Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Critical Infrastructures

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cyber-Security in Critical Infrastructures

Abstract

This chapter refines the introduction of security in critical infrastructures by going into deeper details about how threats and countermeasures differ and are specific for the physical domain, the cyber domain and intermediate areas. Gaining an understanding of these differences is crucial for the design of effective countermeasures against the diverse nature of today’s advanced persistent threats (APTs). As even local incidents may have far-reaching consequences beyond the logical or physical boundaries of a critical infrastructure, we devote parts of the chapter to a discussion and overview of simulation methods that help to model and estimate possible effects of security incidents across interwoven infrastructures. Such simulation models form an invaluable source of information and data for the subsequent construction of game-theoretic security models discussed in the rest of the book.

None of us knows what might happen even the next minute, yet still we go forward. Because we trust. Because we have Faith.

P. Coelho

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Akyol E, Rose K, Basar T (2015) Optimal zero-delay jamming over an additive noise channel. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 61(8):4331–4344. https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2015.2445344

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. BABS (2019) Katalog der gefährdungen. Katalog der Gefhrdungen, Katastrophen und Notlagen Schweiz. Technical report, Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz (BABS)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Barrett C, Beckman R, Channakeshava K, Huang F, Kumar VA, Marathe A, Marathe MV, Pei G (2010) Cascading failures in multiple infrastructures: from transportation to communication network. In: 2010 5th international conference on critical infrastructure (CRIS). IEEE, pp 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/CRIS.2010.5617569

  4. Barton DC, Eidson ED, Schoenwald DA, Stamber KL, Reinert R (2000) Aspen-EE: an agent-based model of infrastructure interdependency. Technical report. SAND2000-2925, 774027, Sandia National Labs. https://doi.org/10.2172/774027

  5. Basu N, Pryor R, Quint T (1998) ASPEN: a microsimulation model of the economy. Comput Econ 12(3):223–241. https://doi.org/s10.1023/A:1008691115079

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Bateman T (2013) Police warning after drug traffickers’ cyber-attack. www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24539417. BBC News, retrieved 25 Feb 2020

  7. Bompard E, Napoli R, Xue F (2009) Assessment of information impacts in power system security against malicious attacks in a general framework. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 94(6):1087–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2009.01.002

    Google Scholar 

  8. Borshchev A, Filippov A (2004) From system dynamics and discrete event to practical agent based modeling: reasons, techniques, tools. In: The 22nd international conference of the system dynamics society

    Google Scholar 

  9. Brown T, Beyeler W, Barton D (2004) Assessing infrastructure interdependencies: the challenge of risk analysis for complex adaptive systems. Int J Crit Infrastruct 1(1):108. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCIS.2004.003800

    Google Scholar 

  10. Buldyrev SV, Parshani R, Paul G, Stanley HE, Havlin S (2010) Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks. Nature 464:1025. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08932

    Google Scholar 

  11. Busby J, Gouglidis A, Rass S, Konig S (2016) Modelling security risk in critical utilities: the system at risk as a three player game and agent society. In: 2016 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, Budapest, pp 001758–001763. http://10.1109/SMC.2016.7844492. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7844492/

  12. Busby JS, Onggo B, Liu Y (2016) Agent-based computational modelling of social risk responses. Eur J Oper Res 251(3):1029–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.12.034

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Cardellini V, Casalicchio E, Tucci S (2006) Agent-based modeling of web systems in critical information infrastructures. In: International workshop on complex networks and infrastructure protection (CNIP 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Carreras BA, Lynch VE, Dobson I, Newman DE (2002) Critical points and transitions in an electric power transmission model for cascading failure blackouts. Chaos Interdiscip J Nonlinear Sci 12(4):985–994. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1505810

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Casalicchio E, Galli E, Tucci S (2010) Agent-based modelling of interdependent critical infrastructures. Int J Syst Syst Eng 2(1):60. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSE.2010.035381

