Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tropical Diseases in Kidney Transplantation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Tropical Nephrology

  • 316 Accesses

Abstract

Brazil has the second largest organ transplant program in the world and infections are the main cause of death in kidney transplant recipients living in Latin America. This chapter discusses the main clinical aspects of tropical infections in kidney transplantation. Kidney transplant recipients can acquire tropical diseases directly from the community, through the de novo form, as well as from any other exposed individual. Immunosuppression used for preventing rejection causes a significant increase in the risk of infections, such as tuberculosis and leishmaniasis, in which cellular immunity plays an important role. Reactivation or recrudescence of latent diseases is more frequent in the first months after transplantation. Tuberculosis, disseminated strongyloidiasis, Chagas disease, malaria, and leishmaniasis are examples of this form of acquisition, which predominate in individuals living in endemic areas. The diagnosis of certain infections in this population is sometimes more difficult than that in immunocompetent patients. As examples, eosinophilia is often absent in cases of Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection; granulomas may be absent in tuberculosis and schistosomiasis; malaria fever may be present without the typical cyclic pattern; organomegaly may be absent in patients with visceral leishmaniasis; and cytopenias, notably anemia and thrombocytopenia, are more common in the course of infectious diseases in kidney transplant recipients than in immunocompetent ones. Renal graft function is commonly affected during the treatment of certain infections. In general, tropical diseases show higher morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cusumano AM, Di Gioia C, Hermida O, Lavorato C. Latin American registry of dialysis and renal transplantation. The Latin American dialysis and renal transplantation registry annual report 2002. Kidney Int Suppl. 2005;97:S46–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. de Castro Rodrigues Ferreira F, Cristelli MP, Paula MI, Proença H, Felipe CR, Tedesco-Silva H, et al. Infectious complications as the leading cause of death after kidney transplantation: analysis of more than 10,000 transplants from a single center. J Nephrol. 2017;30(4):601–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. El-Zoghby ZM, Stegall MD, Lager DJ, Kremers WK, Amer H, Gloor JM, et al. Identifying specific causes of kidney allograft loss. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(3):527–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Anzdata Australia and New Zealand dialysis and transplant registry [Internet] [cited 1 May 2018]. Available from: http://www.anzdata.org.au/v1/report_2016.html.

  5. CTS Newsletter 2:2012: death with a functioning graft [Internet] [cited 1 May 2018]. Available from: http://www.ctstransplant.org/public/newsletters/2012/png/2012-2.html?ts=9334835325429464.

  6. Medina-Pestana JO, Duro-Garcia V. Strategies for establishing organ transplant programs in developing countries: the Latin America and Caribbean experience. Artif Organs. 2006;30(7):498–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Machado CM, Martins TC, Colturato I, Leite MS, Simione AJ, de Souza MP, et al. Epidemiology of neglected tropical diseases in transplant recipients. Review of the literature and experience of a Brazilian HSCT center. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2009;51(6):309–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Franco-Paredes C, Jacob JT, Hidron A, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Kuhar D, Caliendo AM. Transplantation and tropical infectious diseases. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14(3):e189–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kotton CN. Zoonoses in solid-organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(6):857–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Barsoum RS. Parasitic infections in transplant recipients. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2006;2(9):490–503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Valar C, Keitel E, Dal Prá RL, Gnatta D, Santos AF, Bianco PD, et al. Parasitic infection in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(2):460–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Machado CM, Levi JE. Transplant-associated and blood transfusion-associated tropical and parasitic infections. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2012;26(2):225–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Motta IJF, Spencer BR, Cordeiro da Silva SG, Arruda MB, Dobbin JA, YBM G, et al. Evidence for transmission of zika virus by platelet transfusion. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(11):1101–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fishman JA. Infection in organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(4):856–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Martín-Dávila P, Fortún J, López-Vélez R, Norman F, Montes de Oca M, Zamarrón P, et al. Transmission of tropical and geographically restricted infections during solid-organ transplantation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(1):60–96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Sawyer RG, Crabtree TD, Gleason TG, Antevil JL, Pruett TL. Impact of solid organ transplantation and immunosuppression on fever, leukocytosis, and physiologic response during bacterial and fungal infections. Clin Transpl. 1999;13(3):260–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Mahmoud KM, Sobh MA, El-Agroudy AE, Mostafa FE, Baz ME, Shokeir AA, et al. Impact of schistosomiasis on patient and graft outcome after renal transplantation: 10 years’ follow-up. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(11):2214–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Boulware DR, Stauffer WM, Hendel-Paterson BR, Rocha JLL, Seet RC-S, Summer AP, et al. Maltreatment of Strongyloides infection: case series and worldwide physicians-in-training survey. Am J Med. 2007;120(6):545.e1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Duvignaud A, Receveur M-C, Ezzedine K, Pistone T, Malvy D. Visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in a kidney transplant recipient living in France. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2015;13(1):115–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Nüesch R, Cynke E, Jost MC, Zimmerli W. Thrombocytopenia after kidney transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(3):537–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Carrillo E, Carrasco-Antón N, López-Medrano F, Salto E, Fernández L, San Martín JV, et al. Cytokine release assays as tests for exposure to Leishmania, and for confirming cure from Leishmaniasis, in solid organ transplant recipients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(10):e0004179.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Redelman-Sidi G, Sepkowitz KA. IFN-γ release assays in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection among immunocompromised adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(4):422–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Costa SD, de Sandes-Freitas TV, Jacinto CN, Martiniano LVM, Amaral YS, Paes FJVN, et al. Tuberculosis after kidney transplantation is associated with significantly impaired allograft function. Transpl Infect Dis. 2017;19(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12750. Epub 2017 Sep 4.

  24. Viana LA. Tuberculose diagnosticada após o transplante renal. Tese de Mestrado. Unifesp. 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  25. San-Juan R, De Dios B, Navarro D, García-Reyne A, Lumbreras C, Bravo D, et al. Epstein-Barr virus DNAemia is an early surrogate marker of the net state of immunosuppresion in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2013;95(5):688–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Clemente W, Vidal E, Girão E, Ramos ASD, Govedic F, Merino E, et al. Risk factors, clinical features and outcomes of visceral leishmaniasis in solid-organ transplant recipients: a retrospective multicenter case-control study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(1):89–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ross AGP, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, Olds GR, Li Y, Williams GM, et al. Schistosomiasis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(16):1212–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. da Silva GB, Pinto JR, Barros EJG, Farias GMN, Daher EDF. Kidney involvement in malaria: an update. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2017;59:e53.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Daher EDF, de Abreu KLS, da Silva Junior GB. Leptospirosis-associated acute kidney injury. J Bras Nefrol. 2010;32(4):400–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Daher EDF, da Junior Silva GB, Vieira APF, de Souza JB, Falcão FDS, da Costa CR, et al. Acute kidney injury in a tropical country: a cohort study of 253 patients in an infectious diseases intensive care unit. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2014;47(1):86–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Jasenosky LD, Scriba TJ, Hanekom WA, Goldfeld AE. T cells and adaptive immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Immunol Rev. 2015;264(1):74–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Chen C-Y, Liu C-J, Feng J-Y, Loong C-C, Liu C, Hsia C-Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors for tuberculosis after liver transplantation in an endemic area: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study. Am J Transplant. 2015;15(8):2180–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Guirao-Arrabal E, Santos F, Redel-Montero J, Vaquero JM, Cantisán S, Vidal E, et al. Risk of tuberculosis after lung transplantation: the value of pretransplant chest computed tomography and the impact of mTOR inhibitors and azathioprine use. Transpl Infect Dis. 2016;18(4):512–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Vale S. Reactivation versus clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in patients with cancer can be context dependent. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(20):2634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Durrbach A, Pestana JM, Pearson T, Vincenti F, Garcia VD, Campistol J, et al. A phase III study of belatacept versus cyclosporine in kidney transplants from extended criteria donors (BENEFIT-EXT study). Am J Transplant. 2010;10(3):547–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Keiser PB, Nutman TB. Strongyloides stercoralis in the immunocompromised population. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(1):208–17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Matsuzawa K, Nakamura F, Abe M, Okamoto K. Immunosuppressive and antiparasitic effects of cyclosporin A on Hymenolepis nana infection in mice. Int J Parasitol. 1998;28(4):579–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Munro GH, Brannan LR, Chappell LH, Thomson AW, McLaren DJ. The larvicidal activity of cyclosporin A against Schistosoma mansoni in mice. Parasitology. 1991;102(Pt 1):57–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Schad GA. Cyclosporine may eliminate the threat of overwhelming strongyloidiasis in immunosuppressed patients. J Infect Dis. 1986;153(1):178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Qing M, Yang F, Zhang B, Zou G, Robida JM, Yuan Z, et al. Cyclosporine inhibits flavivirus replication through blocking the interaction between host cyclophilins and viral NS5 protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(8):3226–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Muñoz L, Santin M. Prevention and management of tuberculosis in transplant recipients: from guidelines to clinical practice. Transplantation. 2016;100(9):1840–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Santoro-Lopes G, Subramanian AK, Molina I, Aguado JM, Rabagliatti R, Len O. Tuberculosis recommendations for solid organ transplant recipients and donors. Transplantation. 2018;102(2S Suppl 2):S60–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Jha V, Chugh KS. Posttransplant infections in the tropical countries. Artif Organs. 2002;26(9):770–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. van Griensven J, Carrillo E, López-Vélez R, Lynen L, Moreno J. Leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed individuals. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(4):286–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção, Especializada e Temática, Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção. Diretrizes Clínicas para o Cuidado ao paciente com Doença Renal Crônica – DRC no Sistema Único de Saúde/Ministério da Saúde. 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Home [Internet]. [cited 1 May 2018 ]. Available from: http://www.abto.org.br/abtov03/default.aspx?mn=476&c=0&s=157&pop=true.

  47. Adult immunization schedules for adults in easy-to-read formats CDC [Internet]. 2018 [cited 30 Apr 2018]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/adult.html.

  48. Facincani T, Guimarães MNC, De Sousa Dos Santos S. Yellow fever vaccination status and safety in hemodialysis patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;48:91–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ministério da Saúde [Internet]. [cited 1 May 2018]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2009/prt2600_21_10_2009.html.

  50. Fischer SA, Avery RK, AST Infectious Disease Community of Practice. Screening of donor and recipient prior to solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(Suppl 4):S7–18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Sousa AA, Lobo MCSG, Barbosa RA, Bello V. Chagas seropositive donors in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2004;36(4):868–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mello MAG, da Conceição AF, Sousa SMB, Alcântara LC, Marin LJ, Regina da Silva Raiol M, et al. HTLV-1 in pregnant women from the Southern Bahia, Brazil: a neglected condition despite the high prevalence. Virol J. 2014;11:28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. de Morais MPE, Gato CM, Maciel LA, Lalwani P, Costa CA, Lalwani JDB. Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 among blood donors in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2017;59:e80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Tedla F, Brar A, John D, Sumrani N. Risk of transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus through transplant. Am J Transplant. 2015;15(4):1123–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Dosik H, Goldstein MF, Poiesz BJ, Williams L, Fahnrich B, Ehrlich GD, et al. Seroprevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus in blacks from a selected central Brooklyn population. Cancer Investig. 1994;12(3):289–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Moreno-Ajona D, Yuste JR, Martín P, Gállego P-LJ. HTLV-1 myelopathy after renal transplant and antiviral prophylaxis: the need for screening. J Neurovirol. 2018;24:523.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Pierrotti LC, Kotton CN. Transplantation in the tropics: lessons on prevention and management of tropical infectious diseases. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2015;17(7):492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Clemente WT, Pierrotti LC, Abdala E, Morris MI, Azevedo LS, López-Vélez R, et al. Recommendations for management of endemic diseases and travel medicine in solid-organ transplant recipients and donors: Latin America. Transplantation. 2018;102(2):193–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Subramanian A, Dorman S. AST infectious diseases community of practice. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(Suppl 4):S57–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kotton CN, Lattes R, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Parasitic infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(Suppl 4):S234–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Camargo LFA, Kamar N, Gotuzzo E, Wright AJ. Schistosomiasis and Strongyloidiasis recommendations for solid-organ transplant recipients and donors. Transplantation. 2018;102(2S Suppl 2):S27–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Clemente WT, Mourão PHO, Lopez-Medrano F, Schwartz BS, García-Donoso C, Torre-Cisneros J. Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis recommendations for solid organ transplant recipients and donors. Transplantation. 2018;102(2S Suppl 2):S8–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Copeland NK, Aronson NE. Leishmaniasis: treatment updates and clinical practice guidelines review. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015;28(5):426–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Pierrotti LC, Levi ME, Di Santi SM, Segurado AC, Petersen E. Malaria disease recommendations for solid organ transplant recipients and donors. Transplantation. 2018;102(2S Suppl 2):S16–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Meinerz G, da Silva CK, Goldani JC, Garcia VD, Keitel E. Epidemiology of tuberculosis after kidney transplantation in a developing country. Transpl Infect Dis. 2016;18(2):176–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Marques IDB, Azevedo LS, Pierrotti LC, Caires RA, Sato VAH, Carmo LPF, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of tuberculosis in kidney transplant recipients in Brazil: a report of the last decade. Clin Transpl. 2013;27(2):E169–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Antinori S, Cascio A, Parravicini C, Bianchi R, Corbellino M. Leishmaniasis among organ transplant recipients. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8(3):191–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Oliveira CMC, Oliveira MLMB, Andrade SCA, Girão ES, Ponte CN, Mota MU, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in renal transplant recipients: clinical aspects, diagnostic problems, and response to treatment. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(3):755–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Alves da Silva A, Pacheco-Silva A, de Castro Cintra Sesso R, Esmeraldo RM, Costa de Oliveira CM, Fernandes PFCBC, et al. The risk factors for and effects of visceral leishmaniasis in graft and renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2013;95(5):721–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. de Silva AA, Pacheco e Silva Filho Á, de Sesso R C, de Esmeraldo R M, de Oliveira CM, Fernandes PF, et al. Epidemiologic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in renal transplant recipients: experience from thirty cases. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Bern C. Chagas’ disease. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(19):1882.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Souza-Lima R d C d, Barbosa M d GV, Coura JR, ARL A, Nascimento A d S, JMBB F, et al. Outbreak of acute Chagas disease associated with oral transmission in the Rio Negro region, Brazilian Amazon. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2013;46(4):510–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Prata A. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Chagas disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1(2):92–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Huprikar S, Bosserman E, Patel G, Moore A, Pinney S, Anyanwu A, et al. Donor-derived Trypanosoma cruzi infection in solid organ recipients in the United States, 2001-2011. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(9):2418–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Riarte A, Luna C, Sabatiello R, Sinagra A, Schiavelli R, De Rissio A, et al. Chagas’ disease in patients with kidney transplants: 7 years of experience 1989-1996. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29(3):561–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Schmunis GA, Yadon ZE. Chagas disease: a Latin American health problem becoming a world health problem. Acta Trop. 2010;115(1–2):14–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Cicora F, Escurra V, Silguero S, González IM, Roberti JE. Use of kidneys from trypanosoma cruzi-infected donors in naive transplant recipients without prophylactic therapy: the experience in a high-risk area. Transplantation. 2014;97(1):e3–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Wendel S. Transfusion transmitted Chagas disease: is it really under control? Acta Trop. 2010;115(1–2):28–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lattes R, Lasala MB. Chagas disease in the immunosuppressed patient. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(4):300–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kransdorf EP, Zakowski PC, Kobashigawa JA. Chagas disease in solid organ and heart transplantation. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2014;27(5):418–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Campos SV, Strabelli TMV, Amato Neto V, Silva CP, Bacal F, Bocchi EA, et al. Risk factors for Chagas’ disease reactivation after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27(6):597–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ortiz AM, Troncoso P, Sainz M, Vilches S. Prophylaxis and treatment of Chagas disease in renal transplant donor and recipient: case report. Transplant Proc. 2010;42(1):393–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Pinazo M-J, Miranda B, Rodríguez-Villar C, Altclas J, Brunet Serra M, García-Otero EC, et al. Recommendations for management of Chagas disease in organ and hematopoietic tissue transplantation programs in nonendemic areas. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2011;25(3):91–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Bacal F, Silva CP, Bocchi EA, Pires PV, Moreira LFP, Issa VS, et al. Mychophenolate mofetil increased Chagas disease reactivation in heart transplanted patients: comparison between two different protocols. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(8):2017–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Bestetti RB, Souza TR, Lima MF, Theodoropoulos TAD, Cordeiro JA, Burdmann EA. Effects of a mycophenolate mofetil-based immunosuppressive regimen in Chagas’ heart transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2007;84(3):441–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Barquilla A, Crespo JL, Navarro M. Rapamycin inhibits trypanosome cell growth by preventing TOR complex 2 formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(38):14579–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Anesi JA, Baddley JW. Approach to the solid organ transplant patient with suspected fungal infection. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2016;30(1):277–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Shoham S. Emerging fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2013;27(2):305–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Guimarães LFA, Halpern M, de Lemos AS, de Gouvêa EF, Gonçalves RT, da Rosa SMA, et al. Invasive fungal disease in renal transplant recipients at a Brazilian center: local epidemiology matters. Transplant Proc. 2016;48(7):2306–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Grim SA, Proia L, Miller R, Alhyraba M, Costas-Chavarri A, Oberholzer J, et al. A multicenter study of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis after solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2012;14(1):17–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Proia L, Miller R, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Endemic fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(Suppl 4):S199–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Khan A, El-Charabaty E, El-Sayegh S. Fungal infections in renal transplant patients. J Clin Med Res. 2015;7(6):371–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Sahin SZ, Akalin H, Ersoy A, Yildiz A, Ocakoglu G, Cetinoglu ED, et al. Invasive fungal infections in renal transplant recipients: epidemiology and risk factors. Mycopathologia. 2015;180(1–2):43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Trabelsi H, Néji S, Sellami H, Yaich S, Cheikhrouhou F, Guidara R, et al. Invasive fungal infections in renal transplant recipients: about 11 cases. J Mycol Med. 2013;23(4):255–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, Hadley S, Kauffman CA, Freifeld A, et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(8):1101–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Pappas PG, Silveira FP, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Candida in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(Suppl 4):S173–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Andes DR, Safdar N, Baddley JW, Alexander B, Brumble L, Freifeld A, et al. The epidemiology and outcomes of invasive Candida infections among organ transplant recipients in the United States: results of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET). Transpl Infect Dis. 2016;18(6):921–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Gassiep I, McDougall D, Douglas J, Francis R, Playford EG. Cryptococcal infections in solid organ transplant recipients over a 15-year period at a state transplant center. Transpl Infect Dis. 2017;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12639. Epub 2017 Jan 17.

