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Agricultural Land Use, Production, and Water Quality

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Water Quality and Agriculture

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Abstract

This chapter introduces topics, concepts, relationships, and tools that are essential to understanding the effects of agriculture on water quality, the significance of these effects, and economic and technological drivers of water pollution from agriculture. The chapter also introduces a systematic watershed-based paradigm for understanding and addressing agriculture and tools used for watershed planning. The chapter begins with a description of the types of water quality problems that result from agricultural production and their economic and ecological significance. The evolution of agriculture as a significant source of water quality problems is connected to economic and technological developments in agricultural production. The chapter turns from causes and consequences to introducing physical processes and relationships at multiple spatial scales, from field to watershed, that must be understood to design effective and efficient solutions. The chapter concludes with the introduction to the watershed-based management and various types of modeling tools used in planning and policy design.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases-risks/diseases/methaemoglob/en/

  2. 2.

    Livestock feed provides essential nutrients including phosphorus. Animals are not perfectly efficient in the utilization of nutrients with the results that a fraction of the intake is removed in urine or manure .

  3. 3.

    Load shares are estimated for different source types from the nine monitoring stations downstream. These loads contribute to 40% of all nutrient loads. The developments of relative shares for the entire watershed are likely to be very similar.

  4. 4.

    http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking

  5. 5.

    Chesapeake Bay Program Media Release 07-08-2020. https://www.chesapeakebay.net/images/press_release_pdf/Media_Release_SAV_7.8.20.pdf

  6. 6.

    The findings earned Ernest Chain, Howard Florey, and Alexander Fleming a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945.

  7. 7.

    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance

  8. 8.

    This accounts for about 2% of the global oil production of about 81 million barrels a day.

  9. 9.

    The development was prompted by the demand of ammonium nitrate for ammunition, and the embargo imposed by the Allied powers of the WWI that cut down the supply of guano, the primary source of nitrogen at the time.

  10. 10.

    Any geologic material containing relatively high concentrations of phosphorus such as apatite.

  11. 11.

    At the micro scale, removing environmentally sensitive lands from agricultural production is a very cost-effective method in some cases. It has been a policy priority in the US with beneficial impacts.

  12. 12.

    As noted by Einarsson et al. (2020), manure export driven by recent mandates has decreased the phosphorus balances substantially in the Netherlands.

  13. 13.

    The geological cycle of phosphorus eventually leads to permanent burial to sediments . After very long time, these sediments will form the future deposits of sedimentary phosphate rock. Sedimentary phosphorus forms 95% of current global phosphate resources (Pufahl and Groat 2017).

  14. 14.

    Annex, G.L.W.Q.A., 4. Objectives and Targets Task Team, 2015. Recommended Phosphorus Load Targets for Lake Erie. Final Report to the Nutrients Annex Subcommittee. Available at [https://www.epa.gov/glwqa/report-recommended-phosphorus-loading-targets-lake-erie].

  15. 15.

    BMPs are generally defined as practices to reduce agricultural pollution loads compared to “conventional” practices. Further discussion is presented in Chap. 4.

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  1. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    James Shortle

  2. Dept. of Economics and Magemen, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Markku Ollikainen

  3. Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsink, Finland

    Antti Iho

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Shortle, J., Ollikainen, M., Iho, A. (2021). Agricultural Land Use, Production, and Water Quality. In: Water Quality and Agriculture. Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47087-6_3

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