    Google Scholar 

  16. Chen J, Thorp JS, Dobson I (2005) Cascading dynamics and mitigation assessment in power system disturbances via a hidden failure model. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 27(4):318–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2004.12.003

    Google Scholar 

  17. Chen P, Scown C, Matthews HS, Garrett JH, Hendrickson C (2009) Managing critical infrastructure interdependence through economic input-output methods. J Infrastruct Syst 15(3):200–210. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2009)15:3(200)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Chen PY, Cheng SM, Chen KC (2012) Smart attacks in smart grid communication networks. IEEE Commun Mag 50(8):24–29. https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2012.6257523

    Google Scholar 

  19. Cimpanu C (2017) WannaCry ransomware infects actual medical devices, not just computers. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/wannacry-ransomware-infects-actual-medical-devices-not-just-computers/. Bleeping Computer. Retrieved 25 Feb 2020

  20. Condliffe J (2016) Ukraine’s power grid gets hacked again, a worrying sign for infrastructure attacks, 22 Dec 2016. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603262/ukraines-power-grid-gets-hacked-again-a-worrying-sign-for-infrastructure-attacks/. Retrieved 26 July 2017

  21. Crowther KG, Haimes YY, Taub G (2007) Systemic valuation of strategic preparedness through application of the inoperability input-output model with lessons learned from hurricane katrina. Risk Anal 27(5):1345–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00965.x

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dey P, Mehra R, Kazi F, Wagh S, Singh NM (2016) Impact of topology on the propagation of cascading failure in power grid. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7(4):1970–1978. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2558465

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dobson I (2012) Estimating the propagation and extent of cascading line outages from utility data with a branching process. IEEE Trans Power Syst 27(4):2146–2155. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2190112

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dobson I, Carreras B, Newman D (2004) A branching process approximation to cascading load-dependent system failure. In: Proceedings of the 37th annual Hawaii international conference on system sciences, 2004. IEEE, 10pp. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2004.1265185

  25. Dobson I, Carreras BA, Lynch VE, Newman DE (2007) Complex systems analysis of series of blackouts: cascading failure, critical points, and self-organization. Chaos Interdiscip J Nonlinear Sci 17(2):026103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2737822

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Dobson I, Carreras BA, Newman DE (2005) A loading-dependent model of probabilistic cascading failure. Probab Eng Inf Sci 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269964805050023

  27. Dobson I, Kim J, Wierzbicki KR (2010) Testing branching process estimators of cascading failure with data from a simulation of transmission line outages. Risk Anal 30(4):650–662. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01369.x

    Google Scholar 

  28. Dobson I, Newman DE (2017) Cascading blackout overall structure and some implications for sampling and mitigation. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 86:29–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.09.006

    Google Scholar 

  29. Dong H, Cui L (2016) System reliability under cascading failure models. IEEE Trans Reliab 65(2):929–940. https://doi.org/10.1109/TR.2015.2503751

    Google Scholar 

  30. Dong P, Han Y, Guo X, Xie F (2015) A systematic review of studies on cyber physical system security. Int J Secur Appl 9(1):155–164. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijsia.2015.9.1.17

    Google Scholar 

  31. Etesami SR, Başar T (2019) Dynamic games in cyber-physical security: an overview. Dyn Games Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13235-018-00291-y

  32. European Commission (2008) COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection. Off J Eur Union (L345):75–82. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0114&from=EN

    Google Scholar 

  33. Fan W, Huang S, Mei S (2016) Invulnerability of power grids based on maximum flow theory. Phys A Stat Mech Appl 462:977–985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.06.109

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  34. Fang J, Su C, Chen Z, Sun H, Lund P (2016) Power system structural vulnerability assessment based on an improved maximum flow approach. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 9(2):777–785. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2565619

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gouglidis A, König S, Green B, Rossegger K, Hutchison D (2018) Protecting water utility networks from advanced persistent threats: a case study. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75268-6_13

