Skip to main content
Book cover

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders pp 149–182Cite as

Shift Work Sleep Disorder

Abstract

Shift work disorder (SWD) is a circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder characterized by insomnia and/or excessive sleepiness with a shortened total sleep time that occurs due to a recurring work schedule that overlaps with one’s habitual sleep period. Approximately 10–20% of the workforce of industrialized nations participates in shift work. SWD may occur in up to one-third of shift workers with higher rates in night shift workers. Circadian disruption in shift workers has been associated with increased rates of numerous adverse health consequences, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, breast cancer, and gastrointestinal ulcers; these health problems may be most common in shift workers with SWD. In addition to adverse health consequences, shift workers with SWD may suffer from work-related injuries and accidents, occupational dysfunction, and social dysfunction. These potential negative consequences of shift work necessitate that clinicians maintain a high index of suspicion for the presence of SWD in shift workers, especially night shift workers. Once identified, SWD must be treated, and the definitive treatment is termination of the inciting shift work. If a shift change is not possible, a patient with SWD may benefit from prescribed sleep scheduling, circadian phase shifting interventions (such as timed melatonin or bright light therapy), hypnotic (sleep-promoting) medications, and/or stimulant (wake-promoting) medications. All shift workers should be educated about the possible negative effects of circadian misalignment, including the development of SWD. The care of shift workers with and without SWD is a global priority, requiring thoughtful cooperation between shift workers, employers, and healthcare providers.

Keywords

  • Shift work disorder
  • Shift work sleep disorder
  • Shift work
  • Night shift
  • Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
  • Circadian misalignment
  • Circadian disruption

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43803-6_11
  • Chapter length: 34 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-3-030-43803-6
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD   149.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions
Fig. 11.1
Fig. 11.2
Fig. 11.3
Fig. 11.4
Fig. 11.5
Fig. 11.6

References

  1. Medicine AAoS. International classification of sleep disorders–third edition (ICSD-3); 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Wright KP Jr, Bogan RK, Wyatt JK. Shift work and the assessment and management of shift work disorder (SWD). Sleep Med Rev. 2013;17(1):41–54.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Harrington JM, Great Britain. Employment Medical Advisory Service. Shift work and health: a critical review of the literature. London: H.M.S.O.; 1978. p. 28.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Drake CL, Roehrs T, Richardson G, Walsh JK, Roth T. Shift work sleep disorder: prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers. Sleep. 2004;27(8):1453–62.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wickwire EM, Geiger-Brown J, Scharf SM, Drake CL. Shift work and shift work sleep disorder: clinical and organizational perspectives. Chest. 2017;151(5):1156–72.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Labor USDo. Workers on flexible and shift schedules in 2004. US: Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lee S, McCann DM, Messenger JC. Working time around the world : trends in working hours, laws and policies in a global comparative perspective. New York: Routledge; 2007. p. xviii, 220.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Presser HB. Job, family, and gender: determinants of nonstandard work schedules among employed Americans in 1991. Demography. 1995;32(4):577–98.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Di Milia L, Waage S, Pallesen S, Bjorvatn B. Shift work disorder in a random population sample—prevalence and comorbidities. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e55306.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Flo E, Pallesen S, Mageroy N, Moen BE, Gronli J, Hilde Nordhus I, et al. Shift work disorder in nurses—assessment, prevalence and related health problems. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e33981.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Saksvik IB, Bjorvatn B, Hetland H, Sandal GM, Pallesen S. Individual differences in tolerance to shift work—a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15(4):221–35.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Oginska H, Pokorski J, Oginski A. Gender, ageing, and shiftwork intolerance. Ergonomics. 1993;36(1–3):161–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Waage S, Moen BE, Pallesen S, Eriksen HR, Ursin H, Akerstedt T, et al. Shift work disorder among oil rig workers in the North Sea. Sleep. 2009;32(4):558–65.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Rajaratnam SM, Barger LK, Lockley SW, Shea SA, Wang W, Landrigan CP, et al. Sleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers. JAMA. 2011;306(23):2567–78.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Saper CB, Cano G, Scammell TE. Homeostatic, circadian, and emotional regulation of sleep. J Comp Neurol. 2005;493(1):92–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Borbely AA, Achermann P, Trachsel L, Tobler I. Sleep initiation and initial sleep intensity: interactions of homeostatic and circadian mechanisms. J Biol Rhythm. 1989;4(2):149–60.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA. Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J Neurosci. 1995;15(5 Pt 1):3526–38.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Radulovacki M, Virus RM, Djuricic-Nedelson M, Green RD. Adenosine analogs and sleep in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1984;228(2):268–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Strecker RE, Morairty S, Thakkar MM, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Basheer R, Dauphin LJ, et al. Adenosinergic modulation of basal forebrain and preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neuronal activity in the control of behavioral state. Behav Brain Res. 2000;115(2):183–204.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Prostaglandin D2 and sleep/wake regulation. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15(6):411–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Krueger JM, Fang J, Taishi P, Chen Z, Kushikata T, Gardi J. Sleep. A physiologic role for IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;856:148–59.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Yasuda K, Churchill L, Yasuda T, Blindheim K, Falter M, Krueger JM. Unilateral cortical application of interleukin-1beta (IL1beta) induces asymmetry in fos, IL1beta and nerve growth factor immunoreactivity: implications for sleep regulation. Brain Res. 2007;1131(1):44–59.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Porkka-Heiskanen T, Strecker RE, Thakkar M, Bjorkum AA, Greene RW, McCarley RW. Adenosine: a mediator of the sleep-inducing effects of prolonged wakefulness. Science. 