Colonial Consciousness and Civilizing Therapy

Mathur, Ritu

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44943-8_3

Ritu Mathur²

195 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter is a deliberate and persistent effort to tap into the colonial legacy of arms control and disarmament. In this chapter much attention is focused on how practices of colonial science are deployed to constitute martial races in the colonies. The tension between the contending forces of colonial science and national science is made visible to bring forth the dilemma of heroic scientists located in the colonies and hybrid scientists navigating the gatekeeping practices of the imperial West. An understanding of this predicament of heroic and hybrid scientists is imperative to gauge the significance of their role in modern state building empowered with sophisticated weaponry to safeguard sovereignty. This understanding is buttressed with acknowledging differences in nationalism in the colonies vis-à-vis the West. These carefully calibrated differences in nationalism exacerbate the racial tensions associated with waging civilizational wars that reach a climax with the use of nuclear weapons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

eBook: USD 16.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 109.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 109.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy—Loss and Recovery of Self under Colonialism, 2nd Edition (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983), 63, 11.
2.
Ritu Mathur, “Sly Civility and the Paradox of Equality/Inequality in the Nuclear Order,” Critical Studies on Security 4, no. 1 (2016): 57–72; Neil Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade: Arms Trade Regulation and Humanitarian Arms Control in the Age of Empire,” Journal of Global Security Studies 3, no. 4 (2018): 444–445.
3.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 445; Bhabha, The Location of Culture, 286.
4.
Krause, Arms and the State, 211.
5.
Krause, Arms and the State, 15, also see footnote 5.
6.
R.W. Beachy, “The Arms Trade in East Africa in the Late Nineteenth Century,” The Journal of African History 3, no. 3 (1962): 452.
7.
Euan Smith, the British Counsul General at Zanzibar, quoted by R.W. Beachy in “The Arms Trade in East Africa,” 453.
8.
Beachy, “The Arms Trade in East Africa,” 454–455.
9.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 450.
10.
Frank Furedi, The Silent War—Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1998), 31–32.
11.
Beachy, “The Arms Trade in East Africa,” 454.
12.
Euan Smith, the British Counsul General at Zanzibar, quoted by R.W Beachy in “The Arms Trade in East Africa,” 453.
13.
Treaty text of the Brussels Declaration (1890) formally known as Slave Trade and Importation into Africa of Firearms, Ammunition, and Spirtual Liquors (General Act of Brussels), July 2, 1890.
14.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 449.
15.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 449–450.
16.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 445.
17.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 452–453.
18.
Treaty text of the Brussels Declaration (1890).
19.
Treaty text of the Brussels Declaration (1890).
20.
Treaty text of the Brussels Declaration (1890).
21.
Treaty text of the Brussels Declaration (1890).
22.
David R. Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty: The League of Nations’ Drive to Control the Global Arms Trade,” Journal of Contemporary History 35, no. 2 (2000): 215.
23.
Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty,” 215, quoting from Brussels Convention of 2 July 1890, chap. 1, art. 1, point 7, in Nouveau Recueil General de Traites, 2nd series, vol. 16, 5–6, 8. Text in French.
24.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 453–454.
25.
Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty,” 214.
26.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 454.
27.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 454.
28.
Richard Price, The Chemical Weapons Taboo (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1997), 90.
29.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 31.
30.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 37, 54–55.
31.
Leo van Bergen, ‘The poison gas debate in the inter-war years,’ Medicine, Conflict and Survival 24, no. 3 (2008): 182–183.
32.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 35.
33.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 35.
34.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 35.
35.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 35.
36.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 43
37.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 36.
38.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 36.
39.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 36.
40.
Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967), 93–94.
41.
Neil Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 453.
42.
Ali. A. Mazrui, “Gandhi, Marx and the Warrior Tradition – Towards Androgynous Liberation,” in The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa, ed. Ali A. Mazrui (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1977), 179.
43.
Furedi, The Silent War, 29, see footnote 10.
44.
Furedi, The Silent War, 30, see footnote 11.
45.
Furedi, The Silent War, 26.
46.
Gunther Hellman, Benjamin Herborth, Gabi Schlag and Christian Weber, “The West: a securitising community?” Journal of International Relations and Development 17, no. 3 (2013): 367, 389.
47.
Salter, Barbarians & Civilization in International Relations, 39
48.
Salter, Barbarians & Civilization in International Relations, 39.
49.
Salter, Barbarians & Civilization, 84.
50.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 455.
51.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 456.
52.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 456.
53.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 456.
54.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 456.
55.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 455.
56.
Cooper, “Race, Sovereignty, and Free Trade,” 454.
57.
Robin D.G. Kelley, “A Poetics of Anticolonialism,” in Discourses on Colonialism, Aimé Césaire, translated by Joan Pinkham (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000), 22.
58.
Kelley, “A Poetics of Anticolonialism,” 22.
59.
Franz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, translated by Charles Lam Markmann (New York: Grove Press, 1967), 130.
60.
Ali A. Mazrui, ed., The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1977), 2.
61.
Deepak Kumar, Science and the Raj – A Study in British India, 2nd edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 40, 43; Itty Abraham, The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb – Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State (London & New York: Zed Books, 1998), 57–58.
62.
Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army—Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1971), 7, 50.
63.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 7.
64.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 41.
65.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 39.
66.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 51.
67.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 47–48.
68.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 47.
69.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 49.
70.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 52–53.
71.
Ali A. Mazrui, “Soldiers as Tradionalizers—Military Rule and the Re-Africanization of Africa,” in The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa, ed. Ali A. Mazrui (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1977), 247.
72.
Ali A. Mazrui, “The Warrior Tradition and the Masculinity of War,” in The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa, ed. Ali A. Mazrui (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1977), 80.
73.
Mazrui, “The Warrior Tradition,” 80.
74.
Ali A. Mazrui, “Armed Kinsmen and the Origins of the State—An Essay in Philosophical Anthropology,” in The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa, ed. Ali A. Mazrui (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1977), 243.
75.
Aidan Southall, “The Bankruptcy of the Warrior Tradition,” in The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa, in ed. Ali A. Mazrui (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1977), 166–170.
76.
Southall, “The Bankruptcy of the Warrior Tradition,” 170–171, 172–173; Mazrui, “Soldiers as Tradionalizers,” 247–248.
77.
Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 24.
78.
Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 24.
79.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 46.
80.
Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 7.
81.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 52.
82.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 99–100.
83.
Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967), 95.
84.
Michael Taussig, Mimesis and Alterity, 241, see footnote Peter Stoller quoted in the text.
85.
Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 10.
86.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 66.
87.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 18–20; The reference to rules is to the already defined conditions of political subjectivity, statehood and sovereignty.
88.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 19.
89.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 20.
90.
Robert S. Anderson, Nucleus and Nation—Scientists, International Networks and Power in India (Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 2010), 476.
91.
Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 7.
92.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 2.
93.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 2, 30–31, 49, 121.
94.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 56–57.
95.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 131.
96.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 123.
97.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 121–123.
98.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 69, 71.
99.
Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict and the International Order – From Empire to the United Nations (London & Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1977), 47.
100.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 55.
101.
Furedi, The Silent War, 153.
102.
Salter, Barbarians & Civilization, 86.
103.
Partha Chatterjee, “The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories,” in The Partha Chatterjee Omnibus (New Delhi: Oxford University, 1999), 5.
104.
Chatterjee, “The Nation and Its Fragments,” 18.
105.
Partha Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” in The Partha Chatterjee Omnibus (New Delhi: Oxford University, 1999), 2.
106.
Jacques E.C. Hymans, “Of gauchos and gringos: Why Argentina never wanted the bomb, and why the United States thought it did,” Security Studies 10, no. 3 (2001): 155–156.
107.
Hymans, “Of gauchos and gringos,” 154.
108.
Hymans, “Of gauchos and gringos,” 154.
109.
Hymans, “Of gauchos and gringos,” 156.
110.
Ali A. Mazrui, “The Warrior Tradition,” 105–106.
111.
Mazrui, “The Warrior Tradition,” 105–106.
112.
David R. Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty: The League of Nations’ Drive to Control the Global Arms Trade,” Journal of Contemporary History 35, no. 2 (2000): 217; “Convention for the Control of the Trade in Arms and Ammunition,” in League of Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 7, 331.
113.
Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty,” 217.
114.
Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty,” 217.
115.
Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty,” 217; “Convention for the Control of the Trade in Arms and Ammunition,” in League of Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 7, 332–333.
116.
Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty,” 217.
117.
Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty,” 217.
118.
Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty,” 217.
119.
Stone, “Imperialism and Sovereignty,” 217.
120.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 105–106, 108.
121.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 91, 108.
122.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 107.
123.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 144.
124.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 58.
125.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 91.
126.
Cohen, The Indian Army, 93.
127.
Subhas Chandra Bose, an Indian nationalist and founder of the Indian National Army, quoted by Cohen, The Indian Army, 100.
128.
Partha Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 10.
129.
Robin D.G. Kelley, “A Poetics of Anticolonialism,” in Discourses on Colonialism, Aimé Césaire, translated by Joan Pinkham (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000), 27.
130.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 10–11.
131.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 10–11.
132.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 30.
133.
Price, The Chemical Weapons Taboo, 150–151.
134.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 50, 41.
135.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 41.
136.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 41.
137.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 41.
138.
Hannah Arendt, “Race thinking before Racism”, The Review of Politics 6, no. 1 (1944): 41–42.
139.
Robert S. Anderson, Nucleus and Nation—Scientists, International Networks and Power in India (Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press 2010), 16, 27, 108.
140.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 43–44.
141.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 534.
142.
Partha Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 50.
143.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 51.
144.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 51.
145.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 51.
146.
Kelley, “A Poetics of Anticolonialism,” 27.
147.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 42.
148.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 42.
149.
Price, Chemical Weapon Taboo, 42.
150.
Stuart Croft, Strategies of Arms Control – A History and Typology (Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press, 1996), 32.
151.
Jean Allman, “Rethinking Power and Politics in the African Diaspora: Nuclear Imperialism and the Pan-African Struggle for Peace and Freedom – Ghana 1959–1962,” Souls 10, no. 2 (2008): 85.
152.
Ali A. Mazrui, “Armed Kinsmen and the Origins of the State—An Essay in Philosophical Anthropology,” in The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa, ed. Ali A. Mazrui (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1977), 19.
153.
Aime Cesaire, Discourses on Colonialism, translated by Joan Pinkham (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000), 91–92.
154.
Cesaire, Discourses on Colonialism, 17–18.
155.
Cesaire, Discourses on Colonialism, 28.
156.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 162.
157.
Ali A. Mazrui, “Armed Kinsmen and the Origins of the State,” 13.
158.
Ali A. Mazrui, “Armed Kinsmen and the Origins of the State,” 12.
159.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World” 51.
160.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 132.
161.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World” 132.
162.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 137.
163.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 137.
164.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 137.
165.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 138, see footnote 23.
166.
An excellent discussion on colonial science as a dependent science is provided by Deepak Kumar, Science and the Raj – A Study in British India, 2nd edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1–18, 26–28.
167.
Ashish Nandy, Alternative Sciences – Creativity and Authenticity in Two Indian Scientists, 2nd edition (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995), 38–39; Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 41–42.
168.
Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men, 268.
169.
Ashish Nandy, Alternative Sciences, 60.
170.
Nandy, Alternative Sciences, 113.
171.
Nandy, Alternative Sciences, 142.
172.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 37–38.
173.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 40, see footnote 19; “Who Gets to do Science” in The ‘Racial’ Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 197–200.
174.
Nandy, Alternative Sciences, ix; Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 2–3; Mallard, Paradeise and Peerbaye, Global Science and National Sovereignty, 32.
175.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 35.
176.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 31.
177.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 35.
178.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 138.
179.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 40.
180.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 40.
181.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 40–41.
182.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 67.
183.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 41.
184.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 31.
185.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 31.
186.
Ashish Nandy, Alternative Sciences, viii, ix.
187.
Ashish Nandy, Alternative Sciences, ix, 8.
188.
Nandy, Alternative Sciences, 18–19.
189.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 81.
190.
Nandy, Alternative Sciences, 38.
191.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 37.
192.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 81.
193.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 151.
194.
Nandy, Alternative Sciences, 38.
195.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 14.
196.
Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 16–17.
197.
Nandy, Alternative Sciences, 119.
198.
Nandy, Alternative Sciences, 38.
199.
Nandy, Alternative Sciences, 19.
200.
Nandy, Alternative Sciences, 19–20.
201.
Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, 71.
202.
Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, 117.
203.
Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, 114–115.
204.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 19, 40; to name a few hybrid scientists, Homi Jehangir Bhabha from India, Shiro Ishii from Japan.
205.
John Lewis and Xue Litai, China Builds the Bomb (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 44–45; Matias Spektor, “The evolution of Brazil’s nuclear intentions,” The Nonproliferation Review 23, no. 5–6 (2016): 640.
206.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 138.
207.
Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan, 127.
208.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 105.
209.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 42.
210.
Abraham, Indian Atomic Bomb, 43.
211.
Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 11.
212.
Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan, 155.
213.
Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 37.
214.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 108.
215.
Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India (New York: John Day, 1946), p. 38; Chatterjee, “Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World,” 158.
216.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 70.
217.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 91.
218.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 105–106, 114–115, 118.
219.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 1.
220.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 116.
221.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 34–36.
222.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 100, 178–179.
223.
Ashish Nandy quoted by Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 560, footnote 58.
224.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 116.
225.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 114.
226.
Anderson, Nucleus and Nation, 201–202.
227.
Derrick De Kerckhove, “On Nuclear Communication,” Diacritics 14, no. 2 (1984): 71.
228.
Mark Sanders, “Remembering Apartheid,” Diacritics 32, no. 3/4 (2002): 75.
229.
Jackson, Civilizing the Enemy, 107.
230.
Jackson, Civilizing the Enemy, 107.
231.
Jackson, Civilizing the Enemy, 105.
232.
See preface by James Crawford in Antony Anghie’s Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), xii.
233.
See preface by James Crawford in Anghie’s Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, xi.
234.
Salter, Barbarians & Civilization in International Relations, 15.
235.
R.P. Anand, New States and International Law (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1972), 21–22.
236.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 34.
237.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 44.
238.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 102.
239.
Anand, New States and International Law, 17–18.
240.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 3.
241.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 4–5.
242.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 4.
243.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 4, 16.
244.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 19.
245.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 26–27.
246.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 27–30.
247.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 33.
248.
Anand, New States and International Law, 18.
249.
Kinsella, The Image Before the Weapon, 107.
250.
Kinsella, The Image Before the Weapon, 108.
251.
Jeff Guy, Remembering the Rebellion – The Zulu Uprising of 1906 (Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2006), 85–86.
252.
Antony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 80–81, see footnotes 153 and 154.
253.
Kinsella, The Image Before the Weapon, 108.
254.
Kinsella, The Image Before the Weapon, 108.
255.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 35.
256.
Price, Chemical Weapon, 84; Croft, Strategies of Arms Control – A History and Typology, 25.
257.
Croft, Strategies of Arms Control, 25, 29; Japan and the Unites States did not sign the Geneva Protocol of 1925
258.
Price, Chemical Weapons Taboo, 84.
259.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 47.
260.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 35.
261.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 98.
262.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 99.
263.
Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, xii.
264.
Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 2.
265.
Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 3.
266.
Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 123.
267.
Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan, 45.
268.
Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan, 8.
269.
Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan, xvii.
270.
Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan, 8, 173. Subsequently, other Asian countries such as Siam (1895), Korea (1903) and China (1904) joined the Red Cross movement.
271.
Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan, 70, 8, 174.
272.
Antony Anghie’s, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 99.
273.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 99–100.
274.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 100–101.
275.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 103.
276.
Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, 107.
277.
E.H. Carr, What Is History? (Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1961), 147.
278.
Quote seen in R.P. Anand, New States and International Law (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1972), 21, see footnote 60; B.V.A. Roling, International Law in an Expanded World (Amsterdam: Djambatan, 1960), 10.
279.
Duus, “Weapons of the Weak, Weapons of the Strong,” 984.
280.
Duus, “Weapons of the Weak, Weapons of the Strong,” 984.
281.
Duus, “Weapons of the Weak, Weapons of the Strong,” 984.
282.
Himadeep Muppidi, “Postcoloniality and the Production of Insecurity,” in Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities and the Production of Danger, ed. Jutta Weldes, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson and Raymond Duvall (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
283.
Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 32.
284.
Furedi, The Silent War, 46.
285.
Bhabha, The Location of Culture, 189.
286.
David Mutimer, The Weapons State—Proliferation and the Framing of Security (London & Boulder: Lynnie Rienner Publishers, 2000), 137.
287.
Derrick De Kerckhove, “On Nuclear Communication,” Diacritics 14, no. 2 (1984): 75.
288.
De Kerckhove, “On Nuclear Communication,” 76.
289.
De Kerckhove, “On Nuclear Communication,” 76.
290.
Bhabha, Location of Culture, 166.
291.
Bhabha, Location of Culture, 177.
292.
Shampa Biswas, Nuclear Desire: Power and the Postcolonial Nuclear Order, (London & Minneapolis, Minnesota University Press, 2014), 196.
293.
Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London & New York: Routledge, 1994), 166, 177.
294.
Bhabha, Location of Culture, 169.
295.
Bhabha, Location of Culture, 179.
296.
Barton J. Bernstein, “Understanding the Bomb,” Diplomatic History 19, no. 2 (1995); Bruce Cumings, “On the Strategy and Morality of American Nuclear Policy in Korea – 1950 to the Present,” Social Science Japan Journal 1, no. 1 (1998): 67.
297.
Cumings, “On the Strategy,” 68.
298.
De Kerckhove, “On Nuclear Communication,” 78.
299.
Gene Weltfish, “American Racism: Japan’s Secret Weapon,” Far Eastern Survey 14, no. 17 (1945): 236.
300.
Sanjay Palshikar, “Understanding Humiliation,” in Humiliation: Claims and Context, ed. Gopal Guru (Oxford, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009), 83.
301.
Meghana V. Nayak and Christopher Malone, “American Orientalism and American Exceptionalism: A Critical Rethinking of US Hegemony,” International Studies Review 11, no. 2 (2009): 253.
302.
Nayak and Malone, “American Orientalism and American Exceptionalism,” 254.
303.
Nayak and Malone, “American Orientalism and American Exceptionalism,” 254, 253.
304.
Nayak and Malone, “American Orientalism and American Exceptionalism,” 262.
305.
Nayak and Malone, “American Orientalism and American Exceptionalism,” 262.
306.
Nayak and Malone, “American Orientalism and American Exceptionalism,” 263.
307.
Nayak and Malone, “American Orientalism and American Exceptionalism,” 263.
308.
Nayak and Malone, “American Orientalism and American Exceptionalism,” 260.
309.
Itty Abraham, “What really makes a country nuclear? Insights from nonnuclear Southeast Asia,” Critical Studies on Security 4. no. 1 (2016): 2, 14.
310.
Abraham, ‘What really makes a country nuclear?’ 24.
311.
Jean Allman, “Rethinking Power and Politics in the African Diaspora: Nuclear Imperialism and the Pan-African Struggle for Peace and Freedom – Ghana 1959–1962,” Souls 10, no. 2 (2008): 83.
312.
Gabrielle Hecht, Being Nuclear: Africans and the Global Uranium Trade (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012); Abraham, “What really makes a country nuclear?” 24–41.
313.
See text of The Declaration of St. Petersburg, December 11, 1868, in A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament, Trevor N. Dupuy and Gay H. Hammerman (New York & London: T.N. Dupuy Associates in association with R.R. Bowker Company, 1973), 48.
314.
Ritu Mathur, The International Committee of the Red Cross & Humanitarian practices of Arms Control & Disarmament (Ph.D. Dissertation, York University, 2011), chapter on chemical weapons.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Political Science & Geography, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
Ritu Mathur

Authors

Ritu Mathur
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mathur, R. (2020). Colonial Consciousness and Civilizing Therapy. In: Civilizational Discourses in Weapons Control. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44943-8_3

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44943-8_3
Published: 12 July 2020
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-44942-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-44943-8
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics