Abstract
In this second chapter, we will conduct an analysis explaining how Migration Law is seen, both under Brazilian Law and EU Law, including some elements of German Migration Law. The main goal of this chapter is to identify—through Comparative Law—the differences regarding treatment given to the subject in these juridical orders. The reason for this comparison relies on the fact that, depending on the juridical order in which Migration Law is inserted, several names and different types of conduct can be attributed to the same social phenomenon, namely migration. This chapter tries to prove that, depending on the classification given to Migration Law, the phenomenon of migration can be seen from a perspective which—not always—fits to the necessities of migrants, but to the necessities of the host States.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The social, political and legal constructions of migration are also analyzed and discussed by Bast (2011). According to the author, the legal migration management concurs with various perspectives, including cultural and economic ones.
- 2.
- 3.
Following Tiburcio’s definition, see: Cahali (2011, p. 26).
- 4.
- 5.
Bill Ong Hing presents a multi-stepped approach towards immigrants and goes beyond this abovementioned negative approach, in which the immigrant is firstly labeled a problem through demonization. Afterwards, the immigrant is dehumanized, until at last his or her actions can be criminalized, see Hing (1998, p. 81). Based on Norbert Elias’s studies, Rosalina Campos uses the sociology of migration to explain the rejection of the outsiders. Campos presents different grades of foreignness, which depend on the power relations between the host society and the group of foreigners, see: Campos (2011). See also: Booth (1997).
- 6.
A free translation of this extract into English has been made by the author: (1) persons who freely choose to leave their place of residence for economic, family or other reasons, and settle in another region, in another place, in their own country; (2) migrants who, for the same reasons stated above, move to another country; (3) internally displaced people, i.e., people who are compelled to leave their place/region of residence and seek refuge in another part of their own country [...]; and (4) refugees, who are forced to find protection abroad because they suffer from persecution or expulsion.
- 7.
Hanlon and Vicino (2014, p. 5) draw attention to the fact that “in many cases the official statistics on migration do not include people who have entered a foreign country without the required legal documentation”. That means that many official statistics might not have registered the so-called illegal or irregular migrants.
- 8.
Throughout this work, the term “migration”, combined with the expression “movement of people” will be the two most used words to refer to human mobility.
- 9.
Still, this definition cannot be considered as a complete one, because it is necessary to distinguish natural disasters from environmental disasters. According to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), a natural hazard refers to a “natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.”, see UNISDR (2009, p. 20). Therefore, the environmental disaster may occur either as the result of a natural disaster or as a disaster caused by a human being. Both of them result in a negative impact in the environment.
- 10.
The entire text of the Geneva Convention, including its protocol, is available via http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.
- 11.
According to Betts (2010, p. 12), the refugee protection through the Geneva Convention should be understood as a succession of the Second World War.
- 12.
The 1951 Convention has given the State Parties the possibility of limiting their obligations under the Convention to those who would become refugees as a result of events occurring in Europe (the so-called geographical limitation). In order to learn more about the development of the definition of refugee under the Geneva Convention, see: Marugg (1990, p. 149) and Morticelli et al. (2016).
- 13.
In this sense, see also: Tiburcio and Albuquerque (2015, p. 230). The present work does not focus on the definition or on the explanation for the well-founded fear of being persecuted. Besides the above-cited authors, there are also many other ones who give further details on this issue, such as: Hailbronner (2014, p. 380) and Marx (2012, p. 12).
- 14.
Including civil wars.
- 15.
Art. 1 (2) of the Organisation of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government at its Sixth Ordinary Session, in Addis-Ababa, 10 Sept 1969) is available via http://www.unhcr.org/about-us/background/45dc1a682/oau-convention-governing-specific-aspects-refugee-problems-africa-adopted.html.
- 16.
The massive flow of Haitians to Brazil can be considered as an interesting case involving people fleeing from natural catastrophes. In order to explore more this subject, see: Godoy (2011).
- 17.
The whole text of the Cartagena Declaration is available via http://www.unhcr.de/fileadmin/rechtsinfos/fluechtlingsrecht/1_international/1_1_voelkerrecht/1_1_5/FR_int_vr_Cart-Declaration.pdf.
- 18.
In order to study this crisis in the Central America during that time, see: Marugg (1990, pp. 176–179).
- 19.
- 20.
Even though the Cartagena Declaration lacks binding power, it offered guidelines for practice and some of its recommendations were taken into consideration in some Latin American States. This was, for example, the case of Brazil. Art. 1, III, of Law n. 9.474, from July 22nd 1997 (Brazilian Refugee Law) has defined a refugee as a person who has suffered a massive violation of human rights:
Art. 1° Será reconhecido como refugiado todo indivíduo que: I - devido a fundados temores de perseguição por motivos de raça, religião, nacionalidade, grupo social ou opiniões políticas encontre-se fora de seu país de nacionalidade e não possa ou não queira acolher-se à proteção de tal país;
II - não tendo nacionalidade e estando fora do país onde antes teve sua residência habitual, não possa ou não queira regressar a ele, em função das circunstâncias descritas no inciso anterior;
III - devido a grave e generalizada violação de direitos humanos, é obrigado a deixar seu país de nacionalidade para buscar refúgio em outro país.
The Brazilian Refugee Law is available in Portuguese via http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L9474.htm. Further information about the definition criteria of Brazil, see: Jubilut (2006, p. 26).
- 21.
This does not mean, however, that we ignore the fact that the legally binding nature of the Geneva Convention’s non-refoulement clause (Art. 33) serves as a crucial limit on a state’s sovereign decision on the entry of a foreigner.
- 22.
However, Hathaway and Neve (1997, p. 117) believe that “Governments have regularly endorsed the importance of international solidarity and burden sharing, but collectivized efforts to date have been ad hoc and usually insufficient”.
- 23.
In fact, in October 2016, the UNHCR officially committed to further strengthening international cooperation and solidarity and equitable responsibility and burden sharing in relation to refugee protection, see the Conclusion of the Executive Committee No. 112(LXVII) 2016 on international cooperation from a protection and solutions perspective, 6 October 2016, available via http://www.refworld.org/docid/57f7b5f74.html.
- 24.
American English is the English adopted in the present work. British spelling, grammar and vocabulary are used solely in cases in which a source written in British English is directly quoted.
- 25.
Conclusion of the Executive Committee No. 112(LXVII) 2016 on international cooperation from a protection and solutions perspective, 6 October 2016, available via http://www.refworld.org/docid/57f7b5f74.html.
- 26.
On the historical explanation of the differentiations made between refugee and migrants, see: Long (2013).
- 27.
On cosmopolitanism and cosmopolitan right, see: Kleingeld (2012).
- 28.
One of the reasons for that is that the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees does not present a fixed and common definition of “forced” migrants/refugees and cannot be homogenously applied by all State Parties of the Convention. For more details, see: Morticelli et al. (2018).
- 29.
Even though we do not agree with the terminology “foreigner”, as explained in Sect. 2.1 above, this expression will be used whenever the Brazilian legislation will be cited, as it is a translation from the word in Portuguese estrangeiro, used nowadays in many of the Brazilian laws that are being cited in the present work.
- 30.
- 31.
In Portuguese: condição jurídica do estrangeiro, see: Tiburcio (2015, p. 9).
- 32.
Bevilaqua agrees with Antoine Pillet’s doctrine, see: Bevilaqua (1934, p. 122).
- 33.
Octavio understands that conflicts of law may arise due to the fact that foreigners are able to exercise rights inside a particular territory.
- 34.
The entire text of the Bustamante Code both in Spanish and Portuguese is available via http://legis.senado.gov.br/legislacao/ListaTextoSigen.action?norma=435904&id=14421668&idBinario=15693455&mime=application/rtf.
- 35.
Artículo 1. Los extranjeros que pertenezean [sic] a cualquiera de los Estados contratantes gozan, en el territorio de los demás, de los mismos derechos civiles que se concedan a los nacionales.
Cada Estado contratante puede, por razones de orden público, rehusar o subordinar a condiciones especiales el ejercicio de ciertos derechos civiles a los nacionales de los demás y cualquiera de esos Estados puede, en tales casos, rehusar o subordinar a condiciones especiales el mismo ejercicio a los nacionales del primero.
Artículo 2. Los extranjeros que pertenezcan a cualquira [sic] de los Estados contratantes gozarán asimismo en el territorio de los demás de garantías individuales idénticas a las de los nacionales, salvo las limitaciones que en cada uno establezean [sic] la Constitución y las leyes.
Las garantías individuales idénticas no se extienden, salvo disposición especial de la legislación interior, al desempeño de funciones públicas, al derecho de sufragio y a otros derechos políticos.
- 36.
Samtleben’s work carefully analyses the Bustamante Code and provides a complete Private International Law approach on its text.
- 37.
Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, the United States and Uruguay did not approve the Bustamante Code. The Commonwealth of the Bahamas deposited an instrument of accession to the Bustamante Code on 23 January 2017, albeit with reservations, and the Code came into force in the Bahamas within 30 days after the adhesion. For more details, see: http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/newsletter_%20Inter-American_Treaties_Bustamante_Code_Bahamas_Jan-2017.html.
- 38.
For a full explanation about the Bustamante Code, see Dolinger and Tiburcio (2016, pp. 65–69).
- 39.
In accordance with these four main scopes of Private International Law, see: Batiffol and Lagarde (1993, p. 17), Mayer and Heuzé (2014, p. 675) and Pillet (1903, p. 27). Some French authors prefer to exclude nationality and the legal status of foreigners from Private International Law studies, even though they recognize these four objects as traditional ones. This is the case of Horatia Muir Watt and Dominique Bureau. Both internationalists considered these two topics too instable and decided not to include them in their Private International Law studies, as there is no consensus about their legal nature in many countries. In this regard, see: Bureau and Muir Watt (2010, p. 4). Nevertheless, it must be stated that the classification of the subject as a Private International Law object of study is also controversial even in France. See this discussion and some decisions about it in: Audit and d’Avout (2013, p. 63).
- 40.
André de Carvalho Ramos also refers to the French school of Private International Law as the one which works with the broadest concept, including the study of: conflict of laws; international jurisdiction; recognition and enforcement of foreign legal judgements; nationality; and the legal status of the foreigners. The author mentions that this enlarged object of study of Private International Law is the one used by the Faculty of Law of the University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil. For further information, see: Ramos (2018, p. 24).
- 41.
Panamanian Law has brought the same thought. In 2015, in the Republic of Panama, a Private International Law Code came into force. With 163 articles, the Code regulates the Panamanian nationality as a connecting factor, allowing, therefore, the Panamanian judge to consider the nationality of the person when determining the applicable law in a Private International Law case. The Panamanian Private International Law Code shall also govern the legal status of the foreigners in relation to the rules which regulate the status of the emigrants of the Republic of Panama, i.e., the rights which have been acquired outside the territory of the Republic of Panama. Additionally, the Code of Private International Law, in its article 29, also considers the rights of the foreigners within Panamanian territory. According to the Code, Panamanians and foreigners should be treated equally. See: Código de Derecho Internacional Privado de la República de Panamá. Gaceta Oficial Digital, CXIV/ N° 27885-A, available via https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/27885_A/GacetaNo_27885a_20151008.pdf.
- 42.
All legal provisions of the European Union Migration Law will be scrutinized in the following chapters.
- 43.
Especially after the so-called “refugee crisis”: Oppermann et al. (2016, pp. 18–20).
- 44.
For a systematic explanation on the migration crisis in the European Union, see: Borg-Barthet and Lyons (2016).
- 45.
- 46.
For an in-depth study regarding the European Union’s supranationalism, see: Fremuth (2010).
- 47.
- 48.
The Treaty is available via http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:C:2012:326:TOC.
- 49.
For a detailed explanation about the history of German Migration Law, see: Renner (1998).
- 50.
More on this subject can be found in Sect. 5.1 of this book.
- 51.
Its official name is Gesetz zur Steuerung und Begrenzung der Zuwanderung und zur Regelung des Aufenthalts und der Integration von Unionsbürgern und Ausländern (Zuwanderungsgesetz).
- 52.
- 53.
About connecting rules, see: Dolinger and Tiburcio (2016, pp. 309–313).
- 54.
Mankowski (2017, pp. 40–49) explains how Private International Law reacts when new categories of migrants are established. He also recognizes the great influence of PIL when determining the rights of migrants inside the territory of a country, through the connecting rules.
- 55.
See: Jessup (1956).
- 56.
In the same sense see: Teubner (1996, p. 258).
- 57.
For more details on the expression Weltrecht and its constitutional law character, see: Kotzur (2008, pp. 191–196).
- 58.
For a deep explanation about hospitality in Kant, see: Baker (2011).
References
Araújo LIA (1990) Introdução ao Direito Internacional Privado. Revista dos Tribunais, São Paulo
Araujo N (2016) Direito Internacional Privado. Teoria e Prática Brasileira [Adobe Digital Editions version]. Revolução eBook, Porto Alegre
Audit B, d’Avout L (2013) Droit International Privé. Economica, Paris
Avbelj M, Komárek J (2008) Four visions of constitutional pluralism. Eur Const Law Rev 4(3):524–527
Baker G (2011) Right of entry or right of refusal? Hospitality in the law of nature and nations. Rev Int Stud 37(3):1423–1445
Bast J (2011) Aufenthaltsrecht und Migrationssteuerung. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen
Batiffol H, Lagarde P (1993) Traité de Droit International Privé. Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, Paris
Bedford R (2012) Contemporary patterns of international migration. In: Opeskin B, Perruchoud R, Redpath-Cross J (eds) Foundations of international migration law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 17–55
Benda-Beckmann F, Benda-Beckmann K, Griffiths A (2004) Mobile people, mobile law: an introduction. In: Benda-Beckmann F, Benda-Beckmann K, Griffiths A (eds) Mobile people, mobile law – expanding legal relations in a contracting world. Ashgate, Farnham, pp 1–25
Betts A (2010) The refugee regime complex. Refugee Surv Q 1(29):12–37
Bevilaqua C (1934) Princípios Elementares de Direito Internacional Privado. Editora Freitas Bastos, Rio de Janeiro
Booth W (1997) Insiders, outsiders and the ethics of membership. Rev Polit 59(2):259–292
Borg-Barthet J, Lyons C (2016) The European Union migration crisis. Edinb Law Rev 20(2):230–235
Bull HP, Mehde V (2015) Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht mit Verwaltungslehre. C. F. Müller, Heidelberg
Bureau D, Muir Watt H (2010) Droit international privé. Tome I. Partie general. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris
Byrd BS, Hruschka J (2011) Kant’s Doctrine of right. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Cahali YS (2011) Estatuto do Estrangeiro. Editora Revista dos Tribunais, São Paulo
Calliess G-P (2004) Transnationales Verbrauchervertragsrecht. Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht (RabelsZ) 68(2):244–287
Campos RA (2011) De los outsiders de Norbert Elias y de otros extraños en el campo de la sociología de las migraciones. Papers – Revista de Sociología 96(2):375–387
Clarke C (2011) The EU and migration. A call for action. Centre for European Reform, London
Craig P (2012) Subsidiarity: a political and legal analysis. J Common Mark Stud 50(S1):72–87
Dashwood A, Dougan M, Rodger B, Spaventa E, Wyatt D (2011) Wyatt and Daschwood’s European Union law. Hart Publishing, Oxford
Dauvergne C (2008) Making people illegal: what globalization means for migration and law. Cambridge University Press, New York
de Campos JM, de Campos JLM (2010) Manual de Direito Europeu. Wolters Kluwer Portugal/Coimbra Editora, Coimbra
DEMIG (2015) DEMIG POLICY, version 1.3, Online Edition. International Migration Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford. Available via www.migrationdeterminants.eu
Detterbeck S (2013) Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht: mit Verwaltungsprozessrecht. C. H. Beck, München
Dolinger J (2009) Direito e Amor. Renovar, Rio de Janeiro
Dolinger J (2012) Private international law in Brazil. Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn
Dolinger J, Tiburcio C (2016) Direito Internacional Privado – Parte Geral e Processo Internacional. Forense, Rio de Janeiro
Ederveen S, Gelauff G, Pelkmans J (2008) Assessing subsidiarity. In: Gelauff G, Grilo I, Lejour A (eds) Subsidiarity and economic reform in Europe. Springer, Berlin, pp 19–40
Ehlers D (2016) Verwaltung und Verwaltungsrecht im demokratischen und sozialen Rechtsstaat. In: Ehlers D, Pünder H (eds) Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, pp 1–254
Erbguth W (2014) Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht – mit Verwaltungsprozess- und Staatshaftungsrecht. Nomos, Baden-Baden
Fan M (2014) The law of immigration and crime. In: Bucerius SM, Tonry M (eds) Ethnicity, crime, and immigration. Oxford University Press, New York
Fausto B (2002) História do Brasil. Edusp, São Paulo
Favell A (2006) The nation-centered perspective. In: Giuni M, Passy F (eds) Dialogues on Migration Policy. Lexington Books, Oxford, pp 45–56
Fremuth ML (2010) Die Europäische Union auf dem Weg in die Supranationalität. Lit Verlag Dr. W Hopf, Münster
Garcia MPP (2015) Estrangeiro e migrante no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. In: Ramos AC (ed) Direito Internacional Privado: Questões controvertidas. Arraes Editores, Belo Horizonte, pp 150–163
Gillard E-C (2005) The role of international humanitarian law in the protection of internally displaced persons. Refug Surv Q 24(3):37–48
Godoy GG (2011) O caso dos haitianos no Brasil e a via da proteção humanitária complementar. In: Ramos A, Rodrigues G, de Almeida GA (eds) 60 anos de ACNUR: perspectivas de futuro. Editora CL-A Cultural, São Paulo, pp 45–68
Hailbronner K (2000) Immigration and asylum law and policy of the European Union. Kluwer Law International, The Hague
Hailbronner K (2014) Asyl- und Ausländerrecht. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart
Hailbronner K, Herzog-Schmidt J (2016) Council Directive 2009/50/EC of 25 May 2009 on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment. In: Hailbronner K, Thym D (eds) EU immigration and asylum law: a commentary. C.H. Beck/Hart/Nomos, München, pp 764–835
Hanlon B, Vicino TJ (2014) Global migration – the basics. Routledge, Abingdon
Harzig C, Hoerder D (2009) What is migration history? Polity Press, Cambridge
Hathaway JC (1991) The law of refugee status. Butterworths, Toronto
Hathaway JC, Neve RA (1997) Making international refugee law relevant again: a proposal for collectivized and solution-oriented protection. Harv Human Rights J 10:115–333
Herdegen M (2014) Europarecht. C. H. Beck, München
Hing BO (1998) The immigrant as criminal: punishing dreamers. Hast Women’s Law J 9(1):79–96
Hobe S (2014) Europarecht. Franz Vahlen, München
Huber B, Göbel-Zimmermann R (2008) Ausländer- und Asylrecht. C. H. Beck, München
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE (2003) Censo demográfico 2000 – migração e deslocamento. Resultados da amostra. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE (2012) Censo demográfico 2010 – nupcialidade, fecundidade e migração. Resultados da amostra. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro
Ipsen J (2015) Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht: mit Grundzügen des Verwaltungsprozessrechts. Vahlen, München
Jessup PC (1956) Transnational law. Yale University Press, New Haven
Jones FJ (2004) Human security and social development. Denver J Int Law Policy 33(1):92–103
Jubilut LL (2006) Refugee law and protection in Brazil: a model in South America? J Refug Stud 19(1):22–44
Kälin W, Künzli J (2008) Universeller Menschenrechtsschutz. Helbing Lichtenhahn, Basel
Kant I (1932) Perpetual peace. U.S. Library Association, Los Angeles
Kleingeld P (2012) Kant and cosmopolitanism: the philosophical ideal of world citizenship. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Kostakopoulou T (2000) The “protective union”: change and continuity in migration law and policy in post-Amsterdam Europe. J Common Mark Stud 38(3):497–518
Kotzur M (2008) Weltrechtliche Bezüge in Nationalen Verfassungstexten. Die Rezeption verfassungsstaatlicher Normen durch das Völkerrecht. Rechtstheorie 39:191–216
Kotzur M (2010) Toleranzdenken und internationale Ordnung. Überlegungen zur Systemrelevanz von Toleranz für das Völkerrecht. Archiv des Völkerrechts 48(2):163–188
Long K (2013) When refugees stopped being migrants: movement, labour and humanitarian protection. Migr Stud 1(1):4–26
Lopes CMS (2009) Direito de Imigração. O estatuto do Estrangeiro em uma Perspectiva de Direitos Humanos. Nuria Fabris Editora, Porto Alegre
Lucassen J, Lucassen L (1997) Migration, migration history, history: old paradigms and new perspectives. In: Lucassen J, Lucassen L (eds) Migration, migration history, history: old paradigms and new perspectives. Peter Lang, Bern, pp 9–38
Maduro MP (2003) Las formas del poder Constitucional de la Unión Europea. Revista de estudios políticos 119(1):11–56
Mankowski P (2017) Die Reaktion des Internationalen Privatrechts auf neue Erscheinungsformen der Migration. Praxis des Internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrechts 37(1):40–49
Markard N (2012) Kriegsflüchtlinge – Gewalt gegen Zivilpersonen in bewaffneten Konflikten als Herausforderung für das Flüchtlingsrecht und den subsidiären Schutz. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen
Marmor A, Sarch A (2015) The nature of law. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosofy, Fall 2015 Edition, available via https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/lawphil-nature
Marugg M (1990) Völkerrechtliche Definitionen des Ausdruckes “Flüchtling”. Helbing & Lichtenhahn, Basel
Marx R (2012) Handbuch zum Flüchtlingsschutz: Erläuterungen zur Qualifikationsrichtlinie. Luchterhand, Köln
Marx R (2017) Aufenthalts-, Asyl- und Flüchtlingsrecht. Nomos, Baden-Baden
Massey DS, Taylor JE (2004) Back to the future: immigration research, immigration policy, and globalization in the twenty-first century. In: Massey DS, Taylor JE (eds) International migration – prospects and policies in a global market. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 373–388
Mayer P, Heuzé V (2014) Droit international privé. Lextenso Éditions, Issy-les-Moulineaux Cedex
Mello CA (2002) Curso de Direito Internacional Público. Renovar, Rio de Janeiro
Mengele H-P (1983) Ausländerrecht. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart
Morticelli A, Castro E, Sözen ÜS (2016) Is a refugee a refugee everywhere? A comparative study between Turkish, Italian and Brazilian law. In: Eroglu D, Cohen JH, Sirkeci I (eds) Turkish migration 2016 – selected papers. Transnational Press London, London, pp 6–14
Morticelli A, Castro E, Sözen ÜS (2018) The need of a new blueprint for refugees: a comparative case study. Archiv des Völkerrechts 56(2):173–201
Moses JW (2011) Migration in Europe. In: Tiersky R, Jones E (eds) Europe today: a twenty-first century introduction. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York, pp 371–397
Muthu S (2000) Justice and foreigners: Kant’s cosmopolitan right. Constellations 7(1):23–45
Nuscheler F (2004) Internationale Migration. Flucht und Asyl. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden
Octavio R (1942) Direito Internacional Privado – parte geral. Freitas Bastos, Rio de Janeiro
Oliveira AT (2015) O perfil geral dos imigrantes no Brasil a partir dos censos demográficos 2000 e 2010. Cadernos Obmigra – Revista Migrações Internacionais 1(2):48–73
Oppermann T, Classen CDC, Nettesheim M (2016) Europarecht – ein Studienbuch. C. H. Beck, München
Pallida S (2011) Racial criminalization of migrants in the 21st century. Advances in Criminology, Aldershot
Pillet AM (1903) Principes de Droit International Privé. Pedone Éditeur, Paris
Ramos AC (2016) Direito internacional privado e o direito transnacional: entre a unificação e a anarquia. Revista de Direito Internacional 13(2):504–520
Ramos AC (2018) Curso de Direito Internacional Privado. Saraiva Educação, São Paulo
Recchi E (2015) Mobile Europe – the theory and practice of free movement in the EU. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke
Rechsteiner BW (2012) Direito Internacional Privado: teoria e prática. Saraiva, São Paulo
Reinisch A, Fink M, Stifter L (2013) Österreichisches Handbuch des Völkerrechts. Manzsche Verlag und Universitätsbuchhandlung, Wien
Renner G (1998) Ausländerrecht in Deutschland. C. H. Beck, München
Rubio-Marín R (2014) Introduction: human rights and the citizen/non-citizen distinction revisited. Rubio-Marín, Ruth. Human rights and immigration. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 1–18
Samtleben J (1979) Internationales Privatrecht in Lateinamerika – Der Código Bustamante in Theorie und Praxis. Allgemeiner Teil. J. C. B. Mohr, Tübingen
Sartoretto LM (2018) Direito dos Refugiados: do eurocentrismo às abordagens de terceiro mundo. Arquipélago Editorial, Porto Alegre
Schachter O (1986) Philip’s Jessup’s life and ideas. Am J Int Law 80(4):878–895
Schroeder W (2015) Grundkurs Europarecht. C. H. Beck, München
Schuster L (2016) Unmixing migrants and refugees. In: Triandafyllidou A (ed) Routledge handbook of immigration and refugee studies. Routledge, Abingdon
Sirkeci I, Cohen JH (2016) Cultures of migration and conflict in contemporary human mobility in Turkey. Eur Rev 24(3):381–396
Skeldon R (2013) Global migration: demographic aspects and its relevance for development. Population division. Technical Paper No. 2013/6. United Nations, New York
Straubhaar T (1988) On the economics of international labor migration. Haupt, Stuttgart
Strenger I (1978) Curso de Direito Internacional Privado. Forense, Rio de Janeiro
Takle M (2012) The treaty of Lisbon and the European border control regime. J Contemp Eur Res 8(3):280–299
Tenório O (1970) Direito Internacional Privado, vol I. Biblioteca Jurídica Freitas Bastos, Rio de Janeiro
Teubner G (1996) Globale Bukowina. Zur Emergenz eines transnationalen Rechtspluralismus. Rechtshistorisches Journal 15:255–290
Tiburcio C (2001) The human rights of aliens under international and comparative law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague
Tiburcio C (2015) La Condition de l’étranger dans la Constitution Brésilienne de 1988. Panorama of Brazilian Law 3(3-4):9–37
Tiburcio C, Albuquerque F (2015) Algumas reflexões sobre o Tratamento do Estrangeiro no Brasil. In: Tiburcio C, Vasconcelos R, Menezes W (eds) Panorama do Direito Internacional Privado Atual e outros Temas Contemporâneos. Festschrift ao Professor Jacob Dolinger. Arraes, Belo Horizonte, pp 220–247
Trachtman JP (2009) The international law of economic migration: toward the fourth freedom. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo. Available via https://research.upjohn.org/up_press/14/
United Nations (2013) The number of international migrants worldwide reaches 232 million. Popul Facts 2013(2):1–4. Available via https://esa.un.org/unmigration/documents/The_number_of_international_migrants.pdf
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction – UNISDR (2009) 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. United Nations; United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Geneva
United Nations Statistics Division (1998) Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration Revision 1. United Nations, New York
Valdez I (2012) Perpetual what? Injury, sovereignty and a cosmopolitan view of immigration. Polit Stud 60(1):95–114
Valladão H (1974) Direito Internacional Privado – Em base histórica e comparativa, positiva e doutrinária, especialmente dos Estados americanos, vol I. Freitas Bastos, Rio de Janeiro
Veloso Leão A (2013) Public policy and media frames. The debate over migration in Brazil. Braz Polit Sci Rev 7(1):94–117
Zlotnik H (2004) Population growth and international migration. In: Massey DS, Taylor JE (eds) International migration – prospects and policies in a global market. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 15–34
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lana de Freitas Castro, E. (2020). On the Legal Nature of Migration Law in Brazil, Germany and the European Union. In: Transnational Law of Human Mobility. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46608-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46608-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-46607-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-46608-4
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)