    Google Scholar 

  36. Greenberg A (2018) WIRED: the untold story of NotPetya, the most devastating cyberattck in history. https://www.wired.com/story/notpetya-cyberattack-ukraine-russia-code-crashed-the-world/

  37. Guo H, Zheng C, Iu HHC, Fernando T (2017) A critical review of cascading failure analysis and modeling of power system. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 80:9–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.206

    Google Scholar 

  38. Haimes Y, Santos J, Crowther K, Henry M, Lian C, Yan Z (2007) Risk analysis in interdependent infrastructures. In: Goetz E, Shenoi S (eds) Critical infrastructure protection, vol 253. Springer, pp 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75462-8_21

  39. Haimes YY, Pu J (2001) Leontief-based model of risk in complex interconnected infrastructures. J Infrastruct Syst 7(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2001)7:1(1)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hasan S, Foliente G (2015) Modeling infrastructure system interdependencies and socioeconomic impacts of failure in extreme events: emerging R&D challenges. Nat Haz 78(3):2143–2168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1814-7

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hausken K (2017) Defense and attack for interdependent systems. Eur J Oper Res 256(2):582–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.06.033

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  42. Henneaux P, Labeau PE, Maun JC (2012) A level-1 probabilistic risk assessment to blackout hazard in transmission power systems. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 102:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2012.02.007

    Google Scholar 

  43. Henneaux P, Labeau PE, Maun JC, Haarla L (2016) A two-level probabilistic risk assessment of cascading outages. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(3):2393–2403. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2439214

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hines P, Cotilla-Sanchez E, Blumsack S (2010) Do topological models provide good information about electricity infrastructure vulnerability? Chaos Interdiscip J Nonlinear Sci 20(3):033122. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3489887

    Google Scholar 

  45. Holme P (2002) Edge overload breakdown in evolving networks. Phys Rev E 66(3). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.66.036119

  46. Holme P, Kim BJ (2002) Vertex overload breakdown in evolving networks. Phys Rev E 65(6). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.65.066109

  47. Holmgren A, Jenelius E, Westin J (2007) Evaluating strategies for defending electric power networks against antagonistic attacks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 22(1):76–84. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2006.889080

    Google Scholar 

  48. ICS-CERT (2016) Cyber-attack against Ukrainian critical infrastructure. https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/alerts/IR-ALERT-H-16-056-01

  49. Jung J, Santos JR, Haimes YY (2009) International trade inoperability input-output model (IT-IIM): theory and application. Risk Anal 29(1):137–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01126.x

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kaegi M, Mock R, Kröger W (2009) Analyzing maintenance strategies by agent-based simulations: a feasibility study. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 94(9):1416–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2009.02.002

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kar D, Nguyen TH, Fang F, Brown M, Sinha A, Tambe M, Jiang AX (2016) Trends and applications in Stackelberg security games. In: Handbook of dynamic game theory. Springer International Publishing, pp 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27335-8_27-1

    Google Scholar 

  52. Karnouskos S (2011) Stuxnet worm impact on industrial cyber-physical system security. In: IECON 2011 – 37th annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2011.6120048

  53. Kelic A, Warren DE, Phillips LR (2008) Cyber and physical infrastructure interdependencies. Technical report, SAND2008-6192, 945905, Sandia National Laboratories. https://doi.org/10.2172/945905

  54. Khouzani M, Sarkar S, Altman E (2012) Saddle-point strategies in malware attack. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 30(1):31–43. https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2012.120104

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kim CJ, Obah OB (2007) Vulnerability assessment of power grid using graph topological indices. Int J Emerg Electr Power Syst 8(6). https://doi.org/10.2202/1553-779X.1738

  56. Kim J, Dobson I (2010) Approximating a loading-dependent cascading failure model with a branching process. IEEE Trans Reliab 59(4):691–699. https://doi.org/10.1109/TR.2010.2055928

