Abstract
Increase in human populations, massive industrialization, excess use of automobiles, unsatisfied human nature, and extreme energy requirements for both domestic and commercial life are the main causes of pollution. As a result, toxic effluents and gases such as carbon monoxides, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxides are released. Treatment plants for the purification of toxic effluents and many detection techniques are in existence, but the detection and purification of toxic gases are major concerns for scientists and environmentalists. Further, detection of biological compounds is an another critical issue for biologists and chemists. Nanomaterials as used in nanotechnology provide the only large developments that can resolve both issues. In this chapter, we review toxic gas sensors and biosensors as reported in previous years.
In toxic gas sensing, researchers doing very good work: examples include Vetter et al. (2015), who synthesized p-type semiconducting cobalt oxide (Co3O4) to carbon monoxide (CO) gas in detection at low ppm concentrations by CO adsorption at 473 K. Zhang et al. (2018) fabricated stable H2S sensors based on ZnO-carbon nanofibers prepared from 30.34 wt% carbon by the electrospinning route and annealing treatment. H2S sensors show excellent selectivity and a nearly constant response of 40–20 ppm H2S over 60 days. Liu et al. (2018) synthesized copper oxide (CuO) film on porous zinc oxide (ZnO) by the electrodeposition process. The composite sensor as prepared showed higher response of 11.73 to NOx at room temperature, a time of 11.5 s at 100 ppm, and a detection limit at 0.5 ppm.
Similarly, in the area of biosensors, Lei et al. (2019) developed a novel metal xenon/Prussian blue composite biomarker for detection of glucose and lactate, for example, in sweat. Lee et al. (2019) developed a photochemical biosensor (cadmium sulfide quantum dots coated with 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid) for the analysis of pyrophosphatase (PPase). This biosensor has excellent sensitivity for PPase in the range from 0.8 to 5000 mU, with a limit of detection of 0.41 mU.
With these advances in research in modern science and technology for significant problems, such as gas sensors and biosensors, we hope that researchers will definitely be encouraged to achieve the best solutions and technique and overcome these environmental problems.
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Abbreviations
- °C:
-
Degree Celsius (temperature)
- μÅ:
-
Micro-angstrom
- C2H5OH:
-
Ethanol
- C3H8 :
-
Propane
- cm:
-
Centimetre
- CNF:
-
Carbon nanofiber
- CNTs:
-
Carbon nanotubes
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- Co3O4 :
-
Cobalt oxide
- CuO:
-
Copper oxide
- CZC:
-
CuO/ZnO composite
- FET:
-
Field effect transistor
- H2 :
-
Hydrogen
- H2S:
-
Hydrogen sulfide
- K:
-
Kelvin (temperature)
- mm:
-
Millimetre
- MOF:
-
Metal–organic framework
- MoTe2 :
-
Molybdenum ditelluride
- MWCNT:
-
Multi-walled carbon nanotube
- Nb2O5 :
-
Niobium pentoxide
- N-DWCNTs:
-
Nitrogen-doped double-walled carbon nanotubes
- NiO:
-
Nickel oxide
- NO2 :
-
Nitrogen dioxide
- NWs:
-
Nanowires
- Pd:
-
Palladium
- Pd/ZnO:
-
Palladium on zinc oxide
- PdO:
-
Palladium oxide
- PPase:
-
Pyrophosphatase
- ppm:
-
Parts per million
- Pt:
-
Platinum
- s:
-
Second
- SWCN:
-
Single-walled carbon nanotube
- SWNT:
-
Single-walled nanotube
- TONTs:
-
Tin dioxide nanocrystalline tubes
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- WO3 :
-
Tungsten oxide
- ZnO:
-
Zinc oxide
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Fegade, U. (2020). Toxic Gas Sensors and Biosensors. In: Inamuddin, Asiri, A. (eds) Nanosensor Technologies for Environmental Monitoring. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45116-5_3
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