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Radiation in Space: The Physics

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Radiation in Space: Relevance and Risk for Human Missions

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Space Life Sciences ((BRIEFSSLS))

Abstract

The radiation field in space is highly variable in time and space. Different sources contribute to the total exposure. In interplanetary space, the field is dominated by the omni-present galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and sporadic solar particle events (SPE) can contribute. On the International Space Station (ISS) in low Earth orbit (LEO), on the other hand, the contribution of SPE can be neglected and GCR are modulated along the station’s trajectory due to the shielding effect of the geomagnetic field against charged particles. On planetary surfaces, for instance, on Mars, albedo particles from underground and secondary particles from interactions with the atmosphere, if present, are added to the radiation field. Secondary particles, especially neutrons, can contribute significantly to the exposure. In all cases, the field can be further modified by the potential shielding environment and the resulting particle fluxes lead to the exposure of humans under the given conditions. The exposure is calculated as the energy deposition in tissue weighted with corresponding quality factors or relative biological effectiveness and organ weighting factors. In most cases, if measured, the dose rate is determined from the energy deposition in silicon detectors and corresponding corrections have to be applied to estimate the dose in tissue. Additionally, self-shielding of the body has to be taken into account if organ doses are determined.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Biology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Christine E. Hellweg, Daniel Matthiä, Thomas Berger & Christa Baumstark-Khan

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Hellweg, C.E., Matthiä, D., Berger, T., Baumstark-Khan, C. (2020). Radiation in Space: The Physics. In: Radiation in Space: Relevance and Risk for Human Missions. SpringerBriefs in Space Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46744-9_2

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