Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Breath Odors of Oral Origin (Oral Malodor)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Breath Odors

  • 316 Accesses

Abstract

Breath odors or halitosis denotes any type of disagreeable scent felt on a person’s breath during exhalation and speech. These odors have many different causes and may originate from various locations such as the oral cavity, tonsils, nasal cavity, upper respiratory tract, and the lungs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Amou T, Hinode D, Yoshioka M, Grenier D. Relationship between halitosis and periodontal disease—associated oral bacteria in tongue coatings. Int J Dent Hyg. 2014;12(2):145–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Apatzidou AD, Bakirtzoglou E, Vouros I, Karagiannis V, Papa A, Konstantinidis A. Association between oral malodour and periodontal disease-related parameters in the general population. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71(1):189–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avincsal MO, Altundag A, Dinc ME, Cayonu M, Topak M, Kulekci M. Evaluation of halitosis using OralChroma™ in patients with allergic rhinitis. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2016;133(4):243–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babacan H, Sokucu O, Marakoglu I, Ozdemir H, Nalcaci R. Effect of fixed appliances on oral malodor. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139(3):351–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolepalli AC, Munireddy C, Peruka S, Polepalle T, Choudary Alluri LS, Mishaeel S. Determining the association between oral malodor and periodontal disease: a case control study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015;5(5):413–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein MM, Kislig K, Hoti BB, Seemann R, Lussi A. Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland: a study comparing self-reported and clinical data. Eur J Oral Sci. 2009;117(3):261–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosy A, Kulkarni GV, Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Relationship of oral malodor to periodontitis: evidence of independence in discrete subpopulations. J Periodontol. 1994;65(1):37–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bretz WA, Biesbrock A, Corby PM, Corby AL, Bretz WG, Wessel J, Schork NJ. Environmental and genetic contributions to indicators of oral malodor in twins. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2011;14(6):568–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Calil CM, Marcondes FK. Influence of anxiety on the production of oral volatile sulfur compounds. Life Sci. 2006;79(7):660–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawes C. Circadian rhythms in human salivary flow rate and composition. J Physiol. 1972;220(3):529–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Boever EH, De Uzeda M, Loesche WJ. Relationship between volatile sulfur compounds, BANA-hydrolyzing bacteria and gingival health in patients with and without complaints of oral malodor. J Clin Dent. 1994;4(4):114–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, Feenstra L, Van Steenberghe D. Experiences of a Belgian multidisciplinary breath odour clinic. In: Van Steenberghe D, Rosenberg M, editors. Bad breath a multy disciplinary approach. Leuven: Leuven University Press; 1996. p. 199–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo LC, Rosetti EP, Marcantonio E Jr, Marcantonio RA, Salvador SL. The relationship of oral malodor in patients with or without periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2002;73(11):1338–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg S, Cardash H, Browning H 3rd, Sahly H, Rosenberg M. Isolation of Enterobacteriaceae from the mouth and potential association with malodor. J Dent Res. 1997;76(11):1770–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grapp GL. Fetor oris (halitosis): a medical and dental responsibility. Northwest Med. 1933;32:375–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein RB, Goldberg S, Marku-Cohen S, Sterer N, Rosenberg M. Reduction of oral malodor by oxidizing lozenges. J Periodontol. 1997;68(12):1176–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross A, Barnes GP, Lyon TC. Effects of tongue brushing on tongue coating and dental plaque scores. J Dent Res. 1975;54(6):1236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haraszthy VI, Zambon JJ, Sreenivasan PK, Zambon MM, Gerber D, Rego R, Parker C. Identification of oral bacterial species associated with halitosis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138(8):1113–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Jung Y, Park K, Park JW. A digital tongue imaging system for tongue coating evaluation in patients with oral malodour. Oral Dis. 2009;15(8):565–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koshimune S, Awano S, Gohara K, Kurihara E, Ansai T, Takehara T. Low salivary flow and volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;96(1):38–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostelc JG, Preti G, Zelson PR, Brauner L, Baehni P. Oral odors in early experimental gingivitis. J Periodontal Res. 1984;19(3):303–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozlovsky A, Gordon D, Gelernter I, Loesche WJ, Rosenberg M. Correlation between the BANA test and oral malodor parameters. J Dent Res. 1994;73(5):1036–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee ES, Yim HK, Lee HS, Choi JH, Lee JH, Kim BI. Clinical assessment of oral malodor using autofluorescence of tongue coating. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2016;13:323–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lima PO, Calil CM, Marcondes FK. Influence of gender and stress on the volatile sulfur compounds and stress biomarkers production. Oral Dis. 2013;19(4):366–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu XN, Shinada K, Chen XC, Zhang BX, Yaegaki K, Kawaguchi Y. Oral malodor-related parameters in the Chinese general population. J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33(1):31–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I Prevalence and Severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantilla Gomez S, Danser MM, Sipos PM, Rowshani B, van der Velden U, van der Weijden GA. Tongue coating and salivary bacterial counts in healthy/gingivitis subjects and periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28(10):970–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T. Correlation between volatile sulphur compounds and certain oral health measurements in the general population. J Periodontol. 1995;66(8):679–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morita M, Wang HL. Relationship between sulcular sulfide level and oral malodor in subjects with periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2001;72(1):79–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morita M, Musinski DL, Wang HL. Assessment of newly developed tongue sulfide probe for detecting oral malodor. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28(5):494–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Motta LJ, Bachiega JC, Guedes CC, Laranja LT, Bussadori SK. Association between halitosis and mouth breathing in children. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(6):939–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nalcaci R, Baran I. Oral malodor and removable complete dentures in the elderly. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;105(6):e5–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nalçacı R, Özat Y, Çokakoğlu S, Türkkahraman H, Önal S, Kaya S. Effect of bracket type on halitosis, periodontal status, and microbial colonization. Angle Orthod. 2014;84(3):479–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng W, Tonzetich J. Effect of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan on the permeability of oral mucosa. J Dent Res. 1984;63(7):994–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oho T, Yoshida Y, Shimazaki Y, Yamashita Y, Koga T. Characteristics of patients complaining of halitosis and the usefulness of gas chromatography for diagnosing halitosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;91(5):531–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Queiroz CS, Hayacibara MF, Tabchoury CP, Marcondes FK, Cury JA. Relationship between stressful situations, salivary flow rate and oral volatile sulfur-containing compounds. Eur J Oral Sci. 2002;110(5):337–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quirynen M, Dadamio J, Van den Velde S, De Smit M, Dekeyser C, Van Tornout M, Vandekerckhove B. Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(11):970–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg M. Clinical assessment of bad breath: current concepts. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127(4):475–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg M, Kulkarni GV, Bosy A, McCulloch CA. Reproducibility and sensitivity of oral malodor measurements with a portable sulphide monitor. J Dent Res. 1991;70(11):1436–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seemann R, Bizhang M, Djamchidi C, Kage A, Nachnani S. The proportion of pseudo-halitosis patients in a multidisciplinary breath malodour consultation. Int Dent J. 2006;56(2):77–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silness J, Löe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh PB, Young A, Homayouni A, Hove LH, Petrovski BÉ, Herlofson BB, Palm Ø, Rykke M, Jensen JL. Distorted taste and impaired oral health in patients with sicca complaints. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):E264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soder B, Johansson B, Soder PO. The relation between foetor ex ore, oral hygiene and periodontal disease. Swed Dent J. 2000;24(3):73–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamou E, Kozlovsky A, Rosenberg M. Association between oral malodour and periodontal disease-related parameters in a population of 71 Israelis. Oral Dis. 2005;11(Suppl 1):72–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterer N, Greenstein RB, Rosenberg M. Beta-galactosidase activity in saliva is associated with oral malodor. J Dent Res. 2002;81(3):182–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterer N, Tamary I, Katz M, Weiss E. Association between transmucosal depth of osseointegrated implants and malodor production. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008;23(2):277–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sulser GF, Brening RH, Fosdick LS. Some conditions that effect the odor concentration of breath. J Dent Res. 1939;18(4):355–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki N, Fujimoto A, Yoneda M, Watanabe T, Hirofuji T, Hanioka T. Resting salivary flow independently associated with oral malodor. BMC Oral Health. 2016;17(1):23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tonzetich J, Ng SK. Reduction of malodor by oral cleansing procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976;42(2):172–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai CC, Chou HH, Wu TL, Yang YH, Ho KY, Wu YM, Ho YP. The levels of volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. 2008;43(2):186–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tschoppe P, Wolgin M, Pischon N, Kielbassa AM. Etiologic factors of hyposalivation and consequences for oral health. Quintessence Int. 2010;41(4):321–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Washio J, Sato T, Koseki T, Takahashi N. Hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria in tongue biofilm and their relationship with oral malodour. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54(Pt 9):889–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winkel EG, Roldan S, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Herrera D, Sanz M. Clinical effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc-lactate on oral halitosis. A dual-center, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30(4):300–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaegaki K, Sanada K. Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res. 1992a;27(4 Pt 1):233–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaegaki K, Sanada K. Biochemical and clinical factors influencing oral malodor in periodontal patients. J Periodontol. 1992b;63(9):783–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zürcher A, Filippi A. Findings, diagnoses and results of a halitosis clinic over a seven year period. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2012;122(3):205–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Prosthodontics, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Nir Sterer

  2. Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Mel Rosenberg

Authors
  1. Nir Sterer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mel Rosenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sterer, N., Rosenberg, M. (2020). Breath Odors of Oral Origin (Oral Malodor). In: Breath Odors. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44731-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44731-1_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-44730-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-44731-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation