Abstract
The final transformation of autobiographical memory into autobiographical narrative marks the definitive transformation from a thought for oneself to a thought for others. The story the person tells is therefore deeply influenced by the listener. But not only the story, because once transformed into a narrative this narrative in turn exerts a profound transformation on the memory because the memory of the event will be added by integrating the memory of the narrative of the event.
In short, the relationship between memory and narration can be considered to be a process that takes place in two cycles. A first cycle is when memory is narrated. The memory is then externalized in the narrative. In a second cycle, after the memory has been narrated, it becomes an object of internationalization and returns to being a memory. But when a person has to recall this memory, it will no longer be the same, because it has gone through the first cycle in which it was told and the second in which it was internalized. These two cycle process has an enormous impact on the narrator’s awareness. The effort to translate an inner thought into an outer language requires the development of a new awareness because it obliges the narrator to overcome those physical and social constraints that we have mentioned. But with the translation of the narration into memory, the narrator becomes able to look at his/her memories from different points of view precisely because they have been told to a narratee, who, even just by listening to him/her, induces him/her to consider his/her memories with new points of view that have emerged in that specific relational situation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
According to Umberto Eco (1977), an author who writes a text (empirical author), when he writes, he defines the type of self-image he wants to give to the reader (model author). The model author in turn establishes a model reader to whom he can turn, who, however, could be very different from the empirical reader, who will in fact read the work and judge the empirical author.
- 2.
Here, the word monologue is used as a synonym for soliloquy, and is distinct from the theatrical monologue in which the person speaks to himself/herself, but actually addresses an audience.
- 3.
Diderot in his Actor’s Paradox gave his name to this situation in which a person remembers only after a meeting with an interlocutor what he could say or do. The Esprit de l’escalier is a way of retrospectively modifying one’s own story by imagining an alternative version and building a response strategy to be used on the next occasion (Diderot 1830).
References
Alea, N., & Bluck, S. (2003). Why are you telling me that? A conceptual model of the social function of autobiographical memory. Memory, 11(2), 165–178.
Bavelas, J. B., Coates, L., & Johnson, T. (2000). Listeners as co-narrators. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 79(6), 941–952.
Bermani, C. (1991). Il bambino è servito. Bari: Daedalus.
Bluck, S., Baron, J. M., Ainsworth, S. A., Gesselman, A. N., & Gold, K. L. (2013). Eliciting empathy for adults in chronic pain trough autobiographical memory sharing. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27, 81–90.
Bruner, J. (1986). Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of the reality. Narrative Inquiry, 181, 1–21.
Bruner, J. (2004). Life as narrative. Social Research, 71(3), 691–710.
Bruner, J., & Lucariello, J. (1989). Monologue as a narrative recreation of the world. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Narratives from the crib (pp. 73–97). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Diderot, D. (1830). Paradoxe sur le comédien. Paris: A. Sautelet.
Dodson, C. S., Johnson, M. K., & Schooler, J. W. (1997). The verbal overshadowing effect: Why descriptions impair face recognition. Memory and Cognition, 25, 129–139.
Eco, U. (1977). Lector in Fabula. Milano: Bompiani.
Fioretti, C., & Smorti, A. (2015). How emotional content of memories changes in narrating. Narrative Inquiry, 25(1), 37–56.
Fioretti, C., & Smorti, A. (2016). Narrating positive versus negative memories of illness: Does narrating influence the availability and the emotional involvement of memories of illness. European Journal of Cancer Care, 263, 1–7.
Fioretti, C., Pascuzzi, D., & Smorti, A. (2017). The role of the listener on the emotional valence of personal memories in emerging adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 244, 252–262.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics. Speech acts. New York: Academic Press.
Hofstatter, D. (2007). I am a strange loop. New York: Basic Books.
Labov, W. (1997). Some further steps in narrative analysis. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 7, 395–415.
McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100–122.
McAdams, D. P., Bauer, J. J., Sakaeda, A. R., Anyidoho, N. A., Machado, M. A., Magrino-Failla, K., & Pals, J. L. (2006). Continuity and change in the life story: A longitudinal study of autobiographical memories in emerging adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74(5), 1371–1400.
Nelson, K., & Fivush, R. (2004). The emergence of autobiographical memory: A social cultural developmental theory. Psychology Review, 111(2), 486–511.
Pascuzzi, D., Fioretti, C., & Smorti, A. (2016). Sharing of emotional memories with a listener: Differences between adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Youth Studies, 45, 28–37.
Pasupathi, M. (2001). The social construction of the personal past and its implications for adult development. Psychological Bulletin, 127(5), 651–672.
Pasupathi, M. (2003). Emotion regulation during social remembering: Differences between emotions elicited during an event and emotions elicited when talking about it. Memory, 112, 151–163.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Opening up: The healing power of emotional expression. New York: Guilford.
Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 239–245.
Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E., & Booth, R. J. (2001). Linguistic inquiry and word account. Austin, TX: LIWC.net.
Schank, R. C. (1990). Tell me a story. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Skowronski, J. J., & Walker, W. R. (2004). How describing autobiographical events can affect autobiographical memories. Social Cognition, 22(5), 555–590.
Smorti, A., & Donzelli, G. P. (Eds.). (2015). Medicina narrativa in pediatria. Florence: SEID.
Smorti, A., & Fioretti, C. (2015). Why narrating changes memory: A contribution to an integrative model of memory and narrative processes. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 50(2), 296–319.
Smorti, A., Risaliti, F., Pananti, B., & Cipriani, V. (2008). Autobiography as a tool for self-construction: A study of patients with mental disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(7), 531–537.
Smorti, A., Pananti, B., & Rizzo, A. (2010). Autobiography as a tool to improve lifestyle, well being and self narrative in patients with mental disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(8), 564–571.
Smorti, A., Peterson, C., & Tani, F. (2016). The language of memory: Narrating memories of parents and friends. Open Journal of Psychology, 9, 95–110.
Tani, F., Smorti, A., & Peterson, C. (2015). Is friendship quality reflected in memory narratives? The Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32(3), 281–303.
Tulving, E., & Craik, F. I. M. (2000). The Oxford handbook of memory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1934). Myshlenie i rech, Socekgiz. Moscow-Leningrad. English translation, Thought and language. Cambridge: MIT (1986).
White, H. (1980). The value of narrativity in the representation of reality. In W. J. T. Mitchell (Ed.), On narratives (pp. 1–24). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Smorti, A. (2020). The Narrative Dialogue. In: Telling to Understand. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43161-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43161-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43160-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43161-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)