1997;276(5316):1265–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Jin X, Shearman LP, Weaver DR, Zylka MJ, de Vries GJ, Reppert SM. A molecular mechanism regulating rhythmic output from the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Cell. 1999;96(1):57–68.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Reppert SM, Weaver DR. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature. 2002;418(6901):935–41.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL, Brown EN, Mitchell JF, Rimmer DW, et al. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science. 1999;284(5423):2177–81.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wyatt JK, Ritz-De Cecco A, Czeisler CA, Dijk DJ. Circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, sleep, and neurobehavioral function in humans living on a 20-h day. Am J Phys. 1999;277(4 Pt 2):R1152–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Carskadon MA, Labyak SE, Acebo C, Seifer R. Intrinsic circadian period of adolescent humans measured in conditions of forced desynchrony. Neurosci Lett. 1999;260(2):129–32.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Menaker M, Moreira LF, Tosini G. Evolution of circadian organization in vertebrates. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1997;30(3):305–13.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Moore RY, Eichler VB. Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res. 1972;42(1):201–6.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Peschel N, Helfrich-Forster C. Setting the clock—by nature: circadian rhythm in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. FEBS Lett. 2011;585(10):1435–42.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. O'Neill JS, van Ooijen G, Dixon LE, Troein C, Corellou F, Bouget FY, et al. Circadian rhythms persist without transcription in a eukaryote. Nature. 2011;469(7331):554–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Konopka RJ, Benzer S. Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971;68(9):2112–6.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Zehring WA, Wheeler DA, Reddy P, Konopka RJ, Kyriacou CP, Rosbash M, et al. P-element transformation with period locus DNA restores rhythmicity to mutant, arrhythmic Drosophila melanogaster. Cell. 1984;39(2 Pt 1):369–76.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bargiello TA, Jackson FR, Young MW. Restoration of circadian behavioural rhythms by gene transfer in Drosophila. Nature. 1984;312(5996):752–4.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Vosshall LB, Price JL, Sehgal A, Saez L, Young MW. Block in nuclear localization of period protein by a second clock mutation, timeless. Science. 1994;263(5153):1606–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U. The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:517–49.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dardente H, Cermakian N. Molecular circadian rhythms in central and peripheral clocks in mammals. Chronobiol Int. 2007;24(2):195–213.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cermakian N, Boivin DB. The regulation of central and peripheral circadian clocks in humans. Obes Rev. 2009;10(Suppl 2):25–36.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wurtman RJ, Axelrod J, Fischer JE. Melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland: effect of light mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Science. 1964;143(3612):1328–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Moore RY. Neural control of the pineal gland. Behav Brain Res. 1996;73(1–2):125–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Moore RY, Lenn NJ. A retinohypothalamic projection in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1972;146(1):1–14.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Moore RY, Speh JC, Card JP. The retinohypothalamic tract originates from a distinct subset of retinal ganglion cells. J Comp Neurol. 1995;352(3):351–66.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gooley JJ, Lu J, Fischer D, Saper CB. A broad role for melanopsin in nonvisual photoreception. J Neurosci. 2003;23(18):7093–106.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Golombek DA, Rosenstein RE. Physiology of circadian entrainment. Physiol Rev. 2010;90(3):1063–102.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Miller LS, Hoban TM. Antidepressant and circadian phase-shifting effects of light. Science. 1987;235(4786):352–4.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lewy AJ, Sack RL. The dim light melatonin onset as a marker for circadian phase position. Chronobiol Int. 1989;6(1):93–102.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Pandi-Perumal SR, Smits M, Spence W, Srinivasan V, Cardinali DP, Lowe AD, et al. Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO): a tool for the analysis of circadian phase in human sleep and chronobiological disorders. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31(1):1–11.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Kupfer DJ. Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(7):2468–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gumenyuk V, Howard R, Roth T, Korzyukov O, Drake CL. Sleep loss, circadian mismatch, and abnormalities in reorienting of attention in night workers with shift work disorder. Sleep. 2014;37(3):545–56.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Hilliker NA, Muehlbach MJ, Schweitzer PK, Walsh JK. Sleepiness/alertness on a simulated night shift schedule and morningness-eveningness tendency. Sleep. 1992;15(5):430–3.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Archer SN, Robilliard DL, Skene DJ, Smits M, Williams A, Arendt J, et al. A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference. Sleep. 2003;26(4):413–5.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Jones KH, Ellis J, von Schantz M, Skene DJ, Dijk DJ, Archer SN. Age-related change in the association between a polymorphism in the PER3 gene and preferred timing of sleep and waking activities. J Sleep Res. 2007;16(1):12–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Archer SN, Viola AU, Kyriakopoulou V, von Schantz M, Dijk DJ. Inter-individual differences in habitual sleep timing and entrained phase of endogenous circadian rhythms of BMAL1, PER2 and PER3 mRNA in human leukocytes. Sleep. 2008;31(5):608–17.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Viola AU, Archer SN, James LM, Groeger JA, Lo JC, Skene DJ, et al. PER3 polymorphism predicts sleep structure and waking performance. Curr Biol. 2007;17(7):613–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Cheng P, Tallent G, Burgess HJ, Tran KM, Roth T, Drake CL. Daytime sleep disturbance in night shift work and the role of PERIOD3. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(3):393–400.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Pilcher JJ, Lambert BJ, Huffcutt AI. Differential effects of permanent and rotating shifts on self-report sleep length: a meta-analytic review. Sleep. 2000;23(2):155–63.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Mitler MM, Miller JC, Lipsitz JJ, Walsh JK, Wylie CD. The sleep of long-haul truck drivers. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(11):755–61.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American academy of sleep medicine and sleep research society. Sleep. 2015;38(6):843–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Vallieres A, Azaiez A, Moreau V, LeBlanc M, Morin CM. Insomnia in shift work. Sleep Med. 2014;15(12):1440–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Harma M, Tenkanen L, Sjoblom T, Alikoski T, Heinsalmi P. Combined effects of shift work and life-style on the prevalence of insomnia, sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1998;24(4):300–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Nakata A, Haratani T, Takahashi M, Kawakami N, Arito H, Fujioka Y, et al. Job stress, social support at work, and insomnia in Japanese shift workers. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 2001;30(1–2):203–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Garbarino S, De Carli F, Nobili L, Mascialino B, Squarcia S, Penco MA, et al. Sleepiness and sleep disorders in shift workers: a study on a group of italian police officers. Sleep. 2002;25(6):648–53.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Oyane NM, Pallesen S, Moen BE, Akerstedt T, Bjorvatn B. Associations between night work and anxiety, depression, insomnia, sleepiness and fatigue in a sample of Norwegian nurses. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70228.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gumenyuk V, Belcher R, Drake CL, Roth T. Differential sleep, sleepiness, and neurophysiology in the insomnia phenotypes of shift work disorder. Sleep. 2015;38(1):119–26.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Belcher R, Gumenyuk V, Roth T. Insomnia in shift work disorder relates to occupational and neurophysiological impairment. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(4):457–65.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Gumenyuk V, Roth T, Korzyukov O, Jefferson C, Kick A, Spear L, et al. Shift work sleep disorder is associated with an attenuated brain response of sensory memory and an increased brain response to novelty: an ERP study. Sleep. 2010;33(5):703–13.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Folkard S, Tucker P. Shift work, safety and productivity. Occup Med (Lond). 2003;53(2):95–101.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  69. Akerstedt T. Sleepiness as a consequence of shift work. Sleep. 1988;11(1):17–34.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Akerstedt T. Psychological and psychophysiological effects of shift work. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1990;16(Suppl 1):67–73.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Akerstedt T, Kecklund G, Knutsson A. Manifest sleepiness and the spectral content of the EEG during shift work. Sleep. 1991;14(3):221–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gold DR, Rogacz S, Bock N, Tosteson TD, Baum TM, Speizer FE, et al. Rotating shift work, sleep, and accidents related to sleepiness in hospital nurses. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(7):1011–4.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Harma M, Sallinen M, Ranta R, Mutanen P, Muller K. The effect of an irregular shift system on sleepiness at work in train drivers and railway traffic controllers. J Sleep Res. 2002;11(2):141–51.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Dinges DF. An overview of sleepiness and accidents. J Sleep Res. 1995;4(S2):4–14.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Akerstedt T. Work hours, sleepiness and the underlying mechanisms. J Sleep Res. 1995;4(S2):15–22.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Dijk DJ, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA. Circadian and sleep/wake dependent aspects of subjective alertness and cognitive performance. J Sleep Res. 1992;1(2):112–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Berger AM, Hobbs BB. Impact of shift work on the health and safety of nurses and patients. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2006;10(4):465–71.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Rajaratnam SM, Arendt J. Health in a 24-h society. Lancet. 2001;358(9286):999–1005.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Daytime sleepiness: quantification of a behavioral state. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1987;11(3):307–17.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Rogers AE, Hwang WT, Scott LD, Aiken LH, Dinges DF. The working hours of hospital staff nurses and patient safety. Health Aff (Millwood). 2004;23(4):202–12.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  81. Wagstaff AS, Sigstad Lie JA. Shift and night work and long working hours—a systematic review of safety implications. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011;37(3):173–85.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep. 2003;26(2):117–26.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Barger LK, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SM, Landrigan CP. Neurobehavioral, health, and safety consequences associated with shift work in safety-sensitive professions. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2009;9(2):155–64.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Dawson D, Reid K. Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment. Nature. 1997;388(6639):235.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Van Dongen HP. Shift work and inter-individual differences in sleep and sleepiness. Chronobiol Int. 2006;23(6):1139–47.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Esquirol Y, Perret B, Ruidavets JB, Marquie JC, Dienne E, Niezborala M, et al. Shift work and cardiovascular risk factors: new knowledge from the past decade. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;104(12):636–68.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Leclerc A. Shift-work and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(5):285–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Mosendane T, Mosendane T, Raal FJ. Shift work and its effects on the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2008;19(4):210–5.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Tenkanen L, Sjoblom T, Kalimo R, Alikoski T, Harma M. Shift work, occupation and coronary heart disease over 6 years of follow-up in the Helsinki Heart Study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997;23(4):257–65.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Fujino Y, Iso H, Tamakoshi A, Inaba Y, Koizumi A, Kubo T, et al. A prospective cohort study of shift work and risk of ischemic heart disease in Japanese male workers. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(2):128–35.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Manson JE, Speizer FE, et al. Prospective study of shift work and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation. 1995;92(11):3178–82.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Knutsson A, Akerstedt T, Jonsson BG, Orth-Gomer K. Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease in shift workers. Lancet. 1986;2(8498):89–92.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Akerstedt T, Knutsson A, Alfredsson L, Theorell T. Shift work and cardiovascular disease. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1984;10(6 Spec No):409–14.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Hublin C, Partinen M, Koskenvuo K, Silventoinen K, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Shift-work and cardiovascular disease: a population-based 22-year follow-up study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(5):315–23.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Boggild H, Suadicani P, Hein HO, Gyntelberg F. Shift work, social class, and ischaemic heart disease in middle aged and elderly men; a 22 year follow up in the Copenhagen male study. Occup Environ Med. 1999;56(9):640–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Frost P, Kolstad HA, Bonde JP. Shift work and the risk of ischemic heart disease - a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2009;35(3):163–79.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Puttonen S, Kivimaki M, Elovainio M, Pulkki-Raback L, Hintsanen M, Vahtera J, et al. Shift work in young adults and carotid artery intima-media thickness: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205(2):608–13.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Brown DL, Feskanich D, Sanchez BN, Rexrode KM, Schernhammer ES, Lisabeth LD. Rotating night shift work and the risk of ischemic stroke. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169(11):1370–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. De Bacquer D, Van Risseghem M, Clays E, Kittel F, De Backer G, Braeckman L. Rotating shift work and the metabolic syndrome: a prospective study. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(3):848–54.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Puttonen S, Viitasalo K, Harma M. The relationship between current and former shift work and the metabolic syndrome. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2012;38(4):343–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Esquirol Y, Bongard V, Mabile L, Jonnier B, Soulat JM, Perret B. Shift work and metabolic syndrome: respective impacts of job strain, physical activity, and dietary rhythms. Chronobiol Int. 2009;26(3):544–59.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Sookoian S, Gemma C, Fernandez Gianotti T, Burgueno A, Alvarez A, Gonzalez CD, et al. Effects of rotating shift work on biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and inflammation. J Intern Med. 2007;261(3):285–92.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Guo Y, Rong Y, Huang X, Lai H, Luo X, Zhang Z, et al. Shift work and the relationship with metabolic syndrome in Chinese aged workers. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0120632.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27,485 people. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58(11):747–52.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Kim MJ, Son KH, Park HY, Choi DJ, Yoon CH, Lee HY, et al. Association between shift work and obesity among female nurses: Korean Nurses' survey. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1204.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Karlsson BH, Knutsson AK, Lindahl BO, Alfredsson LS. Metabolic disturbances in male workers with rotating three-shift work. Results of the WOLF study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76(6):424–30.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Sakata K, Okubo Y, Oishi M, Tanaka K, et al. A longitudinal study on the effect of shift work on weight gain in male Japanese workers. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(8):1887–93.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  108. Di Lorenzo L, De Pergola G, Zocchetti C, L'Abbate N, Basso A, Pannacciulli N, et al. Effect of shift work on body mass index: results of a study performed in 319 glucose-tolerant men working in a Southern Italian industry. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(11):1353–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Peplonska B, Bukowska A, Sobala W. Association of rotating night shift work with BMI and abdominal obesity among nurses and midwives. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133761.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Pan A, Schernhammer ES, Sun Q, Hu FB. Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: two prospective cohort studies in women. PLoS Med. 2011;8(12):e1001141.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Hansen AB, Stayner L, Hansen J, Andersen ZJ. Night shift work and incidence of diabetes in the Danish Nurse Cohort. Occup Environ Med. 2016;73(4):262–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Morikawa Y, Nakagawa H, Miura K, Soyama Y, Ishizaki M, Kido T, et al. Shift work and the risk of diabetes mellitus among Japanese male factory workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2005;31(3):179–83.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Knutsson A, Kempe A. Shift work and diabetes—a systematic review. Chronobiol Int. 2014;31(10):1146–51.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Kivimaki M, Batty GD, Hublin C. Shift work as a risk factor for future type 2 diabetes: evidence, mechanisms, implications, and future research directions. PLoS Med. 2011;8(12):e1001138.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Fonken LK, Workman JL, Walton JC, Weil ZM, Morris JS, Haim A, et al. Light at night increases body mass by shifting the time of food intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(43):18664–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Opperhuizen AL, van Kerkhof LW, Proper KI, Rodenburg W, Kalsbeek A. Rodent models to study the metabolic effects of shiftwork in humans. Front Pharmacol. 2015;6:50.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Scheer FA, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shea SA. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(11):4453–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Buxton OM, Cain SW, O'Connor SP, Porter JH, Duffy JF, Wang W, et al. Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(129):129ra43.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Lowden A, Moreno C, Holmback U, Lennernas M, Tucker P. Eating and shift work - effects on habits, metabolism and performance. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2010;36(2):150–62.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Antunes LC, Levandovski R, Dantas G, Caumo W, Hidalgo MP. Obesity and shift work: chronobiological aspects. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(1):155–68.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Fritschi L. Shift work and cancer. BMJ. 2009;339:b2653.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Wang F, Yeung KL, Chan WC, Kwok CC, Leung SL, Wu C, et al. A meta-analysis on dose-response relationship between night shift work and the risk of breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(11):2724–32.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Davis S, Mirick DK, Stevens RG. Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(20):1557–62.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Hansen J. Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night. Epidemiology. 2001;12(1):74–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Hansen J, Lassen CF. Nested case-control study of night shift work and breast cancer risk among women in the Danish military. Occup Environ Med. 2012;69(8):551–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Schernhammer ES, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Hankinson SE. Night work and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology. 2006;17(1):108–11.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Kawachi I, et al. Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses' health study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(20):1563–8.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. O'Leary ES, Schoenfeld ER, Stevens RG, Kabat GC, Henderson K, Grimson R, et al. Shift work, light at night, and breast cancer on Long Island, New York. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(4):358–66.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Schwartzbaum J, Ahlbom A, Feychting M. Cohort study of cancer risk among male and female shift workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2007;33(5):336–43.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Viswanathan AN, Hankinson SE, Schernhammer ES. Night shift work and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer Res. 2007;67(21):10618–22.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Poole EM, Schernhammer ES, Tworoger SS. Rotating night shift work and risk of ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2011;20(5):934–8.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  132. Rao D, Yu H, Bai Y, Zheng X, Xie L. Does night-shift work increase the risk of prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther. 2015;8:2817–26.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Papantoniou K, Castano-Vinyals G, Espinosa A, Aragones N, Perez-Gomez B, Burgos J, et al. Night shift work, chronotype and prostate cancer risk in the MCC-Spain case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(5):1147–57.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Kubo T, Oyama I, Nakamura T, Kunimoto M, Kadowaki K, Otomo H, et al. Industry-based retrospective cohort study of the risk of prostate cancer among rotating-shift workers. Int J Urol. 2011;18(3):206–11.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Parent ME, El-Zein M, Rousseau MC, Pintos J, Siemiatycki J. Night work and the risk of cancer among men. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(9):751–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Kawachi I, et al. Night-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses' health study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(11):825–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Lahti TA, Partonen T, Kyyronen P, Kauppinen T, Pukkala E. Night-time work predisposes to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(9):2148–51.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Schernhammer ES, Feskanich D, Liang G, Han J. Rotating night-shift work and lung cancer risk among female nurses in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(9):1434–41.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  139. Vinogradova IA, Anisimov VN, Bukalev AV, Semenchenko AV, Zabezhinski MA. Circadian disruption induced by light-at-night accelerates aging and promotes tumorigenesis in rats. Aging (Albany NY). 2009;1(10):855–65.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Anisimov VN. The light-dark regimen and cancer development. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23(Suppl 2):28–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Anisimov VN, Hansen J. Light, endocrine systems and cancer—a meeting report. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23(Suppl 2):84–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, et al. Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(12):1065–6.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Haus EL, Smolensky MH. Shift work and cancer risk: potential mechanistic roles of circadian disruption, light at night, and sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev. 2013;17(4):273–84.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Cohen M, Lippman M, Chabner B. Pineal gland and breast cancer. Lancet. 1978;2(8104–5):1381–2.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Stevens RG. Electric power use and breast cancer: a hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;125(4):556–61.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Stevens RG. Light-at-night, circadian disruption and breast cancer: assessment of existing evidence. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(4):963–70.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  147. Hill SM, Spriggs LL, Simon MA, Muraoka H, Blask DE. The growth inhibitory action of melatonin on human breast cancer cells is linked to the estrogen response system. Cancer Lett. 1992;64(3):249–56.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Blask DE. Melatonin, sleep disturbance and cancer risk. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(4):257–64.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Costa G. Shift work and occupational medicine: an overview. Occup Med (Lond). 2003;53(2):83–8.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  150. Costa G, Haus E, Stevens R. Shift work and cancer - considerations on rationale, mechanisms, and epidemiology. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2010;36(2):163–79.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ. Gut clock: implication of circadian rhythms in the gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011;62(2):139–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Vener KJ, Szabo S, Moore JG. The effect of shift work on gastrointestinal (GI) function: a review. Chronobiologia. 1989;16(4):421–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Knutsson A, Boggild H. Gastrointestinal disorders among shift workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2010;36(2):85–95.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Knutsson A. Health disorders of shift workers. Occup Med (Lond). 2003;53(2):103–8.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  155. Nojkov B, Rubenstein JH, Chey WD, Hoogerwerf WA. The impact of rotating shift work on the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in nurses. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(4):842–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Caruso CC, Lusk SL, Gillespie BW. Relationship of work schedules to gastrointestinal diagnoses, symptoms, and medication use in auto factory workers. Am J Ind Med. 2004;46(6):586–98.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Saberi HR, Moravveji AR. Gastrointestinal complaints in shift-working and day-working nurses in Iran. J Circadian Rhythms. 2010;8:9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. Armstrong BG, Nolin AD, McDonald AD. Work in pregnancy and birth weight for gestational age. Br J Ind Med. 1989;46(3):196–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  159. McDonald AD, McDonald JC, Armstrong B, Cherry NM, Nolin AD, Robert D. Prematurity and work in pregnancy. Br J Ind Med. 1988;45(1):56–62.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Axelsson G, Rylander R, Molin I. Outcome of pregnancy in relation to irregular and inconvenient work schedules. Br J Ind Med. 1989;46(6):393–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  161. Xu X, Ding M, Li B, Christiani DC. Association of rotating shiftwork with preterm births and low birth weight among never smoking women textile workers in China. Occup Environ Med. 1994;51(7):470–4.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. Uehata T, Sasakawa N. The fatigue and maternity disturbances of night workwomen. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 1982;11(Suppl):465–74.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Infante-Rivard C, David M, Gauthier R, Rivard GE. Pregnancy loss and work schedule during pregnancy. Epidemiology. 1993;4(1):73–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Boivin DB, Czeisler CA, Dijk DJ, Duffy JF, Folkard S, Minors DS, et al. Complex interaction of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian phase modulates mood in healthy subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(2):145–52.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Tsuno N, Besset A, Ritchie K. Sleep and depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(10):1254–69.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Alvaro PK, Roberts RM, Harris JK. A systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Sleep. 2013;36(7):1059–68.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Mellman TA. Sleep and anxiety disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006;29(4):1047–58; abstract x.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Scott AJ, Monk TH, Brink LL. Shiftwork as a risk factor for depression: a pilot study. Int J Occup Environ Health. 1997;3(Supplement 2):S2–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Kalmbach DA, Pillai V, Cheng P, Arnedt JT, Drake CL. Shift work disorder, depression, and anxiety in the transition to rotating shifts: the role of sleep reactivity. Sleep Med. 2015;16(12):1532–8.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  170. Puttonen S, Oksanen T, Vahtera J, Pentti J, Virtanen M, Salo P, et al. Is shift work a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis? The Finnish public sector study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(4):779–80.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Cooper GS, Parks CG, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS, Dooley MA. Occupational risk factors for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(10):1928–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Trinkoff AM, Le R, Geiger-Brown J, Lipscomb J, Lang G. Longitudinal relationship of work hours, mandatory overtime, and on-call to musculoskeletal problems in nurses. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49(11):964–71.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Hedstrom AK, Akerstedt T, Hillert J, Olsson T, Alfredsson L. Shift work at young age is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(5):733–41.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Hedstrom AK, Akerstedt T, Olsson T, Alfredsson L. Shift work influences multiple sclerosis risk. Mult Scler. 2015;21(9):1195–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Barger LK, Ogeil RP, Drake CL, O'Brien CS, Ng KT, Rajaratnam SM. Validation of a questionnaire to screen for shift work disorder. Sleep. 2012;35(12):1693–703.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  177. Juda M, Vetter C, Roenneberg T. The Munich ChronoType Questionnaire for Shift-Workers (MCTQShift). J Biol Rhythm. 2013;28(2):130–40.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  178. Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythm. 2003;18(1):80–90.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  179. Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 1976;4(2):97–110.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Kantermann T, Sung H, Burgess HJ. Comparing the morningness-eveningness questionnaire and Munich ChronoType questionnaire to the dim light melatonin onset. J Biol Rhythm. 2015;30(5):449–53.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  181. Zavada A, Gordijn MC, Beersma DG, Daan S, Roenneberg T. Comparison of the Munich Chronotype questionnaire with the Horne-Ostberg's morningness-eveningness score. Chronobiol Int. 2005;22(2):267–78.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Gamble KL, Motsinger-Reif AA, Hida A, Borsetti HM, Servick SV, Ciarleglio CM, et al. Shift work in nurses: contribution of phenotypes and genotypes to adaptation. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e18395.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  183. Boivin DB, Boudreau P. Impacts of shift work on sleep and circadian rhythms. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2014;62(5):292–301.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Vetter C, Fischer D, Matera JL, Roenneberg T. Aligning work and circadian time in shift workers improves sleep and reduces circadian disruption. Curr Biol. 2015;25(7):907–11.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Bastien CH, Vallieres A, Morin CM. Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297–307.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  189. Martin A, Rief W, Klaiberg A, Braehler E. Validity of the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire Mood Scale (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006;28(1):71–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Morgenthaler TI, Lee-Chiong T, Alessi C, Friedman L, Aurora RN, Boehlecke B, et al. Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep. 2007;30(11):1445–59.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  191. Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, Carskadon MA, Wright KP Jr, Vitiello MV, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep. 2007;30(11):1460–83.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  192. Carney CE, Buysse DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Edinger JD, Krystal AD, Lichstein KL, et al. The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring. Sleep. 2012;35(2):287–302.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  193. Morgenthaler T, Alessi C, Friedman L, Owens J, Kapur V, Boehlecke B, et al. Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the assessment of sleep and sleep disorders: an update for 2007. Sleep. 2007;30(4):519–29.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Mizuno K, Matsumoto A, Aiba T, Abe T, Ohshima H, Takahashi M, et al. Sleep patterns among shift-working flight controllers of the International Space Station: an observational study on the JAXA Flight Control Team. J Physiol Anthropol. 2016;35(1):19.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  195. Marino M, Li Y, Rueschman MN, Winkelman JW, Ellenbogen JM, Solet JM, et al. Measuring sleep: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of wrist actigraphy compared to polysomnography. Sleep. 2013;36(11):1747–55.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  196. Borges FN, Fischer FM. Twelve-hour night shifts of healthcare workers: a risk to the patients? Chronobiol Int. 2003;20(2):351–60.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Daurat A, Foret J. Sleep strategies of 12-hour shift nurses with emphasis on night sleep episodes. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2004;30(4):299–305.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Lewy AJ. The dim light melatonin onset, melatonin assays and biological rhythm research in humans. Biol Signals Recept. 1999;8(1–2):79–83.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Keijzer H, Smits MG, Duffy JF, Curfs LM. Why the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) should be measured before treatment of patients with circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(4):333–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Mullington JM, Abbott SM, Carroll JE, Davis CJ, Dijk DJ, Dinges DF, et al. Developing biomarker arrays predicting sleep and circadian-coupled risks to health. Sleep. 2016;39(4):727–36.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  201. Tepas DI, Carvalhais AB. Sleep patterns of shiftworkers. Occup Med. 1990;5(2):199–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Goldbart A, Peppard P, Finn L, Ruoff CM, Barnet J, Young T, et al. Narcolepsy and predictors of positive MSLTs in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort. Sleep. 2014;37(6):1043–51.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  203. Zee PC, Goldstein CA. Treatment of shift work disorder and jet lag. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2010;12(5):396–411.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Roth T. Appropriate therapeutic selection for patients with shift work disorder. Sleep Med. 2012;13(4):335–41.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Morrissette DA. Twisting the night away: a review of the neurobiology, genetics, diagnosis, and treatment of shift work disorder. CNS Spectr. 2013;18(Suppl 1):45–53. quiz 4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Yeung J, Sletten TL, Rajaratnam SM. A phase-advanced, extended sleep paradigm to increase sleep duration among early-morning shift workers: a preliminary investigation. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011;37(1):62–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Harma M, Knauth P, Ilmarinen J. Daytime napping and its effects on alertness and short-term memory performance in shiftworkers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1989;61(5):341–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Purnell MT, Feyer AM, Herbison GP. The impact of a nap opportunity during the night shift on the performance and alertness of 12-h shift workers. J Sleep Res. 2002;11(3):219–27.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Bonnefond A, Muzet A, Winter-Dill AS, Bailloeuil C, Bitouze F, Bonneau A. Innovative working schedule: introducing one short nap during the night shift. Ergonomics. 2001;44(10):937–45.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Sallinen M, Harma M, Akerstedt T, Rosa R, Lillqvist O. Promoting alertness with a short nap during a night shift. J Sleep Res. 1998;7(4):240–7.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Signal TL, Gander PH, Anderson H, Brash S. Scheduled napping as a countermeasure to sleepiness in air traffic controllers. J Sleep Res. 2009;18(1):11–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Ruggiero JS, Redeker NS. Effects of napping on sleepiness and sleep-related performance deficits in night-shift workers: a systematic review. Biol Res Nurs. 2014;16(2):134–42.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Lee C, Smith MR, Eastman CI. A compromise phase position for permanent night shift workers: circadian phase after two night shifts with scheduled sleep and light/dark exposure. Chronobiol Int. 2006;23(4):859–75.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Smith MR, Cullnan EE, Eastman CI. Shaping the light/dark pattern for circadian adaptation to night shift work. Physiol Behav. 2008;95(3):449–56.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Smith MR, Eastman CI. Night shift performance is improved by a compromise circadian phase position: study 3. Circadian phase after 7 night shifts with an intervening weekend off. Sleep. 2008;31(12):1639–45.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  216. Smith MR, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. A compromise circadian phase position for permanent night work improves mood, fatigue, and performance. Sleep. 2009;32(11):1481–9.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  217. Smith MR, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Practical interventions to promote circadian adaptation to permanent night shift work: study 4. J Biol Rhythm. 2009;24(2):161–72.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  218. Crowley SJ, Lee C, Tseng CY, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Complete or partial circadian re-entrainment improves performance, alertness, and mood during night-shift work. Sleep. 2004;27(6):1077–87.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Czeisler CA, Johnson MP, Duffy JF, Brown EN, Ronda JM, Kronauer RE. Exposure to bright light and darkness to treat physiologic maladaptation to night work. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(18):1253–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Dawson D, Campbell SS. Timed exposure to bright light improves sleep and alertness during simulated night shifts. Sleep. 1991;14(6):511–6.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Eastman CI, Martin SK. How to use light and dark to produce circadian adaptation to night shift work. Ann Med. 1999;31(2):87–98.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Boivin DB, Boudreau P, James FO, Kin NM. Photic resetting in night-shift work: impact on nurses' sleep. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(5):619–28.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Boivin DB, Boudreau P, Tremblay GM. Phototherapy and orange-tinted goggles for night-shift adaptation of police officers on patrol. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(5):629–40.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Boivin DB, James FO. Circadian adaptation to night-shift work by judicious light and darkness exposure. J Biol Rhythm. 2002;17(6):556–67.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  225. Boivin DB, James FO. Light treatment and circadian adaptation to shift work. Ind Health. 2005;43(1):34–48.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Lowden A, Akerstedt T, Wibom R. Suppression of sleepiness and melatonin by bright light exposure during breaks in night work. J Sleep Res. 2004;13(1):37–43.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Santhi N, Aeschbach D, Horowitz TS, Czeisler CA. The impact of sleep timing and bright light exposure on attentional impairment during night work. J Biol Rhythm. 2008;23(4):341–52.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  228. Folkard S, Arendt J, Clark M. Can melatonin improve shift workers' tolerance of the night shift? Some preliminary findings. Chronobiol Int. 1993;10(5):315–20.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Jorgensen KM, Witting MD. Does exogenous melatonin improve day sleep or night alertness in emergency physicians working night shifts? Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31(6):699–704.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Sharkey KM, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Effects of melatonin administration on daytime sleep after simulated night shift work. J Sleep Res. 2001;10(3):181–92.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  231. Yoon IY, Song BG. Role of morning melatonin administration and attenuation of sunlight exposure in improving adaptation of night-shift workers. Chronobiol Int. 2002;19(5):903–13.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Burgess HJ, Revell VL, Molina TA, Eastman CI. Human phase response curves to three days of daily melatonin: 0.5 mg versus 3.0 mg. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(7):3325–31.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  233. Richardson GS, Zee PC, Wang-Weigand S, Rodriguez L, Peng X. Circadian phase-shifting effects of repeated ramelteon administration in healthy adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(5):456–61.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  234. Rajaratnam SM, Polymeropoulos MH, Fisher DM, Roth T, Scott C, Birznieks G, et al. Melatonin agonist tasimelteon (VEC-162) for transient insomnia after sleep-time shift: two randomised controlled multicentre trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):482–91.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Walsh JK, Muehlbach MJ, Schweitzer PK. Acute administration of triazolam for the daytime sleep of rotating shift workers. Sleep. 1984;7(3):223–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Walsh JK, Schweitzer PK, Anch AM, Muehlbach MJ, Jenkins NA, Dickins QS. Sleepiness/alertness on a simulated night shift following sleep at home with triazolam. Sleep. 1991;14(2):140–6.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Monchesky TC, Billings BJ, Phillips R, Bourgouin J. Zopiclone in insomniac shiftworkers. Evaluation of its hypnotic properties and its effects on mood and work performance. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1989;61(4):255–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Moon CA, Hindmarch I, Holland RL. The effect of zopiclone 7.5 mg on the sleep, mood and performance of shift workers. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;5(Suppl 2):79–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Hart CL, Ward AS, Haney M, Foltin RW. Zolpidem-related effects on performance and mood during simulated night-shift work. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;11(4):259–68.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Hart CL, Haney M, Nasser J, Foltin RW. Combined effects of methamphetamine and zolpidem on performance and mood during simulated night shift work. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005;81(3):559–68.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Troy SM, Lucki I, Unruh MA, Cevallos WH, Leister CA, Martin PT, et al. Comparison of the effects of zaleplon, zolpidem, and triazolam on memory, learning, and psychomotor performance. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(3):328–37.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Walsh JK, Muehlbach MJ, Humm TM, Dickins QS, Sugerman JL, Schweitzer PK. Effect of caffeine on physiological sleep tendency and ability to sustain wakefulness at night. Psychopharmacology. 1990;101(2):271–3.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Muehlbach MJ, Walsh JK. The effects of caffeine on simulated night-shift work and subsequent daytime sleep. Sleep. 1995;18(1):22–9.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Ker K, Edwards PJ, Felix LM, Blackhall K, Roberts I. Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;5:CD008508.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Schweitzer PK, Randazzo AC, Stone K, Erman M, Walsh JK. Laboratory and field studies of naps and caffeine as practical countermeasures for sleep-wake problems associated with night work. Sleep. 2006;29(1):39–50.

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Hart CL, Ward AS, Haney M, Nasser J, Foltin RW. Methamphetamine attenuates disruptions in performance and mood during simulated night-shift work. Psychopharmacology. 2003;169(1):42–51.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Roth T, Hughes RJ, Wright KP, Kingsbury L, et al. Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):476–86.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Erman MK, Rosenberg R, The USMSWSDSG. Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with chronic shift work sleep disorder: effects on patient functioning and health-related quality of life. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;9(3):188–94.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  249. Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Wesnes KA, Arora S, Roth T. Armodafinil for treatment of excessive sleepiness associated with shift work disorder: a randomized controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(11):958–72.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  250. Erman MK, Seiden DJ, Yang R, Dammerman R. Efficacy and tolerability of armodafinil: effect on clinical condition late in the shift and overall functioning of patients with excessive sleepiness associated with shift work disorder. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53(12):1460–5.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Drake C, Gumenyuk V, Roth T, Howard R. Effects of armodafinil on simulated driving and alertness in shift work disorder. Sleep. 2014;37(12):1987–94.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  252. Howard R, Roth T, Drake CL. The effects of armodafinil on objective sleepiness and performance in a shift work disorder sample unselected for objective sleepiness. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(3):369–73.

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Schwartz JR, Khan A, McCall WV, Weintraub J, Tiller J. Tolerability and efficacy of armodafinil in naive patients with excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea, shift work disorder, or narcolepsy: a 12-month, open-label, flexible-dose study with an extension period. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(5):450–7.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  254. Black JE, Hull SG, Tiller J, Yang R, Harsh JR. The long-term tolerability and efficacy of armodafinil in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea, shift work disorder, or narcolepsy: an open-label extension study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(5):458–66.

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Michael S. Aldrich Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Alok Sachdeva & Cathy Goldstein

Authors
  1. Alok Sachdeva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cathy Goldstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alok Sachdeva .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Mayo Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA

    MD R. Robert Auger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sachdeva, A., Goldstein, C. (2020). Shift Work Sleep Disorder. In: Auger, R. (eds) Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43803-6_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43803-6_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43802-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43803-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)