    Google Scholar 

  57. König S, Gouglidis A, Green B, Solar A (2018) assessing the impact of malware attacks in utility networks. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75268-6_14

  58. König S, Rass S, Schauer S (2019) Cyber-attack impact estimation for a port. In: Jahn C, Kersten W, Ringle CM (eds) Digital transformation in maritime and city logistics: smart solutions for logistics. In: Proceedings of the hamburg international conference of logistics (HICL), vol 28. epubli GmbH, pp 164–183. https://doi.org/10.15480/882.2496. ISBN 978-3-7502-4949-3

  59. La QD, Quek TQS, Lee J (2016) A game theoretic model for enabling honeypots in IoT networks. In: 2016 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/icc.2016.7510833

  60. Lechner U, Dännart S, Rieb A, Rudel S (eds) (2018) Case Kritis – Fallstudien zur IT-Sicherheit in Kritischen Infrastrukturen. Logos Verlag, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.30819/4727

  61. Lee RM, Assante MJ, Conway T (2016) Analysis of the cyber attack on the Ukrainian power grid. Technical report, E-ISAC, Washington. https://ics.sans.org/media/E-ISAC_SANS_Ukraine_DUC_5.pdf

  62. Leontief WW (1951) Input-output economics. Sci Am 185:15–21

    Google Scholar 

  63. Li Y, Shi L, Cheng P, Chen J, Quevedo DE (2015) Jamming attacks on remote state estimation in cyber-physical systems: a game-theoretic approach. IEEE Trans Autom Control 60(10):2831–2836. https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2015.2461851

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  64. Lian C, Haimes YY (2006) Managing the risk of terrorism to interdependent infrastructure systems through the dynamic inoperability input–output model. Syst Eng 9(3):241–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.20051

    Google Scholar 

  65. Mehic M, Fazio P, Rass S, Maurhart O, Peev M, Poppe A, Rozhon J, Niemiec M, Voznak M (2019) A novel approach to quality-of-service provisioning in trusted relay quantum key distribution networks. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2019.2956079. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8935373/

  66. Motter AE, de Moura APS, Lai YC, Dasgupta P (2002) Topology of the conceptual network of language. Phys Rev E 65(6). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.65.065102

  67. North MJ (2000) Smart II: the spot market agent research tool version 2.0. Nat Res Environ Issues 8(11)

    Google Scholar 

  68. North MJ (2001) Toward strength and stability: agent-based modeling of infrastructure markets. Soc Sci Comput Rev 19(3):307–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900306

    Google Scholar 

  69. Office of Homeland Security (2002) National strategy for homeland security. Technical report, Department of Homeland Security

    Google Scholar 

  70. Oliva G, Panzieri S, Setola R (2012) Modeling and simulation of critical infrastructures. In: Flammini F (ed) WIT transactions on state of the art in science and engineering, vol 1, 1 edn. WIT Press, pp 39–56. https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-84564-562-5/03

  71. Ouyang M (2014) Review on modeling and simulation of interdependent critical infrastructure systems. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 121:43–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2013.06.040. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0951832013002056

  72. Owusu A, Mohamed S, Anissimov Y (2010) Input-output impact risk propagation in critical infrastructure interdependency. In: International conference on computing in civil and building engineering (icccbe). Nottingham University Press

    Google Scholar 

  73. Pita J, Jain M, Ordonez F, Portway C, Tambe M, Western C (2008) ARMOR security for Los Angeles international airport. In: Proceedings of the 23rd AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (2008), pp 1884–1885

    Google Scholar 

  74. Pita J, Tambe M, Kiekintveld C, Cullen S, Steigerwald E (2011) GUARDS – innovative application of game theory for national airport security. In: IJCAI 2011, pp 2710–2715. https://doi.org/10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/IJCAI11-451

    Google Scholar 

  75. Qi J, Dobson I, Mei S (2013) Towards estimating the statistics of simulated cascades of outages with branching processes. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(3):3410–3419. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2243479

