Abstract
Between October and December 2018, three Climate Change actions in responsibility were filed in France, two against the Government and one against a Carbon Major. Following the example of other countries, representatives of the civil society and local public authorities are turning to the judge for a faster and more efficient transition towards a low-carbon economy. France’s international, European and national commitments in that respect are ambitious. Its laws and regulations provide for solid guarantees of key principles and fundamental rights, such as the precautionary principle or the right to a healthy environment. Practitioners and academics are acting for a progressive interpretation of this arsenal, which could lead to the creation of a new principe général du droit (general principle of law) requiring the French State to effectively tackle climate change and the development of a new regime of responsibility.
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- 1.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2015), Adoption of the Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1, 12 December 2015 (Paris Agreement) available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf.
- 2.
France is the second European country which presented an adaptation plan (See Observatoire national sur les effets du réchauffement climatique (ONERC), Rapport n°010178-01, Stratégie Nationale d’adaptation au changement climatique, 2007).
- 3.
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the European Union (EU) and its Member States, Submission by Latvia and the European Commission on behalf of the EU and its Member States, Riga, 6 March 2015 and Loi n°2015-992 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte dated 17 August 2015.
- 4.
European GHG emissions had fallen sharply since 1990, but increased in 2017 and 2018. See https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/eu/.
- 5.
For a dashboard presenting the detail of the deviations from the objectives of the main indicators for the year 2017, see https://www.observatoire-climat-energie.fr/tableau-de-bord/.
- 6.
This is attributable to its extensive nuclear capacity, which ensures electricity can be generated with low carbon emissions (CO2).
- 7.
See https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/eu/: “Developments during 2018 in the European Union’s climate and energy policy are steps in the right direction towards re-establishing the EU’s position as a global leader on climate action. While the level of currently implemented climate action is not yet compatible with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C limit, the Climate Action Tracker (CAT) estimates that the more ambitious renewable energy and energy efficiency targets adopted in June 2018 would result in emissions reduction of 47.5%–49.7% below 1990 levels (the European Commission has referred to about 45%). This is significantly higher than the present NDC target of 40% below 1990 levels.”
- 8.
Hautereau-Boutonnet (2018).
- 9.
UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution A/72/L.51, ‘Towards a Global Pact for the Environment,’ 7 May 2017 (Global Pact for the Environment), adopted by a vote of 143 in favour to five against with seven abstentions.
- 10.
The Paris Agreement was concluded on behalf of the Union on 5 October 2016 and entered into force on 4 November 2016: Council Decision (EU) 2016/1841 of 5 October 2016 on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Paris Agreement adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. See also Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of GHG gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) 525/2013 and Decision 529/2013/EU.
- 11.
Target set in Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the European Union (EU) and its Member States, Submission by Latvia and the European Commission on behalf of the EU and its Member States, Riga, 6 March 2015 and Loi n°2015-992 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte dated 17 August 2015. See also Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for GHG gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC.
- 12.
- 13.
For 2018 developments in the EU’s climate and energy policy, see https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/eu/.
- 14.
French Ministère de la transition écologique et solidaire, Plan Climat 2017 « Une Planète, Un Plan », 6 juillet 2017.
- 15.
Le Monde Planète, « Inscrire le climat dans la Constitution ‘aura un impact réel’ », Propos de Yann Aguila recueillis par Simon Roger and published on 22 June 2018a. See also Le Club des Juristes « L’Actualité au prisme du droit: Inscrire le climat à l’article 1er de la Constitution: quelles conséquences? », 3 July 2018b, http://blog.leclubdesjuristes.com/inscrire-le-climat-a-larticle-1er-de-la-constitution-quelles-consequences/ Yann Aguila is a member of the legal think-tank, the Club des Juristes, where he chairs the Environmental Law Commission.
- 16.
The Charter for the Environment was adopted further to a revision of the Constitution pursuant to Article 89 of the Constitution. Its provisions have the same rank in the hierarchy of norms as the provisions of the 1958 French Constitution. The Conseil Constitutionnel referred for the first time to the Charter for the Environment in 2005. It held that the legislator did not disregard the principle of sustainable development set out in Article 6 of the Charter for the Environment (Conseil Constitutionnel, Decision n°2005-514 DC, “Loi relative à la création du registre international français,” 28 April 2005). In 2008, the Conseil Constitutionnel censored certain provisions based on the charter and article 34 of the Constitution, which defines the field of intervention of the legislator. It recalled “all the rights and duties defined in the Charter for the Environment have constitutional value” (Décision n°2008-564 DC dated 19 June 2008, Loi relative aux organismes génétiquement modifiés). In 2009, the Conseil Constitutionnel invalidated articles of the Finance Act relating to the carbon contribution or fossil fuel tax. It considered that they were breaching the principle of equality of treatment, in particular considering certain exemptions schemes (Conseil Constitutionnel, Décision n°2009-599 DC, Loi de finances pour 2010, 29 December 2009).
- 17.
Conseil d’Etat, CE, 3 octobre 2010, Commune d’Annecy, n°297931. See also Conseil d’Etat, CE, 26 February 2014, Association Ban Asbestos France and others, n°351514.
- 18.
Article 1 of the Charter for the Environment “Everyone has the right to live in a balanced environment which shows due respect for health.”
- 19.
Article 3 of the Charter for the Environment: “Everyone shall, in the conditions provided for by law, foresee and avoid the occurrence of any damage which he or she may cause to the environment or, failing that, limit the consequences of such damage.”
- 20.
Article 4 of the Charter for the Environment: “Everyone shall be required, in the conditions provided for by law, to contribute to the making good of any damage he or she may have caused to the environment.”
- 21.
Article 5 of the Charter for the Environment contains a formulation of the precautionary principle which provides that “When the occurrence of any damage, albeit unpredictable in the current state of scientific knowledge, may seriously and irreversibly harm the environment, public authorities shall, with due respect for the principle of precaution and the areas within their jurisdiction, ensure the implementation of procedures for risk assessment and the adoption of temporary measures commensurate with the risk involved in order to preclude the occurrence of such damage.” The principle is also recognised in the law of the European Union and Article L.110-1 of the Environment Code and principle 15 of the 1992 Rio Declaration: “In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.”
- 22.
Article 6 of the Charter: “Public policies must promote sustainable development. To this end, they reconcile the protection and enhancement of the environment, economic development and social progress.” See also Conseil d’Etat, CE, 19 juin 2006, Association eau et rivière de Bretagne, n°282456.
- 23.
Article 7 of the Charter for the Environment: “Everyone has the right under the conditions and within the limits defined by law to access environmental information held by public authorities and to participate in the preparation of public decisions affecting the environment.” See also Conseil d’Etat, CE, 12 juin 2013, Fédération des entreprises du recyclage, n°360702.
- 24.
Julien Bétaille, Maître de conférence à l’Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, in « Revue Droit de l’environnement » cité dans Actu Environnement, « Le climat dans la Constitution: les juristes dénoncent l’inefficience du projet de loi déposé Article publié le 11 mai 2018 ».
- 25.
See for example: Conseil d’Etat, CE, Association eau et rivière de Bretagne, n°282456, 19 June 2006; Conseil d’Etat, CE, Association du quartier Les Hauts de Choiseul, n°328687, 19 July 2010; Conseil d’Etat, CE, Commune d’Annecy, n°297931, 3 October 2010; Conseil d’Etat, CE, Association Ban Asbestos France and others, n°351514, 26 February 2014; Conseil d’Etat, CE, Association coordination interrégionale Stop THT et autres, n°342409, 342569, 342689, 342740, 342748, 342821, 12 April 2013; Conseil d’Etat, CE, Fédération des entreprises du recyclage, n°360702, 12 June 2013; Conseil d’Etat, CE, Fédération nationale de la pêche en France, n°344522, Ass., 12 July 2013; Conseil d’Etat, CE, Association Les Amis de la Terre France, n°394254, 12 July 2017; Conseil d’Etat, CE, Commune de Villiers-le-Bâcle et autres - France Nature Environnement Ile-de-France et autres, nos 410917, 411030, 9 July 2018.
- 26.
For each specific sector relevant to GHG emissions, see also the Energy Code, the Mining Code, the Public Health Code, the Construction and Housing Code, the Forest Code, the Rural and Fisheries Code and the Civil Code.
- 27.
A claimant may invoke directly article 5 of the Charter for the Environment against administrative acts and public authorities. Conseil d’Etat, CE, 19 juillet 2010, Association du quartier Les Hauts de Choiseul, n°328687.
- 28.
Conseil d’Etat, CE, 12 avril 2013, Association coordination interrégionale Stop THT et autres, n°342409, 342569, 342689, 342740, 342748, 342821.
- 29.
Conseil d’Etat, CE, 9 juillet 2018, Commune de Villiers-le-Bâcle et autres - France Nature Environnement Ile-de-France et autres, n°410917, 411030. If the reality of the risks attached to climate change is known and cannot be ignored, there are still uncertainties as to their scope in the state of scientific knowledge. Some may use this uncertainty to argue against the application of the precautionary principle, based on the exception mentioned under Article L. 110-1-II-1 of the Environmental Code.
- 30.
Article L110-1-II-2 of the Environment Code: “The principle of preventive and corrective action, as a priority at source, of damage to the environment, using the best techniques available at an economically acceptable cost.” Article 3 of the Charter for the Environment: “Everyone shall, in the conditions provided for by law, foresee and avoid the occurrence of any damage which he or she may cause to the environment or, failing that, limit the consequences of such damage.”
- 31.
The modalities of implementation of the prevention principle must be determined by the legislator and, within the framework defined by the law, the regulatory power and the other administrative authorities. This case provided particulars on the distribution of powers between law and regulation and the limits of the administrative judge’s control in this area (See Conseil d’Etat, CE, Ass., 12 juillet 2013, Fédération nationale de la pêche en France, n°344522).
- 32.
Some wish a stricter application of this principle, such as in the « Algues Vertes » case. In this case, the actual polluters escaped their share of responsibility since only the public authorities ended up being fined, de facto resulting in the tax payer being sanctioned for public and private failures; See Cour Administrative d’Appel, Nantes, CAA Nantes, n°07NT03775, Ministre d’Etat, Ministre de l’Ecologie, de l’Énergie, du Développement durable et de la Mer c/ Association « Halte aux marées vertes », 1 December 2009; See also Cour Administrative d’Appel, Nantes, CAA Nantes, n°13NT01737, Ministre de l’écologie, du développement durable et de l’énergie c/ Département des Côtes d’Armor, 23 December 2014.
- 33.
The group of deputies proposed the insertion of a paragraph after the 16th paragraph of article 2 of the Constitutional Law n°2005/205 dated 1st March 2005 on the Charter of the environment: “By application of the principle of non-regression, the protection of the environment, ensured by the legislative and regulatory provisions relating to the environment, can only be the subject of constant improvement, taking into account the scientific and technical knowledge of the moment.” (See http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/15/amendements/0911/CION-DVP/CD26.asp).
- 34.
Loi n°2005-781 de programme fixant les réorientations de la politique énergétique (POPE), 13 July 2005.
- 35.
The 2020 package is a set of binding legislation to ensure the EU meets its climate and energy targets for the year 2020, see https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en.
- 36.
Loi n°2009-967 de programmation relative à la mise en œuvre du Grenelle de l’environnement I, 3 August 2009.
- 37.
Loi n°2010-788 portant engagement national pour l’environnement Grenelle II, 12 July 2010.
- 38.
Whilst the French Constitutional Council approved the principle of a tax on fossil fuels, it considered its scope against the “principe d’égalité” and invalidated this particular carbon tax scheme (see Conseil Constitutionnel, Décision n°2009-599 DC sur la Loi de Finance pour 2010, 29 December 2009). Another fossil fuel scheme was eventually adopted on 29 December 2013 as part of the annual Finance Act for 2014 (See Loi n°2013-1278 de finances pour 2014, 29 December 2013, article 32).
- 39.
Loi n°2015-992 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte, 17 August 2015.
- 40.
Loi n°2017-1839 mettant fin à la recherche ainsi qu’à l’exploitation des hydrocarbures et portant diverses dispositions relatives à l’énergie et à l’environnement, 30 December 2017.
- 41.
The value of the carbon component of the tariffs for these taxes is set at €44.6 per ton in 2018 (instead of €39 initially), €55 in 2019 (instead of €47.5) and €65 in 2020 (instead of €56), to reach €86.2 in 2022.
- 42.
Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups.
- 43.
Directive 2014/95/EU was transposed into French law with Ordonnance n°2017-1180 dated 19 July 2017 and Décret n°2017-1265 dated 9 August 2017.
- 44.
Loi n°2017-399 relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et des entreprises donneuses d’ordre, 27 March 2017.
- 45.
Ministère des Affaires étrangères, France and Corporate Social Responsibility, May-August 2018.
- 46.
Institut du développement durable et des relations internationales (IDDRI), Évaluation de l’état d’avancement de la transition bas-carbone en France, Andreas Rüdinger, Pierre-Marie Aubert, Marie-Hélène Schwoob, Mathieu Saujot, Nicolas Berghmans, Lola Vallejo (Iddri), Octobre 2018. The authors of the study pointed out a growing gap between France’s objectives and the reality of its GHG gas emissions. Since 2015, French emissions have gone up again and it may be that France will not meet its targets by the end of Emmanuel Macron 5-year mandate. According to this report, the transport sector is responsible for 30% of GHG gas emissions. The building sector is the second most emitting sector of GHG gases and co-responsible for the delay taken by France on these climate objectives. The goal of renovating 500,000 homes per year has not been achieved and now has to be revised upward. More generally, the authors of the study consider that current efforts to improve energy efficiency would have to be multiplied by four whilst consumption of fossil fuel energies would have to be reduced three times as much for France to comply with its climate commitments.
- 47.
In France, there are several categories of courts divided into two major branches, a judicial branch and an administrative branch. Administrative claims are brought before specific administrative courts, which apply a specific set of administrative rules. Before the judicial branch, civil courts settle private disputes between individuals whilst criminal courts judge individuals who have committed offences.
- 48.
Neyret (2015), p. 2278.
- 49.
If the French climate policies or the way they are being implemented by public authorities appear insufficient, the applicant may rapidly obtain certain injunctions from the administrative judge provided that evidence of urgency is demonstrated through the référé-liberté (article L. 521-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice) when a fundamental freedom is at stake, the référé-suspension (article L. 521-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice) to obtain the suspension of an administrative decision or the référé-conservatoire (article L. 521-3 of the Code of Administrative Justice) to request any useful measure from the judge.
- 50.
Conseil d’Etat, CE, 12 juillet 2017, Association Les Amis de la Terre France, n°394254.
- 51.
Cour Administrative d’Appel, Nantes, CAA Nantes, n°07NT03775, Ministre d’Etat, Ministre de l’Ecologie, de l’Énergie, du Développement durable et de la Mer c/ Association « Halte aux marées vertes » et a. 1 December 2009.
- 52.
Cour Administrative d’Appel, Nantes, CAA Nantes, n°12NT00342, Ministre d’Etat, Ministre de l’Ecologie, de l’Énergie, du Développement durable et de la Mer c/ Commune de Tréduder, 23 March 2013.
- 53.
Cour Administrative d’Appel, Nantes, CAA Nantes, n°13NT01737, Ministre de l’écologie, du développement durable et de l’énergie c/ Département des Côtes d’Armor, 23 December 2014.
- 54.
Compensation for victims is borne by the community in the name of social solidarity.
- 55.
See also Conseil d’Etat, CE, 26 February 2014, Association Ban Asbestos France and others, n°351514.
- 56.
On 14 March 2019, the organisations started such a procedure, thereby opening an investigating period which should last 1–2 years. They expect the administrative judge to acknowledge the State’s obligations in the fight against climate change, identify its faults and shortcomings in this area, and—if proven—order the State to put an end to them.
- 57.
Articles 1240 and 1241 of the Civil Code (formerly articles 1382 and 1383 of the same code).
- 58.
Professor Neyret suggested that for the sake of justice, it would be appropriate to consider claims for collective responsibility proportionate to the climate risk created. See Laurent Neyret (2015), p. 2278.
- 59.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Special Report Global Warming of 1.5 °C, 6 October 2018.
- 60.
13 cities and four French NGOs.
- 61.
See press kit dated 23 October 2018 including in its annex 6 the letter sent by Seattle Avocats to the CEO of Total SA, Duty of Vigilance/Total SA, dated 22 October 2018.
- 62.
ibid.
- 63.
The Carbon Majors Database, Carbon Majors Report 2017 (100 fossil fuel producers and nearly 1 trillion tonnes of GHG gas emissions), 2017.
- 64.
At the time of writing, Total’s plan de vigilance for 2019 was yet to be published.
- 65.
Tribunal Correctionnel, Sables-d’Olonne, n°877-2014, 12 December 2014, overturned by the Cour d’Appel de Poitiers, Cour d’Appel, Poitiers, n°16/00199, 4 April 2016.
- 66.
Cour de Cassation, Chambre criminelle, Crim. 25 sept. 2012, n°10-82.938.
- 67.
Cour de Cassation, Chambre criminelle, Crim. 22 mars 2016, n°13-87.650.
- 68.
ibid.
- 69.
Incriminated as misleading commercial practices under article L. 121-1-1 c. consom. See also Laurent Neyret (2015), p. 2278.
- 70.
Incriminated as misdemeanor of disseminating false or misleading information under article L. 465-2 c. mon. fin. See also Neyret (2015), p. 2278.
References (Chronological Order)
Regulation
International Regulation
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (13 June 1992) UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26 (vol. I); 31 ILM 874 (1992)
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2015) Adoption of the Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 (12 December 2015) (referred to as “Paris Agreement”)
UN General Assembly (UNGA) (7 May 2017) Resolution A/72/L.51, ‘Towards a Global Pact for the Environment,’ (Global Pact for the Environment)
European Regulation
Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for GHG gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC
Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC
Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community
Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups
Council Decision (EU) 2016/1841 of 5 October 2016 on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Paris Agreement adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU
Domestic Regulation
French Civil Code (1804), articles 1240 and 1241 (formerly articles 1382 and 1383 of the same code)
French Constitution, 4 October 1958
French Environment Code
French Charter for the Environment, 2004
Loi n°2005-781 de programme fixant les réorientations de la politique énergétique (POPE), 13 July 2005
Loi n°2009-967 de programmation relative à la mise en œuvre du Grenelle de l’environnement I, 3 August 2009
Loi n°2010-788 portant engagement national pour l’environnement Grenelle II, 12 July 2010
Loi n°2013-1278 de finances pour 2014, 29 December 2013
Loi n°2015-992 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte, 17 August 2015
Loi n°2017-399 relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et des entreprises donneuses d’ordre, 27 March 2017
French Ministère de la transition écologique et solidaire, Plan Climat 2017 « Une Planète, Un Plan », 6 juillet 2017
Ordonnance n°2017-1180 dated 19 July 2017
Décret n°2017-1265 dated 9 August 2017
Loi n°2017-1839 mettant fin à la recherche ainsi qu’à l’exploitation des hydrocarbures et portant diverses dispositions relatives à l’énergie et à l’environnement, 30 December 2017
Reports
Dr. Paul Griffin, Carbon Majors Report (July 2017) The Carbon Major Database, in partnership with the Climate Accountability Institute
Special Report Global Warming of 1.5 °C (6 October 2018) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Rüdinger A, Aubert PM, Schwoob MH, Saujot M, Berghmans N, Vallejo L (Octobre 2018) Institut du développement durable et des relations internationales (IDDRI), Évaluation de l’état d’avancement de la transition bas-carbone en France
Stratégie Nationale d’adaptation au changement climatique (2007) Rapport n°010178-01, Observatoire national sur les effets du réchauffement climatique (ONERC)
Articles
Neyret L (2015) La reconnaissance de la responsabilité climatique. Recueil Dalloz D. 2015:2278
Hautereau-Boutonnet M (2018) Quel droit pour sauver le climat ? [Rapport de recherche] Université Lyon 3 J. Moulin
Bétaille J (2018) « Climat dans la Constitution: les juristes dénoncent l’inefficience du projet de loi déposé », published in « Revue Droit de l’environnement » (cité dans Actu Environnement)
Cases
Conseil Constitutionnel
Conseil Constitutionnel, Décision n°2005-514 DC, Loi relative à la création du registre international français, 28 April 2005
Conseil Constitutionnel, Décision n°2008-564 DC, Loi relative aux organismes génétiquement modifiés, 19 June 2008
Conseil Constitutionnel, Décision n°2009-599 DC, Loi de finances pour 2010, 29 December 2009
Administrative Courts
Conseil d’Etat, CE, Association eau et rivière de Bretagne, n°282456, 19 June 2006
Cour Administrative d’Appel, Nantes, CAA Nantes, n°07NT03775, Ministre d’Etat, Ministre de l’Ecologie, de l’Énergie, du Développement durable et de la Mer c/ Association « Halte aux marées vertes », 1 December 2009
Cour Administrative d’Appel, Nantes, CAA Nantes, n°12NT00342, Ministre d’Etat, Ministre de l’Ecologie, de l’Énergie, du Développement durable et de la Mer c/ Commune de Tréduder, 23 March 2013
Cour Administrative d’Appel, Nantes, CAA Nantes, n°13NT01737, Ministre de l’écologie, du développement durable et de l’énergie c/ Département des Côtes d’Armor, 23 December 2014
Conseil d’Etat, CE, Association du quartier Les Hauts de Choiseul, n°328687, 19 July 2010
Conseil d’Etat, CE, Commune d’Annecy, n°297931, 3 October 2010
Conseil d’Etat, CE, Association Ban Asbestos France and others, n°351514, 26 February 2014
Conseil d’Etat, CE, Association coordination interrégionale Stop THT et autres, n°342409, 342569, 342689, 342740, 342748, 342821, 12 April 2013
Conseil d’Etat, CE, Fédération des entreprises du recyclage, n°360702, 12 June 2013
Conseil d’Etat, CE, Ass., Fédération nationale de la pêche en France, n°344522, 12 July 2013
Conseil d’Etat, CE, 12 July 2017, Association Les Amis de la Terre France, n°394254
Conseil d’Etat, CE, Commune de Villiers-le-Bâcle et autres - France Nature Environnement Ile-de-France et autres, nos 410917, 411030, 9 July 2018
Judicial Courts
Tribunal Correctionnel, Sables-d’Olonne, n°877-2014, 12 December 2014
Cour d’Appel, Poitiers, Chambre correctionnelle, n°16/00199, 4 April 2016
Cour de Cassation, Chambre criminelle, Crim., n°10-82.938, 25 September 2012
Cour de Cassation, Chambre criminelle, Crim., n°13-87.650, 22 March 2016
Newspapers
Aguila Y (22 June 2018a) « Inscrire le climat dans la Constitution ‘aura un impact réel’ », interviewed by Simon Roger for Le Monde Planète. doi: https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2018/06/22/inscrire-le-climat-dans-la-constitution-aura-un-impact-reel_5319569_3244.html
Aguila Y (3 July2018b) « L’Actualité au prisme du droit: Inscrire le climat à l’article 1er de la Constitution: quelles conséquences? », Le Club des Juristes. doi: http://blog.leclubdesjuristes.com/inscrire-le-climat-a-larticle-1er-de-la-constitution-quelles-consequences/
Websites
Climate Action Tracker (2019), https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/eu/last (for recent developments in the EU, French and other countries climate and energy policy)
Observatoire Climat Energie: où en est la France? (2017), https://www.observatoire-climat-energie.fr/tableau-de-bord/ (for a dashboard presenting the detail of the deviations from the objectives of the main indicators for the year 2017)
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Sarliève, M. (2021). Climate Change Legislation and Litigation in France: A Work in Progress. In: Sindico, F., Mbengue, M.M. (eds) Comparative Climate Change Litigation: Beyond the Usual Suspects. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 47. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46882-8_25
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