Keywords

Diverse models of chaplaincy and spiritual care have existed in health services in Australia for decades. This overview of charting will address the development in the state of Victoria from the perspective of Spiritual Health Association as a peak body for spiritual care in health services (Spiritual Health Association 2020). Some of these developments have been driven by national standards in charting and data collection and consequently have had some impact in the spiritual care sector nationally. Funding sources and the models of delivery have evolved and changed quite significantly since the 1950s to a more professional model, and this evolution has necessitated changes in accountability, including charting and documentation.

1 Background/Rationale

In Victoria, a state in south-eastern Australia, chaplaincy has moved from mainly following a Christian-delivered model established by churches in the 1950s and 1960s to current models of spiritual care responding to all faiths and beliefs. In the 1950s the Anglican Church employed its first Chaplain at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in Melbourne (Kenny 2003). John Moroney established professional procedures in his role. Catholic Chaplaincy was well established by the 1960s with a part-time Catholic Chaplain employed at the Royal Women’s Hospital in 1961 for sacramental ministry and education and gatherings of mental health and hospital chaplains from several denominations occurred in the 1950s and 1960s (Kenny 2003).

Today, most major metropolitan public hospitals in Melbourne and some regional hospitals in Victoria employ a Spiritual Care Manager, Director or Coordinator with varying numbers of professional staff employed by the health service or by a faith community. Some private hospitals, especially denominational hospitals, employ spiritual care staff. Some health services conduct a Clinical Education programme concurrently and use trained and supervised Clinical Pastoral Education students as part of their resources. A few metropolitan and many regional health services use volunteers with a limited scope of practice as part of the model of providing spiritual care.

2 The 1990s: Developing Pastoral Diagnoses

The Austin Hospital joined other Allied Health departments in 1992 to develop codes to document their work. Graeme D. Gibbons, together with pastoral care supervisors and colleagues at the Austin Repatriation Hospital, developed diagnoses and interventions which were used to document pastoral care provision in an Allied Health statistical package (Gibbons 1998). As a Clinical Pastoral Education student doing my first unit at the Austin in 1993, I used these codes and participated in education regarding the diagnoses and interventions, their descriptions and interpretation as we reflected on our work on the wards. The Pastoral Care Casemix Project initiated by Gibbons and other medical centre chaplains was influenced significantly by Clinical Pastoral Education (Gibbons 1998) and was important in establishing pastoral care codes which “Integrated information technology with a foundational theological perspective and the traditions associated with CPE and hospital ministry” (Kenny 2003).

Incorporating these diagnoses alongside other allied health disciplines in the health services’ database was an important step in demonstrating the contribution and value of pastoral care within the broader healthcare context. Research and analysis of the data from January 1993 to May 1998 provided information about the chaplains’ core activities which included “promoting spiritual transcending” (57% of all entries), “promoting spiritual intactness” (36.1%) and “enacting ministry (6.2%)” (Kenny 2003).

Skills and interest in charting have varied and have relied for a long time on the personal interest or skill of spiritual care managers. In his thesis on chaplains in South Australia, C.C. Aiken found that some paid close attention to this aspect of their role, while others saw administration, including collecting statistics, as a frustrating aspect of their role as hospital chaplains (Aiken 2010). Yet both the relational and administrative aspects of the role are important.

3 Guidelines for Pastoral Care in Australia

In the early 2000s, health services in Victoria still had diverse and individual ways of documenting spiritual care. Work was being done on several fronts to set standards for assessing and recording pastoral interventions. In 2002, the Australian College of Chaplains requested the inclusion of pastoral care intervention codes for the Third Edition of ICD10-AM (National Centre for Classification in Health 2002).Footnote 1 The pastoral codes were disseminated and enthusiastically received by members at the Australian Health and Welfare Chaplains Association’s (AHWCA)Footnote 2 national conference that year. The AHWCA published the Health Care Chaplaincy Guidelines in 2004 after extensive consultation, review and evaluation of a draft document in 2002. These guidelines were based on “the UK ʻHealth Care Chaplaincy Standards’ as a national response to formulating a systematic approach for pastoral care and chaplaincy services across Australia” (Australian Health and Welfare Chaplains Association Inc. 2004).

The Guidelines Map clearly states the importance of charting and accurate documentation of pastoral care services as one of the competencies necessary in a systematic approach to providing services:

  • D2 Provide and record pastoral care services

  • D2.3 Assess patient’s pastoral diagnoses

  • D2.4 Assess individual spirituality and strength

  • D2.5 Chart pastoral interventions into patient records (where permitted)

  • D2.6 Codify and enter details into pastoral care database

  • D2.7 Retrieve data from database

(Australian Health and Welfare Chaplains Association Inc. 2004)

The Healthcare Chaplaincy CouncilFootnote 3 of Victoria commissioned further work to produce standards and a minimum dataset for reporting pastoral care in a consistent and accountable manner in public and private hospitals over the next decade (Healthcare Chaplaincy Council of Victoria Inc. 2012). Standards were also developed for the mental health and aged care sectors. Standardisation was required to encourage practitioners to describe and collect information using consistent language and categories and to improve data collection within their health services so that pastoral care interventions would be visible and reported to management.

4 A New Minimum Dataset

In 2013–2014 the Department of Health and Human Services requested that Spiritual Health Association report on spiritual care activity from public hospitals as part of its funding requirement. The department was particularly interested in information about spiritual care interventions by clergy and faith representatives as well as faith-based volunteers. Part of Spiritual Health Association’s funding from the department is disbursed to faith groups, and increased accountability was required of them. Spiritual Health Association kept abreast of international developments in the area of documentation and reporting and followed with interest the work that was being done by Dean V. Marek in Milwaukee regarding identifying the cost of chaplaincy interventions (Marek 2005) and of Massey et al. regarding a taxonomy of terms for spiritual care (Massey 2015). The requirement for effective documentation and clear accountability and the focus on quality and safety remains following the recommendations of Targeting Zero: the review of safety and quality assurance in Victoria (Safer Care Victoria 2018; Spiritual Care Australia 2018).

The pilot project engaged spiritual care managers from 23 health services who collaborated with Spiritual Health Association to provide the data for spiritual care activity. During the process of data collection, it became clear that they were not collecting data in a consistent manner. There were no specific guidelines for the sector, and some practitioners were unaware of existing national standards or did not know how they were to be applied in data collection. A Working Group consisting of nine spiritual care managers from metropolitan hospitals met with Spiritual Health Association staff over eighteen months to develop a new Spiritual Care Minimum Dataset Framework based on current health data standards and definitions (Spiritual Health Victoria 2015). Once completed, the framework was circulated to Chief Executive Officers of health services with a spiritual care department and to spiritual care management at those sites. Education sessions were held by Spiritual Health Association for managers and senior practitioners, and a workshop was presented at the national Spiritual Care Conference in Sydney in 2016 with an additional framework: Spiritual Care in Victorian Health Services: Towards Best Practice Framework. This framework helped to improve the quality and consistency of data collection as part of best practice. There has been national interest in the framework as it provided guidance in the use of the ICD-10-AM/ACHI/ACSFootnote 4 codes which are used nationally (Independent Hospital Pricing Authority 2018) to report on activity-based funding. The framework has also been used to establish a minimum dataset for a new spiritual care service at the Central Adelaide Local Health Network in South Australia (Bossie 2018).

5 Towards a Best-Practice Approach

The focus on documentation and data collection and the significant work undertaken by the Healthcare Chaplaincy Council of Victoria and subsequently by Spiritual Health Association over the last two decades has assisted our sector in Victoria to become more competent in this area. Preliminary data from a recent state-wide survey conducted by Spiritual Health Association in 2019 suggests that there has been an increase in the number of spiritual care departments using the ICD-10-AM/ACHI/ACS intervention codes (Spiritual Health Association 2019b). Documenting in medical records is an essential requirement in a complex health service environment. Spiritual Care departments have worked to improve this aspect of reporting in Victoria. While the skills of practitioners vary, there are some managers who are very interested in and engaged with data collection and charting. Ongoing consultation with spiritual care managers and practitioners through regular updates, workshops and Spiritual Care Management Network meetings keeps data collection and charting on the agenda (Spiritual Health Victoria 2018; Spiritual Care Australia 2018).

As part of its goal and mission,Footnote 5 Spiritual Health Association has identified and responded to the strategic issues for spiritual care within healthcare and encouraged the sector in Victoria to support and collaborate with it. Spiritual Health Association’s Capability Framework 2016 (Spiritual Health Victoria 2016) and the Spiritual Care Australia Standards of Practice (Spiritual Care Australia 2014) recognise documentation as an essential skill for practitioners and for volunteers. Developing this as a foundational skill when delivering Clinical Pastoral Education and when training new practitioners is paramount for the future.

The Spiritual Care Minimum Data Set Framework was evaluated in late 2016 by surveying spiritual care management and was reviewed in 2018. Evaluation results were positive and demonstrated that this significant work has assisted our sector in Victoria to become more engaged with data collection and to recognise its importance in the provision of healthcare. Ongoing consultation with managers, and practitioners, health service executives and health information administrators during the revision has ensured that the new guidelines reflect current practice, standards and language.

The new guideline “Spiritual Care in Medical Records: A Guide to Reporting and Documenting Spiritual Care in Health Services” (Spiritual Health Association 2019a) aligns with current practice in health services and the current National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care 2017) as well as the updated Spiritual Intervention Codes from the Australian Consortium for Classification Development (Independent Pricking Authority 2018). The guideline was circulated to Victorian health services and spiritual care managers and to other key stakeholders in February 2019. It is available on the Spiritual Health Association website (Spiritual Health Association 2019).

Spiritual care departments that are well integrated adhere to their health service’s policy and to the current guidelines on documenting in medical records. As a result, communication within the multidisciplinary team is enabled and standards are met. In addition, the guidelines assist in educating spiritual care staff and students about documentation and charting. Staff can develop their capability in that area and meet the requirements of their role.

The following are case studies of documentation in three health services in Victoria, Australia. Data collected electronically and in paper-based form by the health service is used in different ways for reporting at different levels of the health system:

  • By the spiritual care department to collect a detailed account of spiritual care provision by identifying patients’ needs, spiritual care interventions and outcomes

  • By the spiritual care department to report to management for internal reporting of the number of episodes of patient care including direct patient contact and indirect contacts such as administration and travel

  • By the health service to report to the Department of Health and Human Services in Victoria by mapping and transmitting aggregate data according to the reporting requirements and business rules each financial yearFootnote 6

6 Case Studies

6.1 The Royal Melbourne Hospital: Parkville, Victoria, Australia

The Royal Melbourne Hospital is a large metropolitan hospital in inner Melbourne and is part of Melbourne Health. The hospital still uses paper files in conjunction with an electronic system, Patient Flow Manager, which manages the patient journey from admission to discharge. It includes a referral system where Allied Health referrals, including spiritual care, can be made. Currently, some medical records are still paper-based.

Multidisciplinary colleagues communicate in the Patient Flow Manager to request a referral from another discipline. Spiritual Care will accept the referral and provide an update to the referring colleague by providing information about the spiritual care interventions and time frames in which follow-up will occur.

Figure 1 is an image of the Patient Flow Manager system.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Patient Flow Manager, Royal Melbourne Hospital. (Reproduced with permission from Melbourne Health. Copyright © 2020 Melbourne Health. All rights reserved)

In addition, spiritual care practitioners use free text when writing Clinical Progress Notes (Fig. 2) by hand in medical records. The hospital will eventually have all existing records digitalised as part of the electronic medical record system. Practitioners are urged to document significant information in the patient’s Clinical Progress Notes.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Example of documentation, Royal Melbourne Hospital. (Reproduced with permission from Melbourne Health. Copyright © 2020 Melbourne Health. All rights reserved)

Verbal communication is encouraged, especially for significant care issues (i.e. organ transplant, family meetings) and at times for debriefing between colleagues. Melbourne Health’s MH05 Documentation and Records Management Policy states this clearly under Procedure 5.4b.

Documentation at the Royal Melbourne Hospital meets the recommendations of Spiritual Health Association’s guidelines for documentation (Spiritual Health Victoria 2019).

6.2 Bendigo Health

Bendigo Health is a regional health service in the state of Victoria. Bendigo Health employs a Manager of Pastoral Care and a Chaplain, both part-time. In addition, the Pastoral Care Department relies on a number of faith community representatives and volunteers to provide spiritual care within a specified scope of practice (Spiritual Health Victoria 2016). Documentation takes several forms: electronic and paper-based. Volunteers do not have access to the medical records, in accordance with health service policy.

To enable chaplains and religious visitors to document their visits, the Manager of Pastoral Care requested the development of form MR94H “Pastoral Care Intervention” (Fig. 3) to facilitate the documentation of four ICD-10-AM spiritual care interventions. The form could then be inserted in the medical record by Bendigo Health staff and later scanned to form part of the Digital Medical Record .

Fig. 3
figure 3

Example of documentation, Bendigo Health. (Reproduced with permission from Bendigo Health. Copyright © 2020 Bendigo Health. All rights reserved)

Those identified as volunteers can “tick the box” to indicate which intervention they have provided without having access to the Digital Medical Record, which is outside of their scope. Volunteers can provide further notes about the visit and details regarding referrals as appropriate. The form avoids the duplication of requests for spiritual care and enables effective communication with the rest of the caring team.

Spiritual care practitioners and chaplains employed by their faith communities also use the MR94H form and have full access to the Digital Medical Record. Their notes would usually be more extensive to describe the spiritual care intervention provided.

The use of a digital referral flow chart has improved the efficiency of referrals. A SharePoint site is currently being developed for the Pastoral Care Department (Fig. 4). It will provide a record of completed Clinical Progress Notes MH94H forms, and chaplains will be able to access a history of spiritual care interventions for individual patients.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Bendigo Health example. (Reproduced with permission from Bendigo Health. Copyright © 2020 Bendigo Health. All rights reserved)

The Pastoral Care Department at Bendigo Health has devised a clever way to document spiritual care interventions in their medical records, while aligning itself with the health service’s policy regarding who is authorised to access them. The department meets Spiritual Health Association’s minimum dataset requirements. Its use of the four spiritual care interventions and descriptions of the pastoral encounter provide a common language for chaplains and volunteers to describe the spiritual care provided.

6.3 St. Vincent’s Public Hospital: Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

St. Vincent’s Hospital is a large public hospital in inner Melbourne. Currently, St. Vincent’s Hospital uses a combination of handwritten Clinical Progress Notes in paper-based medical records and electronic medical records systems for documentation. The Clinical Progress Notes are used to document the spiritual care intervention and to record the relevant themes which have emerged as part of the spiritual care encounter with the patient. The Clinical Progress Notes help to communicate with the multidisciplinary staff and provide an opportunity to educate staff about the contribution of spiritual care to patient care. A typical clinical note recording a Pastoral Encounter would read as follows:

PASTORAL CARE: 29/11/18 10.00am. Referral received with thanks to provide pastoral care for <insert first name> given teary on admission. Initial visit with <insert first name> to introduce pastoral care. Compassionate presence and active listening provided, enabling <insert first name> to share some life stories and reflections with themes of grief and loss. Pastoral support provided. <insert first name> expressed appreciation for the visit and requested a follow up visit which I will provide.

In one ward, clinical notes are recorded in InfoMedix  – an electronic medical records system which allows for free text (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5
figure 5

InfoMedix, St. Vincent’s Public Hospital. (Reproduced with permission from St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne Limited. Copyright © 2020 St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne Limited. All rights reserved)

In addition, spiritual care practitioners use the Patient Administration System (PAS) to record daily statistics of patient encounters. Practitioners record whether the encounter was as a result of a referral or self-referral (Comment 1 in Fig. 6) and the time taken. Comment 2 records the outcome of the encounter with an agreed descriptor as per the “Outcome Code” list. This provides common descriptors and consistent language for the practitioners to record their visits.

Fig. 6
figure 6

PAS, St. Vincent’s Public Hospital. (Reproduced with permission from St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne Limited. Copyright © 2020 St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne Limited. All rights reserved)

Descriptions of the four ICD-10-AM/ACHI/ACS spiritual care interventions are included in the drop-down boxes for “Service Type”. Rituals such as “anointing” or “communion” are identified specifically as these are an important part of service provision in a Catholic public hospital.

Multidisciplinary feedback is positive regarding the contribution of spiritual care to patient care. The Pastoral Services Department are currently developing internal guidelines for patient documentation. St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne meets Spiritual Health Association’s guidelines for patient documentation (Spiritual Health Victoria 2019).

7 Conclusion

Advocacy for the ongoing integration of spiritual care within the health service is a priority for Spiritual Health Association. Outcomes of integration enable continuous quality improvement and meet healthcare standards as well as standards from Spiritual Care Australia. Spiritual care practitioners documenting in medical records contribute to this integration and to accountability.

Current research in Australia will add to the development of evidence-based outcome measures for spiritual care. Spiritual Health Association is collaborating with La Trobe University, Melbourne, and five health services to investigate the expectations for and the benefits from spiritual care provision. Further work on phase two and three will be undertaken this year (Spiritual Health Association 2019).

As a peak body, Spiritual Health Association needs to demonstrate that funding provided by the state government improves the quality of spiritual care in health services by ensuring evidence-based best-practice spiritual care.

The Victorian Department of Health and Human Services in 2016 has included spiritual care as an Allied Health profession in Victoria (Spiritual Health Victoria 2016). Spiritual Health Association and its representatives are invited regularly to represent the spiritual care sector on various Allied Health committees and forums in the Department of Health and Human Services. The full integration of spiritual care into the health system is yet to be achieved, and there are still no mandatory standards for documentation (Holmes 2018). However, having spiritual care represented at state Allied Health forums ensures that we contribute to Allied Health National Best Practice Data Sets (Victoria State Government Health and Human Services 2017) and continue to improve the quality of data that we, as a sector, provide within the health system.