    Google Scholar 

  76. Qi J, Ju W, Sun K (2016) Estimating the propagation of interdependent cascading outages with multi-type branching processes. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1212–1223. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2577633

  77. Qi J, Sun K, Mei S (2015) An interaction model for simulation and mitigation of cascading failures. IEEE Trans Power Syst 30(2):804–819. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2337284

    Google Scholar 

  78. Rahnamay-Naeini M, Hayat MM (2016) Cascading failures in interdependent infrastructures: an interdependent Markov-chain approach. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7(4):1997–2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2539823

    Google Scholar 

  79. Rahnamay-Naeini M, Wang Z, Ghani N, Mammoli A, Hayat MM (2014) Stochastic analysis of cascading-failure dynamics in power grids. IEEE Trans Power Syst 29(4):1767–1779. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2297276

    Google Scholar 

  80. Rass S, König S (2012) Turning Quantum Cryptography against itself: how to avoid indirect eavesdropping in quantum networks by passive and active adversaries. Int J Adv Syst Meas 5(1 & 2):22–33

    Google Scholar 

  81. Rass S, Konig S, Schauer S (2017) Defending against advanced persistent threats using game-theory. PLoS ONE 12(1):e0168675. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168675

    Google Scholar 

  82. Rezazadeh A, Talarico L, Reniers G, Cozzani V, Zhang L (2018) Applying game theory for securing oil and gas pipelines against terrorism. Reliab Eng Syst Saf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2018.04.021

  83. Rinaldi S (2004) Modeling and simulating critical infrastructures and their interdependencies. In: Proceedings of the 37th annual Hawaii international conference on system sciences, 2004. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2004.1265180

  84. Rinaldi SM, Peerenboom JP, Kelly TK (2001) Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies. IEEE Control Syst 21(6):11–25. https://doi.org/10.1109/37.969131

    Google Scholar 

  85. Rosato V, Issacharoff L, Tiriticco F, Meloni S, Porcellinis SD, Setola R (2008) Modelling interdependent infrastructures using interacting dynamical models. Int J Crit Infrastruct 4(1):63. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCIS.2008.016092

    Google Scholar 

  86. Rose A (2004) Economic principles, issues, and research priorities in hazard loss estimation. In: Okuyama Y, Chang SE (eds) Modeling spatial and economic impacts of disasters. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 13–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24787-6_2

    Google Scholar 

  87. Rose A (2005) Tracing infrastructure interdependence through economic interdependence. Technical report, CREATE Research Archive. http://research.create.usc.edu/nonpublished_reports/78. Non-published Research Reports, Paper 78

  88. Santella N, Steinberg LJ, Parks K (2009) Decision making for extreme events: Modeling critical infrastructure interdependencies to aid mitigation and response planning. Rev Policy Res 26(4):409–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2009.00392.x

    Google Scholar 

  89. Santos JR (2006) Inoperability input-output modeling of disruptions to interdependent economic systems. Syst Eng 9(1):20–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.20040

    Google Scholar 

  90. Santos JR, Haimes YY, Lian C (2007) A framework for linking cybersecurity metrics to the modeling of macroeconomic interdependencies. Risk Anal 27(5):1283–1297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00957.x

    Google Scholar 

  91. Schneider CM, Yazdani N, Araújo NAM, Havlin S, Herrmann HJ (2013) Towards designing robust coupled networks. Sci Rep 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01969

  92. William S (2018) Lessons learned review of the WannaCry Ransomware Cyber Attack. Report NHS, Feb 2018

    Google Scholar 

  93. Shao J, Buldyrev SV, Havlin S, Stanley HE (2011) Cascade of failures in coupled network systems with multiple support-dependence relations. Phys Rev E 83(3). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.83.036116

  94. Shekhtman LM, Danziger MM, Havlin S (2016) Recent advances on failure and recovery in networks of networks. Chaos Solitons Fractals 90:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2016.02.002

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  95. Mei S, He F, Zhang X, Wu S, Wang G (2009) An improved OPA model and blackout risk assessment. IEEE Trans Power Syst 24(2):814–823. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2016521

    Google Scholar 

  96. Shieh EA, An B, Yang R, Tambe M, Baldwin C, DiRenzo J, Maule B, Meyer G (2013) PROTECT: an application of computational game theory for the security of the ports of the United States. In: Proceedings of the 26th AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (AAAI’12), pp 2173–2179

    Google Scholar 

  97. Song J, Cotilla-Sanchez E, Ghanavati G, Hines PDH (2016) Dynamic modeling of cascading failure in power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(3):2085–2095. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2439237

    Google Scholar 

  98. Tazi K, Abdi F, Abbou MF (2015) Review on cyber-physical security of the smart grid: Attacks and defense mechanisms. In: 2015 3rd international renewable and sustainable energy conference (IRSEC). IEEE, pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRSEC.2015.7455127

  99. Touhiduzzaman M, Hahn A, Srivastava A (2018) A diversity-based substation cyber defense strategy utilizing coloring games. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2881672

  100. UP KRITIS (2014) Public-private partnership for critical infrastructure protection – basis and goals. Technical report, Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnick (BSI)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Wang WX, Chen G (2008) Universal robustness characteristic of weighted networks against cascading failure. Phys Rev E 77(2). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.77.026101

  102. Wang Z, Scaglione A, Thomas RJ (2012) A Markov-transition model for cascading failures in power grids. In: 2012 45th Hawaii international conference on system sciences. IEEE, pp 2115–2124. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2012.63

  103. Wei DQ, Luo XS, Zhang B (2012) Analysis of cascading failure in complex power networks under the load local preferential redistribution rule. Phys A Stat Mech Appl 391(8):2771–2777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2011.12.030

    Google Scholar 

  104. Wei L, Sarwat AI, Saad W, Biswas S (2018) Stochastic games for power grid protection against coordinated cyber-physical attacks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 9(2):684–694. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2561266

    Google Scholar 

  105. Wu SJ, Chu MT (2017) Markov chains with memory, tensor formulation, and the dynamics of power iteration. Appl Math Comput 303:226–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2017.01.030

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  106. Zetter K (2016) Everything we know about Ukraine’s power plant hack | WIRED. https://www.wired.com/2016/01/everything-we-know-about-ukraines-power-plant-hack/

  107. Zhang L, Reniers G (2016) A game-theoretical model to improve process plant protection from terrorist attacks. Risk Anal 36(12):2285–2297. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12569

    Google Scholar 

  108. Zhang L, Reniers G (2018) Applying a Bayesian Stackelberg game for securing a chemical plant. J Loss Prev Process Ind 51:72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2017.11.010

    Google Scholar 

  109. Zhang P, Peeta S (2011) A generalized modeling framework to analyze interdependencies among infrastructure systems. Transp Res Part B Methodol 45(3):553–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2010.10.001

    Google Scholar 

  110. Zhang X, Zhan C, Tse CK (2017) Modeling the dynamics of cascading failures in power systems. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Circuits Syst 7(2):192–204

    Google Scholar 

  111. Zhu Q, Saad W, Han Z, Poor HV, Başalr T (2011) Eavesdropping and jamming in next-generation wireless networks: a game-theoretic approach. In: 2011-MILCOM 2011 military communications conference. IEEE, pp 119–124

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universitaet Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria

    Stefan Rass

  2. Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Wien, Austria

    Stefan Schauer & Sandra König

  3. Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA

    Quanyan Zhu

Authors
  1. Stefan Rass
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stefan Schauer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sandra König
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Quanyan Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rass, S., Schauer, S., König, S., Zhu, Q. (2020). Critical Infrastructures. In: Cyber-Security in Critical Infrastructures. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46908-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46908-5_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-46907-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-46908-5

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation