Abstract
Acute heart failure (AHF) is defined by a constellation of symptoms (dyspnea, orthopnea, lower limb swelling) and signs (elevated jugular venous pressure, pulmonary congestion) often caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality resulting in reduced cardiac output and/or elevated intracardiac pressures [1]. Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE) is the most severe form of AHF, characterized by severe dyspnea at rest together with signs of lung congestion.
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Cosentini, R., Duca, A., Junior, G.C. (2020). NIV in Acute Cardiac Diseases: Heart Failure and Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema. In: Esquinas, A.M., et al. Noninvasive Ventilation in Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Critical Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42998-0_36
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