Abstract
Conventional drug discovery and screening processes have important drawbacks particularly in preclinical phase which include in vitro drug screening test, namely, 2D cell culture, and in vivo test on animal models. It is known that 2D cell cultures are insufficient to indicate drug response of real tissues and organs. Animal models also mislead about drug response with the same reason, and there are some ethical issues about animal models as well. These drawbacks lead to failure of drug candidate at later phases or after approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Since the drug development phases are very costly processes, this failure means time and money consumption to drug companies. More importantly if the drug fails after approval, many patients will be exposed and be affected by its side effects.
Recently, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have been started to be used in drug discovery and development in order to develop more realistic and more predictive models for in vivo tests. Advances in tissue engineering, cell biology, biomaterials, microfabrication, and microfluidic technologies have enabled to mimic the functions of varied tissues and organs on a single chip. Recent developments in microfabrication techniques lead to more precise fabrication of microfluidic chips that provides miniaturization of the conventional process. It also leads to development of cell-based high-throughput screening (HTS) platforms that are known as “organ-on-a-chip” systems. Currently, organ-on-a-chip technologies are the most promising experimental platforms to reduce animal tests and to improve the efficiency of preclinical prediction of drugs. Compared to conventional systems, these platforms are used to reduce sample volume. Besides, combination of 3D cell culture with microfluidic platform makes it possible to mimic biochemical and biomechanical microenvironment of real tissues. In other words, more physiologically relevant and realistic models can be created. This potential use of microfluidic systems in drug discovery has created their own market which is estimated to reach $3.6–5.7 billion by 2018, and drug discovery is the second largest market area in microfluidic applications. In this manuscript on-chip drug screening models were reviewed which aim to improve drug discovery and development. On-chip drug screening studies from the nanopharmaceutical point of view were reviewed under the following sections: (1) microfabrication of microfluidics; (2) utilization of microfluidics for drug screening, in particular organ-on-a-chip drug screening technologies; and (3) commercialization, marketing, and challenges of microfluidic drug screening platforms.
Keywords
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Onbas, R., Bilginer, R., Arslan Yildiz, A. (2021). On-Chip Drug Screening Technologies for Nanopharmaceutical and Nanomedicine Applications. In: Yata, V., Ranjan, S., Dasgupta, N., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Nanopharmaceuticals: Principles and Applications Vol. 1. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 46. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44925-4_8
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