Abstract
Acceptance of pregnancy includes intentions for pregnancy, desire for pregnancy, planned/unplanned pregnancy, timed/untimed pregnancy, and wanted/unwanted pregnancy. Factors associated with acceptance of pregnancy are explored: whether the pregnancy was planned and wanted, whether the gravida was happy versus depressed about being pregnant, the degree of discomforts experienced and how they were managed, reactions to bodily changes, and ambivalence near term. Correlates of unplanned and unwanted pregnancies include delays in obtaining prenatal care, poor maternal mental health during and after pregnancy, poor maternal–fetal attachment, poor relationship satisfaction, poor social support from one’s partner and family, poor mother–child relationship quality, and children with reduced mental and physical health as well as difficulties in school. Financial stability as a factor in acceptance of pregnancy is discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akiki, S., Avison, W. R., Speechley, K. N., & Campbell, M. K. (2016). Determinants of maternal antenatal state-anxiety in mid-pregnancy: Role of maternal feelings about the pregnancy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 196, 260–267.
Bailey, L., & Hailey, B. (1987). The psychological experience of pregnancy. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 16(3), 263–274.
Bassi, M., Fave, A. D., Cetin, I., Melchiorri, E., Pozzo, M., Vescovelli, F., & Ruini, C. (2017). Psychological well-being and depression from pregnancy to postpartum among primiparous and multiparous women. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 35(2), 183–195.
Beck, A. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Blake, S. M., Kiely, M., Gard, C. C., El-Mohandes, A. A., & El-Khorazaty, M. N. (2007). Pregnancy intentions and happiness among pregnant black women at high risk for adverse infant health outcomes. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39, 194–205.
Brown, G. W., Andrews, B., Harris, R., Adler, Z., & Bridge, L. (1986). Social support, self-esteem and depression. Psychological Medicine, 16, 813–831.
Brown, M. (1988). A comparison of health responses in expectant mothers and fathers. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 10, 527–549.
Caplan, G. (1959). Concepts of mental health and consultation. Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office.
Chang, S. R., Chao, Y. M. Y., & Kenney, N. J. (2006). I am a woman and I’m pregnant: Body image of women in Taiwan during the third trimester of pregnancy. Birth, 33, 147–153.
Cohan, C. L., Dunkel-Shetter, C., & Lydon, J. (1993). Pregnancy decision-making: Predictors of early stress and adjustment. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 17, 223–229.
Cohen, R. L. (1988). Developmental tasks of pregnancy and transition to parenthood: An approach to assessment. In R. L. Cohen (Ed.), Psychiatric consultation in childbirth settings: Parent- and child-oriented approaches (pp. 51–70). New York, NY: Plenum Medical Book.
Cutler, A., McNamara, B., Qasba, N., Kennedy, H. P., & Lundsberg, L. (2018). “I just don’t know”: An exploration of women’s ambivalence about a new pregnancy. Womens Health Issues, 28, 75–81.
Entwisle, D. R., & Doering, S. G. (1981). The first birth. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Facchinetti, F., Ottolini, F., Fazzio, M., Rigatelli, M., & Volpe, A. (2007). Psychosocial factors associated with preterm uterine contractions. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 391–394.
Fagley, N., Miller, P., & Sullivan, J. (1982). Stress, symptom proneness, and general adaptational distress during pregnancy. Journal of Human Stress, 8, 15–22.
Fathalla, M. F. (2007). Health and being a mother in the twenty-first century. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 98, 195–199.
Finer, L. B., & Zolna, M. R. (2014). Shifts in intended and unintended pregnancies in the United States, 2001–2008. Research and Practice, 104(S1), S43–S48.
Finer, L. B., & Zolna, M. R. (2016). Declines in unintended pregnancy in the United States, 2008–2011. New England Journal of Medicine, 374, 843–852.
Flapan, M. (1969). A paradigm for the analysis of childbearing motivations of women prior to birth of the first child. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 39, 402–417.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206.
Gariepy, A. M., Lundsberg, L. S., Miller, D., Stanwood, N. L., & Yonkers, K. A. (2016). Are pregnancy planning and pregnancy timing associated with maternal psychiatric illness, psychological distress and support during pregnancy? Journal of Affective Disorders, 205, 87–94.
Georgas, J., Giakoumaki, E., Georgoulias, N., Koumandakis, E., & Kaskarelis, D. (1984). Psychosocial stress and its relation to obstetrical complications. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 41, 200–206.
Goossens, J., Van Den Branden, Y., Van der Sluys, L., Delbaere, I., Van Hecke, A., Verhaeghe, S., & Beeckman, D. (2016). The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy ending in birth, associated factors, and health outcomes. Human Reproduction, 31, 2821–2833.
Green, R. T. (1973). Perceived styles of mother–daughter relationship and the prenatal adjustment of the primigravida. Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University, Washington, DC. Dissertation Abstracts International (University Microfilms No. 73–25, 094).
Grossman, F. K., Eichler, L. S., & Winickoff, S. A. (1980). Pregnancy, birth, and parenthood. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Guzzo, K. B., & Hayford, S. R. (2011). Fertility following an unintended first birth. Demography, 39, 1493–1516.
Guzzo, K. B., & Hayford, S. R. (2012). Unintended fertility and the stability of coresidential relationships. Social Science Research, 41, 1138–1151.
Haedt, A., & Keel, P. (2007). Maternal attachment, depression, and body dissatisfaction in pregnant women. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 25, 285–295.
Heinicke, C. (1984). The role of pre-birth parent characteristics in early family development. Child Abuse and Neglect, 8, 169–181.
Ipsa, J. M., Sable, M. R., Porter, N., & Csizmadia, A. (2007). Pregnancy acceptance, parenting stress and toddler attachment in low income black families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 1–13.
Johnson, S., Burrows, A., & Williamson, I. (2004). Does my bump look big in this? The meaning of bodily changes for first-time mother-to-be. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(3), 361–374.
Kalil, K. M., Gruber, J. E., Conley, J., & Sytniac, M. (1993). Social and family pressures on anxiety, and stress during pregnancy. Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal, 8, 113–118.
Kazmierczak, M., & Goodwin, R. (2011). Pregnancy and body image in Poland: Gender roles and self-esteem during the third trimester. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29(4), 334–342.
Kiloh, L. G., Andrews, G., Bianchi, G. N., & Neilson, M. (1972). On studying depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 6, 85–93.
Kirgis, C. A., Woolsey, D. B., & Sullivan, J. J. (1977). Predicting infant Apgar scores. Nursing Research, 26, 439–442.
Klein, H. R., Potter, H. W., & Dyk, R. B. (1950). Anxiety in pregnancy and childbirth. New York, NY: Hoeber.
Klerman, L. V. (2000). The intendedness of pregnancy: A concept in transition. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 4, 155–162.
Kuo, S., Wang, R., Tseng, H., Jian, S., & Chou, F. (2007). A comparison of different severities of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy relative to stress, social support, and maternal adaptation. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 52, E1–E7.
Lawrence, E., Rothman, A. D., Cobb, R. J., Rothman, M. T., & Bradbury, T. N. (2008). Marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 46–51.
Lindberg, L., Maddow-Zimet, I., Kost, K., & Lincoln, A. (2015). Pregnancy intentions and maternal and child health: An analysis of longitudinal data in Oklahoma. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 19, 1087–1096.
Lips, H. (1984). Personality and attitude variables of women and their spouses as predictors of women’s experience of pregnancy. Zentralblatt Fur Gynakologie, 106, 1325–1337.
Lips, H. (1985). A longitudinal study of the reporting of emotional and somatic symptoms during and after pregnancy. Social Science and Medicine, 21, 631–640.
Logan, C., Holcombe, E., Manlove, J., & Ryan, S. (2007). The consequences of unintended childbearing: A white paper. Washington, DC: Child Trends and The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy.
Lubin, B., Gardener, S. H., & Roth, A. (1975). Mood and somatic symptoms during pregnancy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 37, 136–146.
May, V. (2008). On being a good mother: The moral presentation of self in written life stories. Sociology, 42(3), 470–486.
Messer, L. C., Dole, N., Kaufman, J. S., & Savitz, D. A. (2005). Pregnancy intendedness, maternal psychosocial factors and preterm birth. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 9, 403–412.
Najman, J. M., Morrison, J., Williams, S., Anderson, M., & Keeping, D. J. (1991). The mental health outcomes of women six months after they give birth to an unwanted baby: A longitudinal study. Social Science and Medicine, 32, 241–247.
Nash, M. (2012) Making postmodern mothers: Pregnant embodiment, baby bumps and body image. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Nelson, J. A., & O’Brien, M. (2012). Does an unplanned pregnancy have long term implications for mother–child relationships? Journal of Family Issues, 33, 506–526.
Ossa, X., Bustos, L., & Fernandez, L. (2012). Prenatal attachment and associated factors during the third trimester of pregnancy in Temuco, Chile. Midwifery, 28, e689–e696.
Peacock, N. R., Kelley, M. A., Carpenter, C., Davis, M., Burnett, G., Chavez, N., et al. (2001). Pregnancy discovery and acceptance among low-income primiparous women: A multicultural exploration. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 26, 177–190.
Pohlman, E. (1969). The psychology of birth planning. Cambridge, MA: Shenkman.
Pohlman, E. W. (1968). Changes from rejection to acceptance of pregnancy. Social Science and Medicine, 2, 337–340.
Rajan, S., Morgan, S. P., Harris, K. M., Guilkey, D., Hayford, S. R., & Guzzo, K. B. (2017). Trajectories of Unintended Fertility. Population Research and Policy Review, 36(6), 903–928.
Reading, A., Cox, D., Sledmere, C., & Campbell, S. (1984). Psychological changes over the course of pregnancy: A study of attitudes toward the fetus/neonate. Health Psychology, 3, 211–221.
Sable, M. R. (2007, January). Are childbearing motivations and pregnancy wantedness related to a toddler’s subsequent attachment? [Abstract]. Society for social work and research conference, bridging disciplinary boundaries, San Francisco, CA.
Sable, M. R., & Libbus, M. K. (2000). Pregnancy intention and pregnancy happiness: Are they different? Maternal Child Health Journal, 4, 191–196.
Saleem, H. T., & Surkan, P. J. (2014). Parental pregnancy wantedness and child social-emotional development. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18, 930–938.
Sevón, E. (2005). Timing motherhood: Experiencing and narrating the choice to become a mother. Feminism and Psychology, 15, 461–482.
Shereshefsky, P. M., & Yarrow, L. J. (Eds.). (1973). Psychological aspects of a first pregnancy and early postnatal adaptation. New York, NY: Raven.
Sipsma, H., Divney, A. A., Niccolai, L. M., Gorndon, D., Magriples, U., & Kershaw, T. S. (2012). Pregnancy desire among a sample of young couples who are expecting a baby. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 44(4), 244–251.
Talmon, A., & Ginzburg, K. (2018). Who does this body belong to? The development and psychometric evaluation of the body experience during pregnancy scale. Body Image, 26, 19–28.
Trad, P. (1991). Adaptation to developmental transformations during various phases of motherhood. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 19, 403–421.
Weis, K. L. (2006). Maternal identity formation in a military sample: A longitudinal perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
Weis, K. L., Walker, K. C., Chan, W., Yuan, T. T., & Lederman, R. P. (2019). Risk of preterm birth and infant low birthweight in military with increased pregnancy-specific anxiety. Military Medicine. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz399.
Wenner, N. K., Cohen, M. B., Weigert, E. V., Kvarnes, R. G., Ohaneson, E. M., & Fearing, J. M. (1969). Emotional problems in pregnancy. Psychiatry, 32, 389–410.
Wildsmith, E., Guzzo, K., & Hayford, S. R. (2010). Repeat unintended, unwanted and seriously mistimed childbearing in the United States. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 42, 14–22.
Young, I. (1984). Pregnant embodiment: Subjectivity and alienation. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 9, 45–62.
Zemlick, M. J., & Watson, R. I. (1953). Maternal attitudes of acceptance and rejection during and after pregnancy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 23, 570–584.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lederman, R.P., Weis, K.L. (2020). Acceptance of Pregnancy. In: Psychosocial Adaptation to Pregnancy . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45738-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45738-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-45737-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-45738-9
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)