues related to dialogue, citizenship skills, social integration have moved into the forefront when discussing religious education (Jackson 2014a). Similarly, several researchers have analysed the challenges that diversification, secularisation and post-secularity create for education in religions and non-religious worldviews in Finnish state schools (Ubani et al. 2019a). When we refer to Finnish society in a post-secular context, we do not wish to overstate the rising impact of religion in Europe, but acknowledge the resurgence of public religion and the emergence of an increasingly pluralistic public sphere in Finland too. We convey criticism of the secular normativity of schools and of the liberal-secular foundation of the mainstream approaches of multicultural education, which have emerged against a backdrop of the notion of post-secularity (Coulby and Zambeta 2008; Ubani 2013a). In the Nordic context too, scholars have criticised the othering of non-secular and non-Western worldviews in educational thinking and practices (see e.g. Berglund 2017; Poulter et al. 2016).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andreotti, V., Ahenakew, C., & Cooper, G. (2012). Equivocal Knowing and Elusive Realities: Imagining Global Citizenship Otherwise. In V. Andreotti & L. Souza (Eds.), Postcolonial Perspectives on Global Citizenship Education (pp. 221–238). New York: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P. (2007). Developing a New Post-liberal Paradigm for British Religious Education. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 28(1), 17–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P. (2020). Crisis, Controversy and the Future of Religious Education . Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berglund, J. (2015). Publicly Funded Islamic Education in Europe and the United States. Washington: Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berglund, J. (2017). Secular Normativity and the Religification of Muslims in Swedish Public Schooling. Oxford Review of Education, 43(5), 524–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coulby, D., & Zambeta, E. (2008). Intercultural Education, Religion and Modernity. Editorial. Intercultural Education, 19(4), 293–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, R. (1964). Religious Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, S. (2017). Response: On RE Research in the Nordic Countries—A Few Notes. Nordidactica: Journal of Humanities and Social Science Education, 1, 118–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hokkanen, P. (2014). Uskonnonvapaus monikulttuuristuvassa koulussa. [Freedom of Religion in Multicultural School] Acta Wasaensia, 307. Wasa: University of Wasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innanen, T. (2006). Uskonnon opettamista ja oppimista maalaisyhteisössä. Paikallistutkimus Kallislahden kyläkoulun ajalta ja alueelta. [Teaching and Learning Religion in the Rural Community: A Context-based Study on Kallislahti School] Joensuu: Joensuun yliopisto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, R. (Ed.). (2014a). Religion, Education, Dialogue and Conflict: Perspectives on Religious Education Research. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, R. (2014b). Signposts—Policy and Practice for Teaching About Religions and Non-Religious Worldviews in Intercultural Education. Council of Europe: The European Wergeland Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallioniemi, A. & Ubani, M. (2010). Uskonnon didaktiikka luokanopettajankoulutuksessa. [Religious Education in Class Teacher Training]. In A. Kallioniemi, A. Toom, H. Linnansaari, & M. Ubani (Eds.), Akateeminen luokanopettajankoulutus. 30 vuotta teoriaa, käytäntöä ja maistereita. Kasvatusalan julkaisuja (pp. 243–270). Turku: Suomen kasvatustieteellinen seura.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallioniemi, A., & Ubani, M. (2012). Uskonnon ainedidaktiikka tieteenalana ja tutkimusalueena. [Religious Education as a Discipline and a Research Tradition]. In A. Virta & A. Kallioniemi (Eds.), Ainedidaktiikka tutkimuskohteena ja tiedonalana (pp. 195–216). Suomen kasvatutieteellisen seuran julkaisuja.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallioniemi, A., & Ubani, M. (2016). Religious Education. In H. Niemi, A. Kallioniemi, & A. Toom (Eds.), The Miracle of PISA. The Principles and Practices of Teaching and Learning in Finnish Schools (2nd ed., pp. 179–190). Rotterdam: Sense.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimanen, A. (2015). Complicated Confessionality. How the Concept ‘Confessional’ Could Serve the Debate on Religious Education Better? Journal of Religious Education, 63(2–3), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40839-016-0023-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimanen, A., & Poulter, S. (2018). Teacher Discourse Constructing Different Social Positions of Pupils in Finnish Separative and Integrative Religious Education. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 39(2), 144–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komulainen, J. (2005). Systemaattinen teologia ja uskonnonopetus. In A. Kallioniemi & J. Luodeslampi (Eds.), Uskonnonopetus uudella vuosituhannella. [Religious Education at the Turn of the New Millennium] (pp. 280–302). Helsinki: Kirjapaja.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korkeakoski, K., & Ubani, M. (2018). What Positive Things Do Students from Different Backgrounds See in Integrated RE Lessons with Collaborative Teaching? Three Cases from a Finnish Teaching Experiment. Journal of Religious Education, 66(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40839-018-0056-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koski, L., & Filander, K. (2012). Transforming Causal Logics in Finnish Adult Education: Historical and Moral Transitions Rewritten. International Journal of Lifelong Learning, 32(5), 583–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kähkönen, E. (1976). Uskonnonopetuksen asema Suomen koulunuudistuksessa 1944–1970. [The State of Religious Education in the Finnish School Reform 1944–1970]. Helsinki: Suomalainen teologinen kirjallisuusseura.

    Google Scholar 

  • Launonen, L. (2000). Eettinen kasvatusajattelu suomalaisen koulun pedagogisissa teksteissä 1860-luvulta 1990-luvulle. (Diss.) [Ethical Educational Thinking in Finnish Schooling Documents from 1960 to 1990] Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän yliopisto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matilainen, M., & Kallioniemi, A. (2012). Human Rights Education in Religious Education in Finnish Upper Secondary School. Religious Education Journal of Australia, 28(1), 16–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemi, H. (1991). Uskonnon didaktiikka: Oppilaista elämän subjekteja [Religious Education: Helping Pupils to Become Subjects]. Helsinki: Otava.

    Google Scholar 

  • ODIHR. (2007). Toledo Guiding Principles on Teaching About Religions and Beliefs in Public Schools. Retrieved January 11, 2020, from http://www.osce.org/odihr/29154.

  • Onniselkä, S. (2011). Islamin opetus koulussa. In T. Martikainen & T. Sakaranaho (Eds.), Mitä muslimit tarkoittavat? Keskustelua islamilaisista virtauksista Suomessa ja Euroopassa [What Do the Muslims Mean? Discussion on Islamic Influences in Finland and in Europe] (pp. 122–138). Turku: Savukeidas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osbeck, C. (2017). Examples of Knowledge Contributions in Swedish RE—A Discussion of Disciplines as Frames for Knowledge Re/Production. Nordidactica: Journal of Humanities and Social Science Education, 1, 66–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osbeck, C., & Buchardt, M. (2017). Editorial. Epistemologies of Religious Education Research in the Nordic Welfare States. Nordidactica: Journal of Humanities and Social Science Education, 1, I–VII.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popkewitz, T. S. (2011). Curriculum History, Schooling and the History of the Present. History of Education, 40(1), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poulter, S. (2013). Kansalaisena maallistuneessa maailmassa. Koulun uskonnonopetuksen yhteiskunnallisen tehtävän tarkastelua. [Citizenship in Secular Age: The Civic Task of Religious Education]. Diss. Ainedidaktisen tutkimusseuran julkaisuja. Helsinki: Ainedidaktiikan seura.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulter, S., Kuusisto, A., Malama, M., & Kallioniemi, A. (2017). Examining Religious Education in Finland from a Human Rights Perspective. In A. Sjöborg & H-G. Ziebertz (Eds.), Religion, Education and Human Rights: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Religion and Human Rights (vol. 1, pp. 49–61). Cham: Springer International Publishing AG.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulter, S., Riitaoja, A.-L., & Kuusisto, A. (2016). Thinking Multicultural Education ‘Otherwise’—From a Secularist Construction Towards a Plurality of Epistemologies and Worldviews. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 14(1), 68–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2014.989964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poulter, S., Rissanen, I., & Ubani, M. (2019). Discussion. In M. Ubani, I. Rissanen, & S. Poulter (Eds.), Contextualising Dialogue, Pluralism and Secularisation: Cases Analyses on Finnish Public Education (pp. 217–228). Münster: Waxmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyysiäinen, M. (1982). Tunnustuksellinen, tunnustukseton ja objektiivinen uskonnonopetus: opetussuunnitelma-analyysi Suomen ja Ruotsin peruskoulun uskonnonopetuksen tavoitteista ja sisällöstä. [Confessional, Non-Confessional and Objective Religious Education: Curricular Analysis of Religious Education in Finnish and Swedish Compulsory Schools]. Diss. Helsinki: Kirjapaja.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissanen, I. (2012). Teaching Islamic education in Finnish Schools: A Field of Negotiations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(5), 740–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rissanen, I., Ubani, M., & Poulter, S. (2019). Key Issues of Religion in Finnish Public Education. In M. Ubani, I. Rissanen, & S. Poulter (Eds.), Contextualising Dialogue, Pluralism and Secularisation: Cases Analyses on Finnish Public Education (pp. 203–216). Münster: Waxmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothgangel, M. (2013). What Is Religious Education? An Epistemological Guide. In M. Rothgangel, T. Schlag & F. Schweitzer (Eds.) with G. Adam & R. Lachman, Basics of Religious Education (pp. 13–28). Göttingen: V & R Unipress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothgangel, M., Jackson, R., Jäggle, M., & Skeie, G. (Eds.). (2014). Religious Education at Schools in Europe. Göttingen: V&R Unipress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Räsänen, A. (2002). Aikuisen uskonnollisuus. Tutkimus Fritz Oserin uskonnollisen arvioinnin kehityksen teoriasta ja sen pätevyydestä aikuisilla suomalaisilla koehenkilöillä. [Religiosity of and Adult. A Study of Fritz Oser’s Theory on Religious Thinking and Development: A Case of Finnish Adults] Dissertation. Department of Practical Theology, University of Helsinki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Räsänen, A. (2017). Researching Religious Education in Finland. In F. Schweitzer & R. Boschki (Eds.), Researching Religious Education: Classroom Processes and Outcomes (pp. 287–301). Münster: Waxmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saine, H. (2000). Uskonnonopetus Suomen oppivelvollisuuskoulussa 1900-luvulla. [Religious Education in Finnish Compulsory School in the 20th Century] Sarja C, 165. Turun yliopisto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakaranaho, T. (2018). Encountering Religious Diversity: Multilevel Governance of Islamic Education in Finland and Ireland. Journal of Religious Education, 66(2), 111–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakaranaho, T., & Jamisto, A. (Eds.) (2008). Monikulttuurisuus ja uudistuva katsomusaineiden opetus. [Multiculturalism and Transforming Religious and Worldview Education] Uskontotiede 11. Helsingin yliopisto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubani, M. (2013a). Threats and Solutions. Religion and Multiculturalism in Educational Policy. Intercultural Education, 24(3), 195–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubani, M. (2013b). Peruskoulun uskonnonopetus [Didactics of Religious Education]. Helsinki: PS-Kustannus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubani, M. (2017). Contextualising the Contribution of RE Scholarly Communities to the Development of RE Didactics in Finland Over Recent Decades. Nordidactica: Journal of Humanities and Social Science Education, 1, 87–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubani, M. (2018a). What Makes Students Feel Authentic in an Integrated RE Classroom? Journal of Beliefs and Values, 39(2), 169–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubani, M. (2018b). Do Students Feel Authentic in Integrated RE? A Quantitative Analysis. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 23(2), 152–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubani, M. (2019). Religion and Multiculturalism in Finnish Public Schools: The Secularist—Culturalist Transition. In M. Ubani, I. Rissanen, & S. Poulter (Eds.), Contextualising Dialogue, Pluralism and Secularisation: Cases Analyses on Finnish Public Education. Münster: Waxmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubani, M., & Ojala, E. (2018). Introduction. Journal of Religious Education, 66(2), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40839-018-0067-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ubani, M., & Tirri, K. (2014). Religious education in Finnish schools. In M. Rothgangel, M. Jäggle, & G. Skeie (Eds.), Religious Education in Schools in Europe. Part 3: Northern Europe (pp. 99–120). Wien: Vienna University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubani, M., Rissanen, I., & Poulter, S. (Eds.). (2019a). Contextualising Dialogue, Secularisation and Pluralism. Religion in Finnish Public Education. Münster: Waxmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubani, M., Poulter, S., & Rissanen, I. (2019b). Introduction to Contextualising Dialogue, Secularisation and Pluralism in Finnish Public Education. In M. Ubani, I. Rissanen, & S. Poulter (Eds.), Contextualising Dialogue, Pluralism and Secularisation: Cases Analyses on Finnish Public Education (pp. 7–16). Münster: Waxmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, A. (2004). Religion, Education and Post-modernity. London: Routledge Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, A. (2007). Critical Religious Education, Multiculturalism and the Pursuit of Truth. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ã…hs, V., Poulter, S., & Kallioniemi, A. (2016). Encountering Worldviews: Pupil Perspectives on Integrative Worldview Education in a Finnish Secondary School Context. Religion & Education, 43(2), 208–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2015.1128311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ã…hs, V., Poulter, S., & Kallioniemi, A. (2017). Preparing for a World of Worldviews: Parental and School Stakeholder Views on Integrative Worldview Education in a Finnish Context. British Journal of Religious Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2017.1292211.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Ubani .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ubani, M., Poulter, S., Rissanen, I. (2021). Transition in RE in Finland. In: Franck, O., Thalén, P. (eds) Religious Education in a Post-Secular Age. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47503-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47503-1_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-47502-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-47503-1

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics