Skip to main content
Book cover

Springer Handbook of Surface Science pp 351–385Cite as

Electronic States of Vicinal Surfaces

  • Chapter

Part of the Springer Handbooks book series (SHB)

Abstract

Vicinal surfaces are crystal planes oriented a few degrees off from a high symmetry direction. Such a small deviation (called miscut) from a high symmetry axis leads to a characteristic periodic roughness at the nanoscale, namely atom-height step arrays that separate atomically-flat terraces. The alternating series of “terraces” and “steps” makes electronic properties of vicinal surfaces very peculiar, distinct from those of atomically-flat surfaces. On the one hand, terraces and steps feature atoms with distinct coordination and complex and varied elastic relaxations, influencing their core-level energies. We show how core levels at a vicinal surface exhibit a miscut-dependent stress release, as well as fine structural relaxations, such as faceting. On the other hand, atomic steps create a periodic modulation of the crystal potential, affecting two-dimensional (2-D) surface states of metals. This leads to Bloch scattering of surface electrons by the step lattice, and eventually, to one-dimensional (1-D) quantization by confinement at terraces or step edges. We discuss the occurrence and observation of superlattice scattering and 1"​ D confinement at a vicinal surface, the importance of the atomic nature of the surface state wave function, the dependence on the lattice constant of the step array, and the rich scattering phenomenon that arises in faceted structures and spin-textured bands.

  • Surface Electronic States
  • Electron Confinement
  • Quantum Well States
  • Spin-Orbit Interaction
  • Steps
  • Vicinal Surfaces
  • Noble Metals
  • Spin Textured Surface Bands
  • Surface Core Level Shifts
  • Surface States
  • Step-Step Interaction
  • Quantum Well States

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46906-1_12
  • Chapter length: 35 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   309.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-3-030-46906-1
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Hardcover Book
USD   399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions
Fig. 12.1a-c
Fig. 12.2a-c
Fig. 12.3a-d
Fig. 12.4a-c
Fig. 12.5a-c
Fig. 12.6a,b
Fig. 12.7a,b
Fig. 12.8a,b
Fig. 12.9
Fig. 12.10a,b
Fig. 12.11a,b
Fig. 12.12
Fig. 12.13a-d
Fig. 12.14a,b
Fig. 12.15a-d
Fig. 12.16a-c
Fig. 12.17a-c
Fig. 12.18a,b
Fig. 12.19a,b
Fig. 12.20a-c
Fig. 12.21a,b
Fig. 12.22a-e
Fig. 12.23a,b
Fig. 12.24a,b
Fig. 12.25a-c
Fig. 12.26a-c
Fig. 12.27a-c

References

  • G. Somorjai, Y. Li: Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (John Wiley & Sons, New York 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Markov: Crystal Growth for Beginners: Fundamentals of Nucleation, Crystal Growth and Epitaxy (World Scientific, Singapore 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Shchukin, N. Ledentsov, D. Bimberg: Epitaxy of Nanostructures, NanoScience and Technology (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Corso, F. Schiller, L. Fernández, J. Cordón, J.E. Ortega: Electronic states in faceted Au(111) studied with curved crystal surfaces, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 353001 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Mugarza, F. Schiller, J. Kuntze, J. Cordón, M. Ruiz-Osés, J.E. Ortega: Modelling nanostructures with vicinal surfaces, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 18, S27 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Gustafson, M. Borg, A. Mikkelsen, S. Gorovikov, E. Lundgren, J.N. Andersen: Identification of step atoms by high resolution core level spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 056102 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Smoluchowski: Anisotropy of the electronic work function of metals, Phys. Rev. 60, 661–674 (1941)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ortega, M. Corso, Z.M. Abd El-Fattah, E.A. Goiri, F. Schiller: Interplay between structure and electronic states in step arrays explored with curved surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 83, 085411 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ortega, F.J. Himpsel, R. Haight, D.R. Peale: One-dimensional image state on stepped Cu(100), Phys. Rev. B 49, 13859–13862 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X.J. Shen, H. Kwak, D. Mocuta, A.M. Radojevic, S. Smadici, R.M. Osgood: Observation of a one-dimensional state on stepped Cu(775), Phys. Rev. B 63, 165403 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Didiot, S. Pons, B. Kierren, Y. Fagot-Revurat, D. Malterre: Nanopatterning the electronic properties of gold surfaces with self-organized superlattices of metallic nanostructures, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 617–621 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Schiller, M. Corso, J. Cordón, F.J.G. de Abajo, J.E. Ortega: Interplay between electronic states and structure during Au faceting, New J. Phys. 10, 113017 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ortega, J. Lobo-Checa, G. Peschel, S. Schirone, Z.M. Abd El-Fattah, M. Matena, F. Schiller, P. Borghetti, P. Gambardella, A. Mugarza: Scattering of surface electrons by isolated steps versus periodic step arrays, Phys. Rev. B 87, 115425 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.L. Walter, F. Schiller, M. Corso, L.R. Merte, F. Bertram, J. Lobo-Checa, M. Shipilin, J. Gustafson, E. Lundgren, A.X. Brión-Ríos, P. Cabrera-Sanfelix, D. Sánchez-Portal, J.E. Ortega: X-ray photoemission analysis of clean and carbon monoxide-chemisorbed platinum(111) stepped surfaces using a curved crystal, Nat. Commun. 6, 8903 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Blomberg, J. Zetterberg, J. Zhou, L.R. Merte, J. Gustafson, M. Shipilin, A. Trinchero, L.A. Miccio, A. Magaña, M. Ilyn, F. Schiller, J.E. Ortega, F. Bertram, H. Grönbeck, E. Lundgren: Strain dependent light-off temperature in catalysis revealed by planar laser-induced fluorescence, ACS Catalysis 7, 110–114 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Ilyn, A. Magaña, A.L. Walter, J. Lobo-Checa, D.G. de Oteyza, F. Schiller, J.E. Ortega: Step-doubling at vicinal Ni(111) surfaces investigated with a curved crystal, J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 3880–3886 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Prévot, Y. Girard, V. Repain, S. Rousset, A. Coati, Y. Garreau, J. Paul, N. Mammen, S. Narasimhan: Elastic displacements and step interactions on metallic surfaces: grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction and ab initio study of Au(332), Phys. Rev. B 81, 075415 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Prévot, P. Steadman, S. Ferrer: Determination of the elastic dipole at the atomic steps of Pt(977) from surface x-ray diffraction, Phys. Rev. B 67, 245409 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Prévot, A. Coati, Y. Garreau: Grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction measurement of the relaxations and elastic step interactions on Cu(211) and Cu(322), Phys. Rev. B 70, 205406 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • V.I. Marchenko, A.Y. Parshin: Elastic properties of crystal surfaces, Sov. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 52, 129 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.D. Williams, N.C. Bartelt: Thermodynamics of surface morphology, Science 251, 393–400 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.-C. Jeong, E.D. Williams: Steps on surfaces: experiment and theory, Surf. Sci. Rep. 34, 171–294 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Einstein: Using the Wigner–Ibach surmise to analyze terrace-width distributions: history, user's guide, and advances, Appl. Phys. A 87, 375–384 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Egelhoff: Core-level binding-energy shifts at surfaces and in solids, Surf. Sci. Rep. 6, 253–415 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X. Zhou, J.L. Erskine: Surface core-level shifts at vicinal tungsten surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 79, 155422 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Baraldi, L. Bianchettin, E. Vesselli, S. de Gironcoli, S. Lizzit, L. Petaccia, G. Zampieri, G. Comelli, R. Rosei: Highly under-coordinated atoms at Rh surfaces: interplay of strain and coordination effects on core level shift, New J. Phys. 9, 143 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Gsell, P. Jakob, D. Menzel: Effect of substrate strain on adsorption, Science 280, 717–720 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Ibach: The role of surface stress in reconstruction, epitaxial growth and stabilization of mesoscopic structures, Surf. Sci. Rep. 29, 195–263 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Echenique, J.B. Pendry: The existence and detection of Rydberg states at surfaces, J. Phys. C 11, 2065–2075 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Machado, E. Chulkov, V. Silkin, U. Höfer, P. Echenique: Electron lifetimes in image-potential states at metal–dielectric interfaces, Prog. Surf. Sci. 74, 219–237 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Stepanow, A. Mugarza, G. Ceballos, P. Gambardella, I. Aldazabal, A.G. Borisov, A. Arnau: Localization, splitting, and mixing of field emission resonances induced by alkali metal clusters on Cu(100), Phys. Rev. B 83, 115101 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Craes, S. Runte, J. Klinkhammer, M. Kralj, T. Michely, C. Busse: Mapping image potential states on graphene quantum dots, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 1–5 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Knorr, H. Brune, M. Epple, A. Hirstein, M. Schneider, K. Kern: Long-range adsorbate interactions mediated by a two-dimensional electron gas, Phys. Rev. B 65, 1–5 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Repp, F. Moresco, G. Meyer, K.H. Rieder, P. Hyldgaard, M. Persson: Substrate mediated long-range oscillatory interaction between adatoms: Cu/Cu(111), Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2981–2984 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Lukas, G. Witte, C. Wöll: Novel mechanism for molecular self-assembly on metal substrates: Unidirectional rows of pentacene on Cu(110) produced by a substrate-mediated repulsion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 283011–283014 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Silly, M. Pivetta, M. Ternes, F. Patthey, J.P. Pelz, W.-D. Schneider: Creation of an atomic superlattice by immersing metallic adatoms in a two-dimensional electron sea, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 016101 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Wurth, D. Menzel: Ultrafast electron dynamics at surfaces probed by resonant Auger spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. 251, 141–149 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Petek, M.J. Weida, H. Nagano, S. Ogawa: Real-time observation of adsorbate atom motion above a metal surface, Science 288, 1402–1404 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Chen, W. Zhu, D. Xiao, Z. Zhang: CO oxidation facilitated by robust surface states on Au-covered topological insulators, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 056804 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Frohn, M. Giesen, M. Poensgen, J.F. Wolf, H. Ibach: Attractive interaction between steps, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3543–3546 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.W. Pai, J.S. Ozcomert, N.C. Bartelt, T.L. Einstein, J.E. Reutt-Robey: Terrace-width distributions on vicinal Ag(110): Evidence of oscillatory interactions, Surf. Sci. 307–309, 747–754 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Baumberger, M. Hengsberger, M. Muntwiler, M. Shi, J. Krempasky, L. Patthey, J. Osterwalder, T. Greber: Step-lattice-induced band-gap opening at the Fermi level, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 1–4 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.F. Crommie, C.P. Lutz, D.M. Eigler: Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface, Science 262, 218–220 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.J. Heller, M.F. Crommie, C.P. Lutz, D.M. Eigler: Scattering and absorption of surface electron waves in quantum corrals, Nature 369, 464–466 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Crampin, H. Jensen, J. Kröger, L. Limot, R. Berndt: Resonator design for use in scanning tunneling spectroscopy studies of surface electron lifetimes, Phys. Rev. B 72, 35443 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Manoharan, C. Lutz, D. Eigler: Quantum mirages formed by coherent projection of electronic structure, Nature 403, 512–515 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Fransson, H.C. Manoharan, A.V. Balatsky: Detection and cloaking of molecular objects in coherent nanostructures using inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, Nano Lett. 10, 1600–1604 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Jensen, J. Kröger, R. Berndt, S. Crampin: Electron dynamics in vacancy islands: Scanning tunneling spectroscopy on Ag(111), Phys. Rev. B 71, 1–5 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Bürgi, O. Jeandupeux, A. Hirstein, H. Brune, K. Kern: Confinement of surface state electrons in Fabry–Pérot resonators, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5370–5373 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Seo, P. Roushan, H. Beidenkopf, Y.S. Hor, R.J. Cava, A. Yazdani: Transmission of topological surface states through surface barriers, Nature 466, 343–346 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Brune, O. Jeandupeux, K. Kern, L. Bürgi: Quantum coherence and lifetimes of surface-state electrons, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 109, 33–49 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Crommie: Observing electronic scattering in atomic-scale structures on metals, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 109, 1–17 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Crampin, M.H. Boon, J.E. Inglesfield: Influence of bulk states on laterally confined surface state electrons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 922–925 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Crampin, O. Bryant: Fully three-dimensional scattering calculations of standing electron waves in quantum nanostructures: The importance of quasiparticle interactions, Phys. Rev. B 54, R17367–R17370 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X. Wang, X. Shen, R.M. Osgood, R. Haight, F.J. Himpsel: Observation of lateral superlattice effects on stepped Cu(001), Phys. Rev. B 53, 15738–15742 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X.Y. Wang, X.J. Shen, R.M. Osgood: Surface electron motion near monatomic steps: two-photon photoemission studies on stepped Cu(111), Phys. Rev. B 56, 7665–7674 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ortega, S. Speller, A.R. Bachmann, A. Mascaraque, E.G. Michel, A. Närmann, A. Mugarza, A. Rubio, F.J. Himpsel: Electron wave function at a vicinal surface: Switch from terrace to step modulation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 6110–6113 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Mugarza, A. Mascaraque, V. Pérez-Dieste, V. Repain, S. Rousset, F. García de Abajo, J. Ortega: Electron confinement in surface states on a stepped gold surface revealed by angle-resolved photoemission, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 3–6 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Baumberger, T. Greber, J. Osterwalder: Fermi surfaces of the two-dimensional surface states on vicinal Cu(111), Phys. Rev. 64, 1–8 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Mugarza, A. Mascaraque, V. Repain, S. Rousset, K. Altmann, F. Himpsel, Y. Koroteev, E. Chulkov, F. García de Abajo, J. Ortega: Lateral quantum wells at vicinal Au(111) studied with angle-resolved photoemission, Phys. Rev. B 66, 1–10 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ortega, A. Mugarza, V. Pe, V. Repain, S. Rousset, A. Mascaraque: Probing wave functions at step superlattices: Confined versus propagating electrons, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 96, 154–158 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ortega, A. Mugarza, V. Repain, S. Rousset, V. Pérez-Dieste, A. Mascaraque: One-dimensional versus two-dimensional surface states on stepped Au(111), Phys. Rev. B 65, 1–7 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Roth, M. Pickel, J. Wang, M. Weinelt, T. Fauster: Image-potential states on stepped Cu(001) surfaces, Appl. Phys. B 74, 661–664 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Mugarza, J.E. Ortega: Electronic states at vicinal surfaces, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 15, S3281 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ortega, M. Ruiz-Osés, J. Kuntze: Finite size effects in surface states of stepped Cu nanostripes, Phys. Rev. B 72, 195416 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Zaki, K. Knox, P.D. Johnson, J. Fujii, I. Vobornik, G. Panaccione, R.M. Osgood: Surface states on vicinal Cu(775): STM and photoemission study, Phys. Rev. B 83, 205420 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. de L. Kronig, W.G. Penney: Quantum mechanics of electrons in crystal lattices, Proc. Royal Soc. A 130, 499–513 (1931)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • D. Malterre, B. Kierren, Y. Fagot-Revurat, S. Pons, A. Tejeda, C. Didiot, H. Cercellier, A. Bendounan: ARPES and STS investigation of Shockley states in thin metallic films and periodic nanostructures, New J. Phys. 9, 391–391 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Beltramo, H. Ibach, U. Linke, M. Giesen: Determination of the step dipole moment and the step line tension on Ag(001) electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 53, 6818–6823 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Henzler: Atomic steps on single crystals: Experimental methods and properties, Appl. Phys. 9, 11–17 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Schiller, Z.M.A. El-Fattah, S. Schirone, J. Lobo-Checa, M. Urdanpilleta, M. Ruiz-Osés, J. Cordón, M. Corso, D. Sánchez-Portal, A. Mugarza, J.E. Ortega: Metallic thin films on stepped surfaces: lateral scattering of quantum well states, New J. Phys. 16, 123025 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Morgenstern, K.-F. Braun, K.-H. Rieder: Surface-state depopulation on small Ag(111) terraces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 20–23 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Hansmann, J.I. Pascual, G. Ceballos, H. Rust, K. Horn: Scanning tunneling spectroscopy study of Cu(554): Confinement and dimensionality at a stepped surface, Phys. Rev. B 67, 121409 (2003), R)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Baumberger, T. Greber, B. Delley, J. Osterwalder: Tailoring confining barriers for surface states by step decoration: CO/vicinal Cu(111), Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 237601 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Wang, M.B. Yilmaz, K.R. Knox, N. Zaki, J.I. Dadap, T. Valla, P.D. Johnson, R.M. Osgood: Electronic structure of a Co-decorated vicinal Cu(775) surface: High-resolution photoemission spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B 77, 115448 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Schiller, M. Ruiz-Osés, J. Cordón, J.E. Ortega: Scattering of surface states at step edges in nanostripe arrays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 1–4 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Rousset, V. Repain, G. Baudot, Y. Garreau, J. Lecoeur: Self-ordering of Au(111) vicinal surfaces and application to nanostructure organized growth, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 15, S3363 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Mugarza, J.E. Ortega, F.J. Himpsel, F.J. García de Abajo: Measurement of electron wave functions and confining potentials via photoemission, Phys. Rev. B 67, 081404 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Lobo-Checa, A. Mugarza, J.E. Ortega, E.G. Michel: Determination of the photoelectron reference plane in nanostructured surfaces, New J. Phys. 13, 103013 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Lobo, E.G. Michel, A.R. Bachmann, S. Speller, J. Kuntze, J.E. Ortega: Tuning the surface state dimensionality of Cu nanostripes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 137602 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Bertel, M. Donath (Eds.): Electronic Surface and Interface States on Metallic Systems: Proceedings of the 134th WE-Heraeus Seminar, Physikzentrum, Bad Honnef, Germany, October 17–20, 1994 (World Scientific, Singapore 1995) p. 63

    Google Scholar 

  • A.R. Bachmann, S. Speller, A. Mugarza, J.E. Ortega: Driving forces for Ag-induced periodic faceting of vicinal Cu(111), Surf. Sci. 526, L143 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ortega, F.J. Himpsel: Quantum well states as mediators of magnetic coupling in superlattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 844–847 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.-C. Chiang: Photoemission studies of quantum well states in thin films, Surf. Sci. Rep. 39, 181 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Forster, E. Gergert, A. Nuber, H. Bentmann, L. Huang, X.G. Gong, Z. Zhang, F. Reinert: Electronic localization of quantum-well states in Ag/Au(111) metallic heterostructures, Phys. Rev. B 84, 075412 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.A. Bychkov, E.I. Rashba: Properties of a 2D electron gas with lifted spectral degeneracy, JETP Letters 39, 66–69 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Hasan, C. Kane: Colloquium: Topological insulators, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 3045–3067 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Roushan, J. Seo, C.V. Parker, Y.S. Hor, D. Hsieh, D. Qian, A. Richardella, M.Z. Hasan, R.J. Cava, A. Yazdani: Topological surface states protected from backscattering by chiral spin texture, Nature 460, 1106–1109 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Zhang, P. Cheng, X. Chen, J.F. Jia, X. Ma, K. He, L. Wang, H. Zhang, X. Dai, Z. Fang, X. Xie, Q.K. Xue: Experimental demonstration of topological surface states protected by time-reversal symmetry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 1–4 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Pesin, A.H. MacDonald: Spintronics and pseudospintronics in graphene and topological insulators, Nat. Mater. 11, 409–416 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Lashell, B.A. Mcdougall, E. Jensen: Spin splitting of a Au(111) surface state band observed with angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3419–3422 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Nicolay, F. Reinert, S. Hüfner, P. Blaha: Spin-orbit splitting of the L-gap surface state on Au(111) and Ag(111), Phys. Rev. B 65, 033407 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Hoesch, M. Muntwiler, V.N. Petrov, M. Hengsberger, L. Patthey, M. Shi, M. Falub, T. Greber, J. Osterwalder: Spin structure of the Shockley surface state on Au(111), Phys. Rev. B 69, 241401 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Bihlmayer, Y. Koroteev, P. Echenique, E. Chulkov, S. Blügel: The Rashba-effect at metallic surfaces, Surf. Sci. 600, 3888–3891 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Lobo-Checa, F. Meier, J.H. Dil, T. Okuda, M. Corso, V.N. Petrov, M. Hengsberger, L. Patthey, J. Osterwalder: Robust spin polarization and spin textures on stepped Au(111) surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 187602 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Didiot, Y. Fagot-Revurat, S. Pons, B. Kierren, C. Chatelain, D. Malterre: Reconstruction-induced multiple gaps in the weak coupling limit: The surface bands of Au(111) vicinal surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 74, 081404 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.H. Dil: Spin and angle resolved photoemission on non-magnetic low-dimensional systems, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 403001 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Y.M. Koroteev, G. Bihlmayer, J.E. Gayone, E.V. Chulkov, S. Blügel, P.M. Echenique, P. Hofmann: Strong spin-orbit splitting on Bi surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 046403 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Forster, S. Hu: Rare gases on noble-metal surfaces:  An angle-resolved photoemission study with high energy resolution, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 14692–14698 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Bihlmayer, S. Blügel, E. Chulkov: Enhanced Rashba spin-orbit splitting in Bi/Ag(111) and Pb/Ag(111) surface alloys from first principles, Phys. Rev. B 75, 1–6 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Petersen, P. Laitenberger, E. Lægsgaard, F. Besenbacher: Screening waves from steps and defects on Cu(111) and Au(111) imaged with STM: Contribution from bulk electrons, Phys. Rev. B 58, 7361–7366 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Schouteden, P. Lievens, C. Van Haesendonck: Fourier-transform scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of the energy versus wave vector dispersion of electrons at the Au(111) surface, Phys. Rev. B 79, 195409 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.R. Ast, J. Henk, A. Ernst, L. Moreschini, M.C. Falub, D. Pacile, P. Bruno, K. Kern, M. Grioni: Giant spin splitting through surface alloying, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 186807 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Bentmann, F. Forster, G. Bihlmayer, E.V. Chulkov, L. Moreschini, M. Grioni, F. Reinert: Origin and manipulation of the Rashba splitting in surface alloys, Eur. Lett. 87, 3703 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Schirone, E.E. Krasovskii, G. Bihlmayer, R. Piquerel, P. Gambardella, A. Mugarza: Spin-flip and element-sensitive electron scattering in the BiAg2 surface alloy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 066802 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Hofmann: The surfaces of bismuth: structural and electronic properties, Prog. Surf. Sci. 81, 191–245 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Wells, J.H. Dil, F. Meier, J. Lobo-Checa, V.N. Petrov, J. Osterwalder, M.M. Ugeda, I. Fernandez-Torrente, J.I. Pascual, E.D.L. Rienks, M.F. Jensen, P. Hofmann: Nondegenerate metallic states on Bi(114): A one-dimensional topological metal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 096802 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Bianchi, F. Song, S. Cooil, Å.F. Monsen, E. Wahlström, J.A. Miwa, E.D.L. Rienks, D.A. Evans, A. Strozecka, J.I. Pascual, M. Leandersson, T. Balasubramanian, P. Hofmann, J.W. Wells: One-dimensional spin texture of Bi(441): Quantum spin Hall properties without a topological insulator, Phys. Rev. B 91, 165307 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I.K. Drozdov, A. Alexandradinata, S. Jeon, S. Nadj-Perge, H. Ji, R.J. Cava, B.A. Bernevig, A. Yazdani: One-dimensional topological edge states of bismuth bilayers, Nat. Phys. 10, 664–669 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Takayama, T. Sato, S. Souma, T. Oguchi, T. Takahashi: One-dimensional edge states with giant spin splitting in a bismuth thin film, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 066402 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Cai, P. Ruffieux, R. Jaafar, M. Bieri, T. Braun, S. Blankenburg, M. Muoth, A.P. Seitsonen, M. Saleh, X. Feng, K. Müllen, R. Fasel: Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons, Nature 466, 470–473 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Vattuone, L. Savio, M. Rocca: Bridging the structure gap: chemistry of nanostructured surfaces at well-defined defects, Surf. Sci. Rep. 63, 101–168 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Roth, M. Pickel, M. Weinelt, T. Fauster: Dynamics of image-potential states on stepped Cu(001) surfaces, Appl. Phys. A 78, 149–153 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Ortega, G. Vasseur, F. Schiller, I. Piquero-Zulaica, A.P. Weber, J. Rault, M.A. Valbuena, S. Schirone, S. Matencio, L.A. Sviatkin, Y.M. Koroteev, E.V. Chulkov, A. Mugarza, J. Lobo-Checa: Atomically precise step grids for the engineering of helical states, arXiv:1902.05777 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • F.J. Himpsel, J.E. Ortega, G.J. Mankey, R.F. Willis: Magnetic nanostructures, Adv. Phys. 47, 511–597 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco, San Sebastian, Spain

    J. Enrique Ortega

  2. Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, San Sebastian, Spain

    J. Enrique Ortega, Frederik Schiller & Martina Corso

  3. Institut Catalá de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Bellaterra-Barcelona, Spain

    Aitor Mugarza

  4. Donostia International Physics Centre, San Sebastian, Spain

    Frederik Schiller

  5. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

    Jorge Lobo-Checa

  6. Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

    Jorge Lobo-Checa

Authors
  1. J. Enrique Ortega
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Aitor Mugarza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Frederik Schiller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jorge Lobo-Checa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Martina Corso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Enrique Ortega .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dipt. di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy

    Mario Rocca

  2. Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

    Talat S. Rahman

  3. Dipt. di Fisica, Università di Genova and IMEM-CNR Unità di Genova, Genova, Italy

    Luca Vattuone

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ortega, J.E., Mugarza, A., Schiller, F., Lobo-Checa, J., Corso, M. (2020). Electronic States of Vicinal Surfaces. In: Rocca, M., Rahman, T.S., Vattuone, L. (eds) Springer Handbook of Surface Science. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46906-1_12

Download citation