Abstract
This chapter serves as the introduction to a set of cases that describe the planning, implementation, and assessment of a federally funded and locally administered crime prevention program: the Byrne Criminal Justice Innovation (BCJI) program. The BCJI program emerged in 2012 as part of a suite of three federal programs known as the Neighborhood Revitalization Initiative (NRI). This three-pronged initiative sought to link federal support to improvements in affordable housing crime prevention and a decrease in poverty through investments in education, training, and targeted incentives for private development in designated areas. While the BCJI program represented a new type of federal anti-crime program, it shares much in common with other programs that have come before it, many with similar theories as to the causes of crime, as well as a clear set of prescriptions toward its reduction and prevention. This chapter offers a description of the BCJI program; the history of federal efforts in support of local crime reduction; a concise review of the relevant theories that drive the programs’ preferred set of intervention points; and a summary of nine local case studies, followed by a final chapter that describes the technical assistance challenges in building locally informed, innovative, and comprehensive crime prevention programs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
In St. Louis, civil unrest started in neighboring suburban Ferguson, MO, and was inflamed by the police shooting and subsequent legal processes surrounding the death of Michael Brown in 2014. In Baltimore, the death of Freddy Gray, which occurred in 2015 while Mr. Gray was in police custody, has led to a prolonged set of police-community problems for that city, while in Cleveland, 12-year-old Tamir Rice was shot in a city park while holding a BB gun in November of 2014 by a police officer responding to a radio call regarding a person with a gun.
- 2.
Many cities around the country have added such an office over the past decade in an acknowledgement that policing services should not exist in a policy or operational silo from other crime and safety influencing public service areas, such as housing, zoning/code enforcement, sanitation, and recreation. While these offices have proliferated, their influence over policing practices, as evidenced in the Baltimore case, has remained a work in progress.
- 3.
Tucson received the DOJ funding under the new program articulation and name, the Innovations in Community Based Crime Reduction program, or CBCR. For the sake of consistency, it is referred to as BCJI here as this program emerged directly from the BCJI program.
- 4.
05 is a reference to the last two digits of the area’s zip code (85705).
References
Acosta, J., & Chavis, D. (2007). Build the capacity of communities to address crime. Criminology and Public Policy, 6(4), 651–662.
Bogason, P., & Musso, J. (2006). The democratic prospects of network governance. Public Administration Review, 36(1), 3–18.
Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2014). The effects of hot spots policing on crime: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 31(4), 633–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2012.673632.
Branas, C., Cheney, R., MacDonald, J., Tam, V., Jackson, T., & Ten Have, T. (2011). A difference-in-differences analysis of health, safety and greening vacant urban space. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(11), 1296–1304.
Bursik, R. J., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. New York, NY: Lexington Books.
Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Vitter, Z., & Bennett, T. (2014). Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: A systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(4), 399–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-014-9210-y.
Goldstein, H. (1990). Problem-oriented policing. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Harcourt, B. (2001). Illusions of order: The false promise of broken windows policing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Higginson, A., & Mazerolle, L. (2014). Legitimacy policing of places: The impact on crime and disorder. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(4), 429–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-014-9215-6.
Hinkle, J. C., & Weisburd, D. (2008). The irony of broken windows policing: A micro-place study of the relationship between disorder, focused police crackdowns and fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(6), 503–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.09.010.
Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.
Johnston, L. (2001). Fear, crime and civil policing. Urban Studies, 38(5–6), 959–976.
Johnston, L., & Shearing, C. (2003). Governing security: Explorations in policing and justice. London: Routledge.
Kane, R. (2002). The social ecology of police misconduct. Criminology, 40(4), 867–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00976.x.
Kelling, G. L., & Wilson, J. Q. (1982). Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly, March, 1–9. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/03/broken-windows/4465/
Kubrin, C. E., & Weitzer, R. (2003). New directions in social disorganization theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40(4), 374–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427803256238.
Mazerolle, L., Bennett, S., Davis, J., Sargeant, E., & Manning, M. (2013). Procedural justice and police legitimacy: A systematic review of the research evidence. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 9(3), 245–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-013-9175-2.
McGarrell, E. F., Giacomazzi, A. L., & Thurman, Q. C. (1997). Neighborhood disorder, integration, and the fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 14(3), 479–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829700093441.
Morabito, M. S. (2010). Understanding community policing as an innovation: Patterns of adoption. Crime & Delinquency, 56(4), 564–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128707311643.
Nagin, D. S., & Telep, C. W. (2017). Procedural justice and legal compliance. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 13, 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113310.
Newman, O. (1995) Defensible space: A new physical planning tool for urban revitalization. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(2), 149–155
Park, R. E. (1915). The city: suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the city environment. American Journal of Sociology, 20(5), 577–612.
Rojek, J., Martin, P., & Alpert, G. P. (2015). Developing and maintaining police-researcher partnerships to facilitate research use. New York: Springer.
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5328.918.
Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 603–651.
Sampson, R. (2011). The community. In J. Wilson & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime and public policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Scheider, M. C., Chapman, R., & Schapiro, A. (2009). Towards the unification of policing innovations under community policing. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 32(4), 694–718. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510911000777.
Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sharkey, P., Torrats-Espinosa, G., & Taykar, D. (2017). Community and the crime decline: The causal effect of local nonprofits on violent crime. American Sociological Review, 82(6), 1214–1240.
Sharkey, P. (2018). Uneasy peace: The great crime decline, the renewal of city life. And the next was on violence. New York: Norton.
Skogan, W. G. (1987). Community organizations and crime. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research (Vol. 10, pp. 39–78). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Skogan, W. G. (1990). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods. New York: Free Press.
Skogan, W. G., & Frydl, K. (Eds.). (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Smith, D. A. (1986). The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior. Crime and Justice, 8, 313–341.
Southall, A. (2019, November 17). Why stop-and-frisk inflamed Black and Hispanic neighborhoods. New York Times. Accessed December 12, 2019 at https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/17/nyregion/bloomberg-stop-and-frisk-new-york.html
Sullivan, M. (1998). Evaluating the effects of community development corporations on conditions and perceptions of safety. Security Journal, 11, 51–60.
Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T. R. (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & Society Review, 37(3), 513–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5893.3703002.
Taylor, R. (2001). Breaking away from broken windows: Baltimore neighborhoods and the nationwide fight against crime, grime, fear, and decline. Boulder: Westview.
Tyler, T. (2017). Procedural justice and policing: A rush to judgment? Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 13, 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113318.
Tyler, T. R. (2004). Enhancing police legitimacy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203262627.
Tyler, T. R., Goff, P. A., & MacCoun, R. J. (2015). The impact of psychological science on policing in the United States: Procedural justice, legitimacy, and effective law enforcement. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(3), 75–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615617791.
United States Bureau of Justice Administration. (2012). Byrne criminal justice innovation program, request for proposals. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Weisburd, D. (2012). Bringing social context back into the equation: The importance of social characteristics of places in the prevention of crime. Criminology & Public Policy, 11(2), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00810.x.
Weisburd, D. (2015). The law of crime concentration and the criminology of place. Criminology, 53(2), 133–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12070.
Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. A. (2006). Understanding police innovation. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Weisburd, D., Davis, M., & Gill, C. (2015a). Increasing collective efficacy and social capital at crime hot spots: New crime control tools for police. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 9(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pav019.
Weisburd, D., Eck, J. E., Braga, A. A., Telep, C. W., Cave, B., Bowers, K., Bruinsma, G., Gill, C., Groff, E. R., Hibdon, J., Hinkle, J. C., Johnson, S. D., Lawton, B., Lum, C., Ratcliffe, J. H., Rengert, G., Taniguchi, T., & Yang, S.-M. (2016). Place matters: Criminology for the twenty-first century. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., & Yang, S.-M. (2012). The criminology of place: Street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. New York: Oxford University Press.
Weisburd, D., Hinkle, J. C., Braga, A. A., & Wooditch, A. (2015b). Understanding the mechanisms underlying broken windows policing: The need for evaluation evidence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52(4), 589–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427815577837.
Weisburd, D., & Majmundar, M. K. (Eds.). (2018). Proactive policing: Effects on crime and communities. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Wilcox, P., Cullen, F. T., & Feldmeyer, B. (2018). Communities and crime: An enduring American challenge. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. (1982, March). Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly, pp. 29–38.
Wood, J. (2006). Research and innovation in the field of security: A nodal governance view. In J. Wood & B. Dupont (Eds.), Democracy, society and the governance of security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yang, S.-M. (2010). Assessing the spatial–temporal relationship between disorder and violence. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 139–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-009-9085-7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stokes, R.J., Gill, C. (2020). In Support of Innovative Partnerships for Crime Prevention: The Byrne Criminal Justice Innovation Program. In: Stokes, R., Gill, C. (eds) Innovations in Community-Based Crime Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43635-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43635-3_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43634-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43635-3
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)