Abstract
For most of human history, the heart was the essence of life; yet, it would take centuries before its electrical signals were recorded. In this chapter, the author discusses the recording of the electrocardiogram (ECG), and nearly 60 years later in 1967, the development of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart (PES) by Dr. Dirk Durrer and associates in Holland and, simultaneously, by Dr. Phillipe Coumel and his group in France. In 1969, Dr. Scherlag and Dr. Anthony N. Damato and coworkers described a catheter technique to record a His bundle electrogram at the USPHS hospital in Staten Island, NY. These two pioneering studies would usher a new specialty in cardiovascular medicine that of clinical cardiac electrophysiology. The author also discusses the initial contributions to the field focusing on two schools of thought: The Anthony N. Damato and The Dutch School of Cardiac Electrophysiology, as well as the contributions of several pioneers in clinical and basic electrophysiology.
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Kosowsky BD, Scherlag BJ, Damato AN. Re-evaluation of the atrial contribution to ventricular function: study using his bundle pacing. Am J Cardiol. 1968;21(4):518–24.
Helfant RH, Ricciutti MA, Scherlag BJ, Damato AN. Effect of diphenylhydantoin sodium (dilantin) on myocardial A-V potassium difference. Am J Phys. 1968;214(4):880–4.
Helfant RH, Scherlag BJ, Damato AN. The contrasting effects of diphenylhydantoin and procaine amide on A-V conduction in the digitalis-intoxicated and the normal heart. Am Heart J. 1968;75(2):200–5.
Haft JI, Lau SH, Stein E, Kosowsky BD, Damato AN. Atrial fibrillation produced by atrial stimulation. Am Heart J. 1968;75(2):200–5.
Helfant RH, Scherlag BJ, Damato AN. Use of diphenylhydantoin sodium to dissociate the effects of procainamide on automaticity and conduction in the normal and arrhythmic heart. Am Heart J. 1968;75(6):736–42.
Kosowsky BD, Haft JI, Lau SH, Stein E, Damato AN. The effects of digitalis on atrioventricular conduction in man. Am H Journal. 1968;75:736.
Damato AN, Lau SH, Helfant RH, et al. Study of atrioventricular conduction in man using electrode catheter recordings of his bundle activity. Circulation. 1969;39(3):287–96.
Damato AN, Lau SH, Helfant R, et al. A study of heart block in man using his bundle recordings. Circulation. 1969;39(3):297–305.
Damato AN, Lau SH, Berkowitz WD, Rosen KM, Lisi KR. Recording of specialized conducting fibers (A-V nodal, his bundle, and right bundle branch) in man using an electrode catheter technic. Circulation. 1969;39(4):435–47.
Cohen SI, Lau SH, Scherlag BJ, Damato AN. Alternate patterns of premature ventricular excitation during induced atrial bigeminy. Circulation. 1969;39(6):819–29.
Damato AN, Lau SH, Patton RD, Steiner C. Berkowitz WD a study of atrioventricular conduction in man using premature atrial stimulation and his bundle recordings. Circulation. 1969;40(1):61–9.
Lau SH, Damato AN, Berkowitz WD, Patton RD. A study of atrioventricular conduction in atrial fibrillation and flutter in man using his bundle recordings. Circulation. 1969;40(1):71–8.
Damato AN. Diphenylhydantoin: pharmacological and clinical use. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1969;12(1):1–15.
Patton RD, Patton E, Stein E, Damato AN. Large doses of procainamide for paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. JAMA. 1969;209(8):1221–2.
Damato AN, Lau SH. His bundle rhythm. Circulation. 1969;40(4):527–34.
Rosen KM, Lau SH, Damato AN. Simulation of atrial flutter by rapid coronary sinus pacing. Am Heart J. 1969;78(5):635–42.
Berkowitz WD, Wit AL, Lau SH, Steiner C, Damato AN. The effects of propranolol on cardiac conduction. Circulation. 1969;40(6):855–62.
Lau SH, Damato AN. Mechanisms of A-V block. Cardiovasc Clin. 1970;2(2):49–68.
Damato AN, Berkowitz WD, Patton RD, Lau SH. The effect of diphenylhydantoin on atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in man. Am Heart J. 1970;79(1):51–6.
Rosen KM, Lau SH, Weiss MB, Damato AN. The effect of lidocaine on atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in man. Am J Cardiol. 1970;25(1):1–5.
Mirowski M, Lau SH, Bobb GA, Steiner C, Damato AN. Studies on left atrial automaticity in dogs. Circ Res. 1970;26(3):317–25.
Damato AN, Lau SH, Bobb GA. Studies on ventriculo-atrial conduction and the reentry phenomenon. Circulation. 1970;41(3):423–35.
Cohen SI, Lau SH, Berkowitz WD, Damato AN. Concealed conduction during atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1970;25(4):416–9.
Damato AN, Lau SH. Clinical value of the electrogram of the conduction system. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1970;13(2):119–40.
Wit AL, Weiss MB, Berkowitz WD, et al. Patterns of atrioventricular conduction in the human heart. Circ Res. 1970;27(3):345–59.
Patton RD, Stein E, Rosen KM, Lau SH, Damato AN. Bundle of his electrograms: a new method for analyzing arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1970;26(3):324–7.
Wit AL, Damato AN, Weiss MB, Steiner C. Phenomenon of the gap in atrioventricular conduction in the human heart. Circ Res. 1970;27(5):679–89.
Damato AN, Gallagher JJ, Schnitzler RN, Lau SH. Use of his bundle recordings in understanding AV conduction disturbances. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1971;47(8):905–22.
Berkowitz WD, Lau SH, Patton RD, Rosen KM, Damato AN. The use of his bundle recordings in the analysis of unilateral and bilateral bundle branch block. Am Heart J. 1971;81(3):340–50.
Mirowski M, Lau SH, Wit AL, et al. Ectopic right atrial rhythms: experimental and clinical data. Am Heart J. 1971;81(5):666–76.
Goldreyer BN, Damato AN. The essential role of atrioventricular conduction delay in the initiation of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1971;43(5):679–87.
Damato AN, Lau SH. Concealed and supernormal atrioventricular conduction. Circulation. 1971;43(6):967–70.
Wit AL, Goldreyer BN, Damato AN. An in vitro model of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1971;43(6):862–75.
Gallagher JJ, Damato AN, Lau SH. Electrophysiologic studies during accelerated idioventricular rhythms. Circulation. 1971;44(4):671–7.
Steiner C, Lau SH, Stein E, Wit AL, Weiss MB, Damato AN, Haft JI, Weinstock M, Gupta P. Electrophysiologic documentation of trifascicular block as the common cause of complete heart block. Am J Cardiol. 1971;28(4):436–41.
Goldreyer BN, Damato AN. Sinoatrial-node entrance block. Circulation. 1971;44(5):789–802.
Damato AN, Varghese PJ, Lau SH, Gallagher JJ, Bobb GA. Manifest and concealed reentry. A mechanism of AV nodal Wenckebach phenomenon. Circ Res. 1972;30(3):283–92.
Przybyla AC, Bobb GA, Lau SH, Damato AN. Intracardiac conduction disturbances produced via the carotid chemoreflex. Am J Phys. 1972;222(4):959–66.
Cannom DS, Gallagher JJ, Goldreyer BN, Damato AN. Concealed bundle of his extrasystoles simulating nonconducted atrial premature beats. Am Heart J. 1972;83(6):777–9.
Varghese PJ, Damato AN, Paulay KL, Gallagher JJ, Lau SH. Demonstration of entrance block into the atrioventricular node of man. Circulation. 1972;46(1):123–8.
Gallagher JJ, Damato AN, Varghese PJ, Lau SH. Localization of an area of maximum refractoriness or "gate" in the ventricular specialized conduction system in man. Am Heart J. 1972;84(3):310–20.
Josephson ME, Caracta AR, Lau SH, Gallagher JJ, Damato AN. Effects of lidocaine on refractory periods in man. Am Heart J. 1972;84(6):778–86.
Gallagher JJ, Damato AN, Caracta AR, et al. Gap in A-V conduction in man; types I and II. Am Heart J. 1973;85(1):78–82.
Caracta AR, Damato AN, Gallagher JJ, et al. Electrophysiologic studies in the syndrome of short P-R interval, normal QRS complex. Am J Cardiol. 1973;31(2):245–53.
Goldreyer BN, Gallagher JJ, Damato AN. The electrophysiologic demonstration of atrial ectopic tachycardia in man. Am Heart J. 1973;85(2):205–15.
Gallagher JJ, Damato AN, Varghese PJ, Caracta AR, Josephson ME, Lau SH. Alternative mechanisms of apparent supernormal atrioventricular conduction. Am J Cardiol. 1973;31(3):362–71.
Damato AN, Varghese PJ, Caracta AR, Akhtar M, Lau SH. Functional 2:1 A-V block within the his-Purkinje system. Simulation of type II second-degree A-V block. Circulation. 1973;47(3):534–42.
Josephson ME, Caracta AR, Gallagher JJ, Damato AN. Site of conduction disturbances in a family with myotonic dystrophy. Am J Cardiol. 1973;32(1):114–8.
Varghese PJ, Damato AN, Lau SH, Akhtar M, Bobb GA. The effect of heart rate, acetylcholine, and vagal stimulation on antegrade and retograde his-Purkinje conduction in the intact heart. Am Heart J. 1973;86(2):203–10.
Josephson ME, Caracta AR, Lau SH, Gallagher JJ, Damato AN. Electrophysiological evaluation of disopyramide in man. Am Heart J. 1973;86(6):771–80.
Josephson ME, Seides SF, Batsford WP, Weisfogel GM, Akhtar M, Caracta AR, Lau SH, Damato AN. The electrophysiological effects of intramuscular guinidine on the atrioventricular conducting system in man. Am Heart J. 1974;87(1):55–64.
Akhtar M, Damato AN, Caracta AR, et al. Electrophysiologic effects of atropine on atrioventricular conduction studied by his bundle electrogram. Am J Cardiol. 1974;33(3):333–43.
Akhtar M, Damato AN, Batsford WP, et al. Unmasking and conversion of gap phenomenon in the human heart. Circulation. 1974;49(4):624–30.
Akhtar M, Damato AN, Caracta AR, Batsford WP, Lau SH. The gap phenomena during retrograde conduction in man. Circulation. 1974;49(5):811–7.
Paulay KL, Weisfogel GM, Damato AN. Sinus nodal reentry effect of quinidine. Am J Cardiol. 1974;33(5):617–22.
Batsford WP, Akhtar M, Caracta AR, et al. Effect of atrial stimulation site on the electrophysiological properties of the atrioventricular node in man. Circulation. 1974;50(2):283–92.
Akhtar M, Damato AN, Batsford WP, et al. Demonstration of re-entry within the his-Purkinje system in man. Circulation. 1974;50(6):1150–62.
Seides SF, Josephson ME, Batsford WP, et al. The electrophysiology of propranolol in man. Am Heart J. 1974;88(6):733–41.
Cannom DS, Goldreyer BN. Damato ANA demonstration of differential refractoriness within a single fascicle of the human ventricular specialized conduction system. Am Heart J. 1975;89(6):779–84.
Vargas G, Akhtar M, Damato AN. Electrophysiologic effects of isoproterenol on cardiac conduction system in man. Am Heart J. 1975;90(1):25–34.
Weisfogel GM, Batsford WP, Paulay KL, et al. Sinus node re-entrant tachycardia in man. Am Heart J. 1975;90(3):295–304.
Akhtar M, Damato AN, Batsford WP, et al. Induction of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia after atropine. Report of five cases. Am J Cardiol. 1975;36(3):286–91.
Akhtar M, Damato AN, Batsford WP, Ruskin JN, Ogunkelu JB. A comparative analysis of antegrade and retrograde conduction patterns in man. Circulation. 1975;52(5):766–78.
Reddy CP, Damato AN, Akhtar M, et al. Time dependent changes in the functional properties of the atrioventricular conduction system in man. Circulation. 1975;52(6):1012–22.
Ticzon AR, Damato AN, Caracta AR, et al. Interventricular septal motion during preexcitation and normal conduction in Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome: echocardiographic and electrophysiologic correlation. Am J Cardiol. 1976;37(6):840–7.
Josephson ME, Seides SF, Damato AN. Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome with 1:2 atrioventricular conduction. Am J Cardiol. 1976;37(7):1094–6.
Foster JR, Damato AN, Kline LE, Akhtar M, Ruskin JN. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels: localization of the site of complete atrioventricular block using his bundle electrograms. Am J Cardiol. 1976;38(3):383–7.
Gomes JA, Damato AN, Akhtar M, et al. Ventricular septal motion and left ventricular dimensions during abnormal ventricular activation. Am J Cardiol. 1977;39(5):641–50.
Dhatt MS, Akhtar M, Reddy P, et al. Modification and abolition of re-entry within the his-Purkinje system in man by diphenylhydantoin. Circulation. 1977;56(5):720–6.
Reddy CP, Damato AN, Akhtar M, et al. Effect of procainamide on reentry within the his-Purkinje system in man. Am J Cardiol. 1977;40(6):957–64.
Akhtar M, Damato AN, Ruskin JN, et al. Antegrade and retrograde conduction characteristics in three patterns of paroxysmal atrioventricular junctional reentrant tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1978;95(1):22–42.
Gomes JA, Carambas CR, Moran HE, et al. The effect of isosorbide dinitrate on left ventricular size, wall stress and left ventricular function in chronic refractory heart failure. An echocardiographic study. Am J Med. 1978;65(5):794–802.
Gomes JA, Dhatt MS, Akhtar M, et al. Effect of digitalis on ventricular myocardial and his-Purkinje refractoriness and reentry in man. Am J Cardiol. 1978;42(6):931–8.
Gomes JA, Dhatt MS, Rubenson DS, Damato AN. Electrophysiologic evidence for selective retrograde utilization of a specialized conducting system in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1979;43(4):687–98.
Gomes JA, Carambas CR, Matthews LM, Moran HE, Damato AN. Inotropic effect of post-stimulation potentiation in man: an echocardiographic study. Am J Cardiol. 1979;43(4):745–52.
Gomes JA, Dhatt MS, Damato AN, Akhtar M, Holder CA. Incidence, determinants and significance of fixed retrograde conduction in the region of the atrioventricular node. Evidence for retrograde atrioventricular nodal bypass tracts. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44(6):1089–98.
Carambas CR, Gomes JAC, Vivona VJ, et al. Congenital pulmonary artery branch stenosis, association with renal artery stenosis. Chest. 1979;75:402–4.
Rubenson DS, Akhtar M, Lau SH, Caracta AR, Damato AN. Multiple mechanisms of tachycardias in a patient with the Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome. J Electrocardiol. 1979;12(2):221–6.
Ruskin JN, Akhtar M, Damato AN, Foster JR. The effect of lidocaine on reentry within the his-Purkinje system in man. Circulation. 1980;62(2):388–400.
Robles de Medina EO, Bernard R, Coumel P, Damato AN, Fisch C. Definition of terms related to heart rhythm. Kardiologiia. 1980;20(11):111–2.
Reddy CP, Damato AN, Akhtar M. Intra his Purkinje gap phenomenon during retrograde conduction in man. J Electrocardiol. 1981;14(1):1–7.
Hariman RJ, Chen CM, Caracta AR, Damato AN. Evidence that AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia does not require participation of the entire AV node. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1983;6(6):1252–7.
Gepstein L, Hayam G. SA ben-Haim a novel method for nonfluoroscopic catheter-based electroanatomical mapping of the heart: in vitro and in vivo accuracy results. Circulation. 1997;95(6):1611–162.
Wellens HJ, Düren DR, Liem DL, Lie KI. Effect of digitalis in patients with paroxysmal atrioventricular nodal tachycardia. Circulation. 1975;52(5):779–88.
Wellens HJ, Düren DR, Lie KI. Observations on mechanism of ventricular tachycardia in man. Circulation. 1976;54(2):237–44.
Wellens HJ, Wesdorp JC, Düren DR, Lie KI. Second degree block during reciprocal atrioventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1976;53(4):595–9.
Wellens HJ, Wesdorp JC, Düren DR, Lie KI. Second degree block during reciprocal atrioventricular nodal tachycardia. Circulation. 1976;53(4):595–9.
Wellens HJ, Tan SL, Bär FW, et al. Effect of verapamil studied by programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in patients with paroxysmal re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia. Br Heart J. 1977;39(10):1058–66.
Wellens HJ, Bär FW, Lie KI, Düren DR, Dohmen HJ. Effect of procainamide, propranolol and verapamil on mechanism of tachycardia in patients with chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1977;40(4):579–85.
Wellens HJ. Value and limitations of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in the study and treatment of tachycardias. Circulation. 1978;57(5):845–53.
Wellens HJ, Bär FW, Lie K. The value of the electrocardiogram in the differential diagnosis of a tachycardia with a widened QRS complex. Am J Med. 1978;64(1):27–33.
Farré J, Ross D, Wiener I, et al. Reciprocal tachycardias using accessory pathways with long conduction times. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44(6):1099–109.
Farré J, Ross DL, Wiener I, et al. Electrophysiological studies in patients with the wolf-Parkinson-white syndrome. Herz. 1979;4(1):38–46.
Farré J, Ross D, Wiener I, Bär FW, Vanagt EJ, Wellens HJ. Reciprocal tachycardias using accessory pathways with long conduction times. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44(6):1099–109.
Farré J, Ross DL, Wiener I, et al. Electrophysiological studies inpatients with the wolf-Parkinson-white syndrome. Herz. 1979;4(1):38–46.
Waleffe A, Bordalo A, Bruninx P, Wellens HJ, Kulbertus HE. Electrophysiological effects of L 9394 (benzoyl-indolizine) in man. Br Heart J. 1979;41(1):89–98.
Wellens HJ, Gorgels AP, Braat SJ, et al. Effect of oral disopyramide on serum digoxin levels. A propective study. Am Heart J. 1980;100(6 Pt 1):934–5. No abstract available
Brugada P, Vanagt EJ, Dassen WR, et al. Atrioventricular nodal tachycardia with and without discontinuous anterograde and retrograde atrioventricular nodal conduction curves: a reappraisal of the dual pathway concept. Eur Heart J. 1980;1(6):399–407.
Brugada P, Vanagt EJ, Bar FW, Wellens HJ. Incessant reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia. Factors playing a role in the mechanism of the arrhythmia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1980;3(6):670–7.
Wellens HJ, Bär FW, Dassen WR, et al. Initiation and termination of ventricular tachycardia by supraventricular stimuli. Incidence and electrophysiologic determinants as observed during programmed stimulation of the heart. Am J Cardiol. 1980;46(4):576–82.
Wellens HJ, Bär FW, Gorgels AP, Vanagt EJ. Use of ajmaline in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome to disclose short refractory period of the accessory pathway. Am J Cardiol. 1980;45(1):130–3.
Wellens HJ, Gorgels AP, Braat SJ, Bar FW, Vanagt EJ, Phaf B. Effect of oral disopyramide on serum digoxin levels. A prospective study. Am Heart J. 1980;100(6 Pt 1):934–5.
Wellens HJ, Bär FW, Dassen WR, Brugada P, Vanagt EJ, Farré J. Initiation and termination of ventricular tachycardia by supraventricular stimuli. Incidence and electrophysiologic determinants as observed during programmed stimulation of the heart. Am J Cardiol. 1980;46(4):576–82.
Friedman PL, Brugada P, Kuck KH, Bär FW, Wellens HJ. Initiation of ventricular tachycardia by interpolated ventricular premature depolarizations. Am J Cardiol. 1981;48(5):967–72.
Ross DL, Brugada P, Bar FW, Vanagt EJ, Weiner I, Farre J, Wellens HJ. Comparison of right and left atrial stimulation in demonstration of dual atrioventricular nodal pathways and induction of intranodal reentry. Circulation. 1981;64(5):1051–8.
Brugada P, Bar FW, Vanagt EJ, Wellens HJ. Observations on mechanisms of circus movement tachycardia in the Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome. Role of different tachycardia circuits and sites of block in maintenance of tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1981;4(5):507–16.
Ross DL, Farre J, Bar FW, et al. Spontaneous termination of circus movement tachycardia using an atrioventricular accessory pathway: incidence, site of block and mechanisms. Circulation. 1981;63(5):1129–39.
Ross DL, Wiener I, Farre J, et al. Termination of circus movement tachycardia utilizing an accessory atrioventricular pathway by retrograde concealed penetration of the atrioventricular node through the bundle branch system. A mechanism of tachycardia termination in Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1981;47(5):1173–7.
Wellens HJ, Braat S, Brugada P, Gorgels AP, Bär FW. Use of procainamide in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome to disclose a short refractory period of the accessory pathway. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50(5):1087–9.
Friedman PL, Brugada P, Kuck KH, et al. Inter- and intraatrial dissociation during spontaneous atrial flutter: evidence for a focal origin of the arrhythmia. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50(4):756–61.
Wellens HJ, Brugada P, Roy D, Weiss J, Bär FW. Effect of isoproterenol on the anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathway in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50(1):180–4.
Ross DL, Dassen WR, Vanagt EJ. Brugada. Cycle length alternation in circus movement tachycardia using an atrioventricular accessory pathway. A study of the role of the atrioventricular node using a computer model of tachycardia. Circulation. 1982;65(5):862–8.
Wellens HJ, Bär FW, Vanagt EJ, Brugada P. Medical treatment of ventricular tachycardia: considerations in the selection of patients for surgical treatment. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49(1):186–93.
Wellens HJ, Brugada P, Bär FW. The role of intraventricular conduction disorders in precipitating sudden death. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;382:136–42.
Brugada P, Abdollah H, Heddle B, Wellens HJ. Results of a ventricular stimulation protocol using a maximum of 4 premature stimuli in patients without documented or suspected ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1983;52(10):1214–8.
Kuck KH, Brugada P, Wellens HJ. Observations on the antidromic type of circus movement tachycardia in the Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;2(5):1003–10.
Braat SH, de Zwaan C, Brugada P, Wellens HJ. Value of left ventricular ejection fraction in extensive anterior infarction to predict development of ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1983;52(7):686–9.
Wellens HJ, Brugada P, Abdollah H. Effect of amiodarone in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with or without Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome. Am Heart J. 1983;106:876–8.
Brugada P, Wylick AR, Abdollah H, Stappers J, Wellens HJ. Identical QRS complexes during atrial fibrillation with aberrant conduction and ventricular tachycardia. The value of a his bundle recording. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1983;6(5 Pt 2):1057–61.
Green M, Heddle B, Dassen W, et al. Value of QRS alteration in determining the site of origin of narrow QRS supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1983;68(2):368–73.
Brugada P, Dassen WR, Braat S, Gorgels AP, Wellens HJ. Value of the ajmaline-procainamide test to predict the effect of long-term oral amiodarone on the anterograde effective refractory period of the accessory pathway in the Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1983;52(1):70–2.
Gorgels AP, Beekman HD, Brugada P, et al. Extrastimulus-related shortening of the first postpacing interval in digitalis-induced ventricular tachycardia: observations during programmed electrical stimulation in the conscious dog. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;1(3):840–57.
Weiss J, Brugada P, Roy D, Bär FW, Wellens HJ. Localization of the accessory pathway in the Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome from the ventriculo-atrial conduction time of right ventricular apical extrasystoles. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1983;6(2 Pt 1):260–7.
Roy D, Brugada P, Bär FW, Wellens HJ. Repetitive responses to ventricular extrastimuli: incidence and significance in patients without organic heart disease. Eur Heart J. 1983;4(2):79–8.
Wellens HJ, Brugada P, Abdollah H. Drug therapy of patients with arrhythmias associated with bypass tracts. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1984;432:272–8.
Brugada P, Heddle B, Green M, Wellens HJ. Initiation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in patients with discontinuous anterograde atrioventricular nodal conduction curves with and without documented supraventricular tachycardia: observations on the role of a discontinuous retrograde conduction curve. Am Heart J. 1984;107(4):685–97.
Brugada P, Farré J, Green M, Heddle B, Roy D, Wellens HJ. Observations in patients with supraventricular tachycardia having a P-R interval shorter than the R-P interval: differentiation between atrial tachycardia and reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia using an accessory pathway with long conduction times. Am Heart J. 1984;107(3):556–70.
Brugada P, Green M, Abdollah H, Wellens HJ. Significance of ventricular arrhythmias initiated by programmed ventricular stimulation: the importance of the type of ventricular arrhythmia induced and the number of premature stimuli required. Circulation. 1984;69(1):87–92.
Wellens HJ, Brugada P, Stevenson WG. Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias: what is the significance of induced arrhythmias and what is the correct stimulation protocol? Circulation. 1985;72(1):1–7.
Stevenson WG, Brugada P, Waldecker B, Zehender M, Wellens HJ. Clinical, angiographic, and electrophysiologic findings in patients with aborted sudden death as compared with patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1985;71(6):1146–52.
Brugada P, Abdollah H, Wellens HJ. Continuous electrical activity during sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Observations on its dynamic behavior during the arrhythmia. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55(4):402–11.
Brugada P, Wellens HJ. Early afterdepolarizations: role in conduction block, "prolonged repolarization-dependent reexcitation," and tachyarrhythmias in the human heart. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1985;8(6):889–96.
Stevenson WG, Brugada P, Waldecker B, Zehender M, Wellens HJ. Can potentially significant polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias initiated by programmed stimulation be distinguished from those that are nonspecific? Am Heart J. 1986;111(6):1073–80.
Kersschot IE, Brugada P, Ramentol M, et al. Effects of early reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction on arrhythmias induced by programmed stimulation: a prospective, randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7(6):1234–42.
Stevenson WG, Brugada P, Kersschot I, et al. Electrophysiologic characteristics of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in relation to age of myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57(6):387–91.
Brugada P, Waldecker B, Kersschot Y, Zehender M, Wellens HJ. Ventricular arrhythmias initiated by programmed stimulation in four groups of patients with healed myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8(5):1035–40.
Gorgels AP, De Wit B, Beekman HD, Dassen WR, Wellens HJ. Triggered activity induced by pacing during digitalis intoxication: observations during programmed electrical stimulation in the conscious dog with chronic complete atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1987 Nov;10(6):1309–21.
Geibel A, Brugada P, Zehender M, et al. Value of programmed electrical stimulation using a standardized ventricular stimulation protocol in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1987;60(8):738–9.
Brugada P, Wellens HJ. Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart to select antiarrhythmic drug treatment in patients with recurrent ventricular arrhythmias. Eur Heart J. 1987;Suppl A:91–5.
Trappe HJ, Brugada P, Talajic M, Lezaun R, Wellens HJ. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation following myocardial infarct: determinants of prognosis and disease course. Z Kardiol. 1988;77(11):687–95. German
Dassen WR, den Dulk K, Wellens HJ. Modern pacemakers: implantable artificial intelligence? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1988;11(11 Pt 2):2114–20.
Brugada P, de Swart H, Smeets JL, Wellens HJ. The role of collateral blood supply in ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1988;9(10):1104–11.
Brugada P, Wellens HJ. Arrhythmogenesis of antiarrhythmic drugs. Am J Cardiol. 1988;61(13):1108–11.
Gorgels AP, Vos MA, Letsch IS, et al. Usefulness of the accelerated idioventricular rhythm as a marker for myocardial necrosis and reperfusion during thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1988;61(4):231–5.
Trappe HJ, Brugada P, Lezaun R, Wellens HJ. The significance of ventricular tachycardia morphology for prognosis and follow-up. Z Kardiol. 1989;78(10):633–9. German
Lemery R, Brugada P, Della Bella P, et al. Predictors of long-term success during closed-chest catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction. Eur Heart J. 1989;10(9):826–32.
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Gomes, J.A. (2020). Birth of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology. In: Heart Rhythm Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45066-3_3
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