  99. Singh N, Forrest G, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(Suppl 4):S192–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Singh N, Husain S, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(Suppl 4):S180–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Moretti ML, Resende MR, Lazéra MDS, Colombo AL, Shikanai-Yasuda MA. Guidelines in cryptococcosis--2008. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2008;41(5):524–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Sun H-Y, Alexander BD, Lortholary O, Dromer F, Forrest GN, Lyon GM, et al. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B significantly improve outcome in solid organ transplant recipients with central nervous system cryptococcosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(11):1721–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Kubak BM, Huprikar SS, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Emerging & rare fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(Suppl 4):S208–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Singh N, Limaye AP, Forrest G, Safdar N, Muñoz P, Pursell K, et al. Combination of voriconazole and caspofungin as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Transplantation. 2006;81(3):320–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Gavaldà J, Meije Y, Fortún J, Roilides E, Saliba F, Lortholary O, et al. Invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(Suppl 7):27–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. World Health Organization. Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control – New edition: WHO; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Nasim A, Anis S, Baqi S, Akhtar SF, Baig-Ansari N. Clinical presentation and outcome of dengue viral infection in live-related renal transplant recipients in Karachi, Pakistan. Transpl Infect Dis. 2013;15(5):516–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Costa SD, da Silva GB, Jacinto CN, Martiniano LVM, Amaral YS, Paes FJVN, et al. Dengue fever among renal transplant recipients: a series of 10 cases in a tropical country. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93(2):394–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Fernandes PFCBC, Siqueira RA, Girão ES, Siqueira RA, Mota MU, Marques LCBF, et al. Dengue in renal transplant recipients: clinical course and impact on renal function. World J Transplant. 2017;7(1):57–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Maia SHF, Brasil IRC, Esmeraldo RDM, Ponte CND, Costa RCS, Lira RA. Severe dengue in the early postoperative period after kidney transplantation: two case reports from Hospital Geral de Fortaleza. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2015;48(6):783–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Tang KF, Ooi EE. Diagnosis of dengue: an update. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2012;10(8):895–907.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Robinson MC. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53. I. Clinical features. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1955;49(1):28–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Rodrigues Faria N, Lourenço J, Marques de Cerqueira E, Maia de Lima M, Pybus O, Carlos Junior Alcantara L. Epidemiology of Chikungunya Virus in Bahia, Brazil, 2014-2015. PLoS Curr. 2016;8. pii: ecurrents.outbreaks.c97507e3e48efb946401755d468c28b2. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.c97507e3e48efb946401755d468c28b2.

  114. Collucci C. Brazil sees sharp rise in chikungunya cases. BMJ. 2016;354:i4560.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Darrigo LG, de Sant’Anna Carvalho AM, Machado CM. Chikungunya, dengue, and Zika in immunocompromised hosts. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2018;20(4):5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Pierrotti LC, Lopes MIBF, APD N, Caiaffa-Filho H, FBC L, Reusing JO, et al. Chikungunya in kidney transplant recipients: a series of cases. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;64:96–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Girão ES, Rodrigues Dos Santos BG, do Amaral ES, PEG C, Pereira KB, de Araujo Filho AH, et al. Chikungunya infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2017;49(9):2076–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Staikowsky F, Talarmin F, Grivard P, Souab A, Schuffenecker I, Le Roux K, et al. Prospective study of chikungunya virus acute infection in the island of La Réunion during the 2005-2006 outbreak. PLoS One. 2009;4(10):e7603.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. McCarthy MK, Morrison TE. Chronic chikungunya virus musculoskeletal disease: what are the underlying mechanisms? Future Microbiol. 2016;11(3):331–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  120. Kee ACL, Yang S, Tambyah P. Atypical chikungunya virus infections in immunocompromised patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(6):1038–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Machado CM, Pereira BB d S, Felix AC, Oliveira MC, Darrigo LG, de Souza MP, et al. Zika and chikungunya virus infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and oncohematological patients. Blood Adv. 2017;1(10):624–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. da Cunha RV, Trinta KS. Chikungunya virus: clinical aspects and treatment - a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2017;112(8):523–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Delang L, Segura Guerrero N, Tas A, Quérat G, Pastorino B, Froeyen M, et al. Mutations in the chikungunya virus non-structural proteins cause resistance to favipiravir (T-705), a broad-spectrum antiviral. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(10):2770–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Briolant S, Garin D, Scaramozzino N, Jouan A, Crance JM. In vitro inhibition of chikungunya and Semliki forest viruses replication by antiviral compounds: synergistic effect of interferon-alpha and ribavirin combination. Antivir Res. 2004;61(2):111–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Zika virus outbreaks in the Americas. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90(45):609–10.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Gourinat A-C, O’Connor O, Calvez E, Goarant C, Dupont-Rouzeyrol M. Detection of Zika virus in urine. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(1):84–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Jimenez A, Shaz BH, Kessler D, Bloch EM. How do we manage blood donors and recipients after a positive Zika screening result? Transfusion (Paris). 2017;57(9):2077–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Nogueira ML, Estofolete CF, Terzian ACB, do Vale EPB M, da Silva RCMA, da Silva RF, et al. Zika virus infection and solid organ transplantation: a new challenge. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(3):791–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popović M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(10):951–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Abdalhamid BA, Al Abadi ANM, Al Saghier MI, Joudeh AA, Shorman MA, Amr SS. Strongyloides stercoralis infection in kidney transplant recipients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015;26(1):98–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Marcos LA, Terashima A, Canales M, Gotuzzo E. Update on strongyloidiasis in the immunocompromised host. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2011;13(1):35–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Abanyie FA, Gray EB, Delli Carpini KW, Yanofsky A, McAuliffe I, Rana M, et al. Donor-derived Strongyloides stercoralis infection in solid organ transplant recipients in the United States, 2009-2013. Am J Transplant. 2015;15(5):1369–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Rego Silva J, Macau RA, Mateus A, Cruz P, Aleixo MJ, Brito M, et al. Successful treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a kidney transplant recipient: case report. Transplant Proc. 2018;50(3):861–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Ferreira CJA, da Silva DA, Almeida PH, da Silva LSV, Carvalho VP, Coutinho AF, et al. Fatal disseminated strongyloidiasis after kidney transplantation. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2012;45(5):652–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Buonfrate D, Requena-Mendez A, Angheben A, Muñoz J, Gobbi F, Van Den Ende J, et al. Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review of case reports. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Khuroo MS. Hyperinfection strongyloidiasis in renal transplant recipients. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014. pii: bcr2014205068. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-205068.

  137. Donadello K, Cristallini S, Taccone FS, Lorent S, Vincent J-L, de Backer D, et al. Strongyloides disseminated infection successfully treated with parenteral ivermectin: case report with drug concentration measurements and review of the literature. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;42(6):580–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Siddiqui AA, Berk SL. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(7):1040–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Suputtamongkol Y, Premasathian N, Bhumimuang K, Waywa D, Nilganuwong S, Karuphong E, et al. Efficacy and safety of single and double doses of ivermectin versus 7-day high dose albendazole for chronic strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(5):e1044.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Marti H, Haji HJ, Savioli L, Chwaya HM, Mgeni AF, Ameir JS, et al. A comparative trial of a single-dose ivermectin versus three days of albendazole for treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis and other soil-transmitted helminth infections in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;55(5):477–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Suputtamongkol Y, Kungpanichkul N, Silpasakorn S, Beeching NJ. Efficacy and safety of a single-dose veterinary preparation of ivermectin versus 7-day high-dose albendazole for chronic strongyloidiasis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008;31(1):46–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Lúcio Roberto Requião Moura

  2. Renal Transplantation Division, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Lúcio Roberto Requião Moura

  3. Division of Renal Transplantation, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

    Silvana Daher Costa

  4. Division of Renal Transplantation, General Hospital of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

    Silvana Daher Costa & Tainá Veras de Sandes-Freitas

  5. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

    Tainá Veras de Sandes-Freitas

Authors
  1. Lúcio Roberto Requião Moura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Silvana Daher Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tainá Veras de Sandes-Freitas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

    Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior

  2. Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

    Elizabeth De Francesco Daher

  3. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Elvino Barros

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Requião Moura, L.R., Costa, S.D., de Sandes-Freitas, T.V. (2020). Tropical Diseases in Kidney Transplantation. In: Bezerra da Silva Junior, G., De Francesco Daher, E., Barros, E. (eds) Tropical Nephrology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44500-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44500-3_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-44499-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-44500-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation