Abstract
This chapter provides summarized geological and geophysical account of the youngest and highest mountain belt to elucidate the role of the continental lithospheric subduction of the Indian Plate in the evolution of the Himalaya during the Cenozoic.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrahami R, van der Beek P, Huyghe H, Hardwick E, Carcaillet J (2016) Decoupling of long-term exhumation and short-term erosion rates in the Sikkim Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 433:76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.039
Acharya SK, Ghose SC, Ghosesn Shah SC (1975) The continental Gondwana Group and associated marine sediments of Arunachal Pradesh (NEFA), Eastern Himalaya. Himalayan Geol 5:60–82
Adlakha V, Lang KA, Patel RC, Lal N, Huntington KW (2013) Rapid long-term erosion in the rain shadow of the Shillong Plateau, eastern Himalaya. Tectonophysics 582:76–83
Adlakha V, Patel RC, Kumar A, Lal N (2018) Tectonic control over exhumation in the Arunachal Himalaya: new constraints from Apatite Fission Track Analysis. In: Sharma R, Villa IM, Kumar S (eds) Crustal architecture and evolution of the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet Orogen, vol 481. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp481.1
Ahmad T, Tanaka T, Sachan HK, Asahara Y, Islam R, Khanna PP (2008) Geochemical and isotopic constraints on the age and origin of the Nidar ophiolitic complex, Ladakh, India: implication for the Neo-Tethyan subduction along the Indus suture zone. Tectonophysics 451:206‒224
Agarwal KK, Singh IB, Sharma M, Sharma S, Rajagopalan G (2002) Extensional tectonic activity in the craton ward parts (peripheral bulge) of the Ganga Plain foreland basin, India. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 91:897–905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-002-0265-z
Agnihotri D, Pandita SK, Tewari R, Awatar R, Linnemann U, Pillai USK, A Joshi A, Gautam S, Kumar K (2018) Palynology and detrital zircon geochronology of the Carboniferous Fenestella Shale Formation of the Tethyan realm in Kashmir Himalaya: implications for global correlation and floristic evolution. J Asian Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.(2017.09.003)
Aharon P, Schidlowsk M, Singh IB (1987) Chronostratigraphic markers in the end–Precambrian carbon isotope record of the Lesser Himalaya. Nature 327:699–702
Argand E (1924) La tectoniquedel’ Asie. In: Proceeding 13th Internal Geology Congress 7:170‒372
Arya R, Ambwani K, Sahni N, Sahni A (2004) First mammal and additional fossil flowers from the Kasauli Formation, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 64:317–324
Auden JB (1934) The geology of the Krol belt. Rec Geol Surv India 67(4):357–454
Auden JB (1935) Traverses in the Himalaya. Geol Surv India 69:123–167
Awasthi SC, Prasad M, Srivastava VC (1985) Terraces and Neotectonism in Katra–Riasi, district Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir. In: Merh SS, Vashi NM (eds) Proceeding quaternary episodes in India. Depart Geol, MS. University, Baroda, pp 39–48
Banerjee DM (1974) Stratigraphy and depositional characteristics of Tethyan sediments in Kuti–Kalapani area, Kumaun, India. Himalayan Geol 4:296–322
Banerjee DM, McArthur JM (1989) A note on the mineralogy and geochemistry of Mussorie phosphorites of the Lower Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 13:75–82
Banerjee DM, Narain MJ (1976) Trace fossils and the Environment of Deposition in the Lower Tal Formation of Mussoorie. J Sedimen Petrol 1:234–239
Banerjee DM, Tandon SK, Sinha AK (1975) Trace fossils in the Tethyan succession in a part of north–eastern Kumaun Himalaya: In: Proceedings of symposium on sediment, sedimentation and sedimentary environment, vol 9. University of Delhi, Theme, pp 117–185
Banerjee DM, Schidlowski M, Arneth JD (1986) Genesis of upper Proterozoic-Cambrian phosphorte deposits of India: isotopic inferences from carbonate fluorapatite, carbonate and organic carbon. Precamb Res 33:239–253
Banerjee DM, Schidlowski M, Siebert F, Brasier MD (1997) Geochemical changes across the Proterozoic–Cambrian transition in the Durmala phosphorite mine section, Mussoorie Hills, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Palaeogeog Palaeoclim Palaeoeco 132:183–194
Barber AJ, Zaw K, Crow MJ (eds) (2017) Myanmar: geology, resources and tectonics. Mem Geol Soc Lond 48
Barnes JB, Densmore AL, Mukul M, Sinha R, Jain V, Tandon SK (2011) Interplay between faulting and base level in the development of Himalayan frontal fold topography. J Geophys Res 116:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001841. F0301
Beck RA, Burbank DW, Sercombe WJ, Riley GW, Barndt JK, Berry JR, Afzal J, Khan AM, Jurgen H, Metje J, Cheema A, Shafique NA, Lawrence RD, Khan MA (1995) Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia. Nature 373:55–58
Bera MK, Sarkar A, Chakraborty PP, Loyal RS, Sanyal P (2008) Marine to continental transition in Himalayan foreland. Geol Soc Amer Bull 120:1214–1232. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26265.1
Berthelsen A (1953) On the Geol of the Rupshu District, N Himalaya. Medd Dan Geol Forening 12:350–415
Bhargava ON (1976) Geol of the Krol Belt and associated formations: a reappraisal. Mem Geol Surv India 106:106–234
Bhargava ON (1995) The Bhutan Himalaya: a geological account. Geol Surv India Spec Publ 39:1–245
Bhargava ON (2008a) An updated introduction of the Spiti geology. J Palaeont Soc India 53:113–129
Bhargava ON (2008b) Palaeozoic successions of the Indian Plate. Mem Geol Soc India 74:209–244
Bhargava ON (2011) Early Palaeozoic palaeogeography, basin configuration, paleoclimate and tectonics in the Indian plate. Mem Geol Soc India 78:69–99
Bhargava ON (2015) Evolution of the Tethyan and Karewa successions in Kashmir: a synthesis. J Palaeont Soc India 60(1):51–72
Bhargava ON, Bassi UK (1998) Geol of Spiti-Kinnaur Himachal Himalaya. Mem Geol Surv India 124:1–210
Bhargava ON, Singh BP (2019) A broad climatostratigraphy of the Himalaya. Himalayan Geol 40(2):220–238
Bhargava ON, Singh BP (2020) Geological evolution of the Tethys Himalaya. Episodes 43(1):404–416, https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020024
Bhargava ON, Srikantia SV (1985) Trilobite and other trace fossils from the Kunzumla Formation, eastern Lahaul, Himachal Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 26:880–886
Bhargava ON, Kumar G, Gupta SS (1982) Cambrian trace fossils from the Spiti Valley, Himachal Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 23(4):183–191
Bhargava ON, Krystyn L, Balini M, Lein R, Nicora A (2004) Revised litho- and sequence stratigraphy of the Spiti Triassic. Albertiana 30:21–39
Bhargava ON, Frank W, Bertle R (2011a) Late Cambrian deformation in the Lesser Himalaya. J Asian Earth Sci 40:201–212
Bhargava ON, Kaur G, Deb M (2011b) A Paleoproterozoic paleosol horizon in the Lesser Himalaya and its regional implications. J Asian Earth Sci 42:1371–1380
Bhargava ON, Thoni M, Miller C (2016) Isotopic evidence of Early Palaeozoic metamorphism in the Lesser Himalaya (Jutogh Group), Himachal Pradesh, India: its implication. Himalayan Geol 37(2):73–84
Bhatia SB (2000) Faunal and floral diversity in the Subathu-Dgshai Passage Beds: a review. Himalayan Geol 21:87–97
Bhatia SB, Bhargava ON (2006) Biochronological continuity of the Paleogene sediments of the Himalayan Foreland Basin: paleontological and other evidences. J Asian Earth Sci 26:477–487
Bhatt DK (1989) Small shelly fossils, Tommotian and Meishucunian stages and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary—implications of the recent studies in the Himalayan sequences. J Palaeont Soc India 34:55–68
Bhatt DK, Mamgain AK, Misra RS (1985) Small shelly fossils of Early Cambrian (Tommotian) age from Chert-Phosphorite Member, Tal Formation, Mussoorie syncline, Lesser Himalaya, India and their chronostratigraphic evaluation. J Palaeont Soc India 30:92–102
Biswas S, Coutand I, Grujic D, Hager C, Stockli D, Grasemann B (2007) Exhumation and uplift of the Shillong Plateau and its influence on the eastern Himalayas: new constraints from apatite and zircon (U-Th-[Sm])/He and apatite fission track analyses. Tectonics 26:TC6013. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007tc002125
Bodenhausen JWA, DeBooy T, Egelar CG, Nijhuis HJ (1964) On the geology of Central west Nepal—a preliminary note. In: 22nd International geological congress, vol 11, New Delhi. Special Publications, pp 101–122
Bordet P, Colchen M, Krummenacher D, Le FP, Mouterde R, Remmy M (1971) Recherches géologiques dans l’Himalaya du Nepal de la Thakkola. Coll Int Centre Nat Rech Sci Sci Terre 1–279
Boyer SE, Elliott D (1982) Thrust systems. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 66:1196–1230
Brasier MD, Singh P (1987) Microfossils and Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratigraphy at Maldeota, Lesser Himalaya. Geol Mag 124:323–345
Brookfield ME (1993) The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to the Cretaceous times. Sediment Geol 84:1–35
Brookfield ME, Algeo TJ, Hannigan R, Williams J, Bhat GM (2013) Shaken and Stirred: Seismites and Tsunamites at the Permian-Triassic Boundary, Guryul Ravine, Kashmir, India. Palaios 28:568–582
Brosse M, Baud A, Bhat GM, Bucher H, Leu M, Vennemann T, Goudemand N (2017) Conodont–based Griesbachian biochronology of the Guryul Ravine section (basal Triassic, Kashmir, India. Geobios 50(5–6):359–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2017.10.001
Burbank DW (1992) Causes of recent Himalayan uplift deduced from deposited patterns in the Ganges Basin. Nature 357:680–682
Burchfiel BC, Royden LH (1985) North-south extension within the convergent Himalayan region. Geology 13:679‒682
Burchfiel BC, Zhilang C, Hodges KV, Yuping L, Roden LH, Changong D, Jiene X (1992) The South Tibetan detachment system, Himalayan orogen: extension contemporaneous with parallel to shortening in collisional mountain belt. Geol Soc Am Bull 269:1–42
Bürgmann R, Larson KM, Bilham R (1999) Model inversion of GPS and leveling measurements across the Himalaya: implications of earthquake hazards and geodetic networks. Himalayan Geol 20:59–72
Burrard SG (1915) Origin of the Gangetic Trough, commonly called the Himalayan foredeep. Proc R Soc Lond 91:220–238
Butler RWH (2018) Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan syntaxes: the view from Nanga Parbat. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 483. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp483.5
Caddick M, Bickle M, Harris N, Holland T, Horstwood M, Parrish RR, Ahmad T (2007) Burial and exhumation history of a Lesser Himalayan schist: recording the formation of an inverted metamorphic sequence in NW India. Earth Planet Sci Lett 264:375–390
Carosi R, Lombardo B, Molli G, Musumeci G, Pertusati PC (1998) The south tibetan detachment system in the Rongbuk valley, Everest region: deformation features and geological implications. J Asian Earth Sci 16:299–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00014-2
Carosi R, Montomoli C, Laccarino S (2018) 20 years of geological mapping of the metamorphic core across Central and Eastern Himalayas. Earth Sci Rev 177:124‒138
Cawood PA, Johnson MRW, Nemchin AA (2007) Early paleozoic orogenesis along the Indian margin of Gondwana: tectonic response to Gondwana assembly. Earth Planet Sci Lett 255:70–84
Cawood PA, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhao G (2013) Locating South China in Rodinia and Gondwana: a fragment of greater India lithosphere? Geology 41(8):903–906. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34395.1
Célérier J, Harrison TM, Webb AAA, Yin A (2009) The Kumaun and Garhwal Lesser Himalaya, India. Part 1. Structure and stratigraphy. Geol Soc Am Bull 121:1262–1280
Chakraborty S, Anczkiewicz R, Gaidies F, Rubatto D, Sorcar N, Faak K, Mukhopadhyay DK, Dasgupta S (2016) A review of thermal history and timescales of tectonometamorphic processes in Sikkim Himalaya (NE India) and implications for rates of metamorphic processes. J Metamor Geol 34:785–803
Chaubey RS, Singh Birendra P, Mikuláš R, Bhargava ON, Kishore N, Prasad SK (2018) Integrated Ichnological and sedimentological analysis of the Cambrian Kunzam La (Parahio) Formation, Shian Section, Pin Valley, Spiti, Northwest Himalaya. Int J Stratig Geol Correl 26(7):709–721
Chemenda AI, Burg JP, Mattauer M (2000) Evolutionary model of the Himalaya–Tibet system: geopoem based on new modeling, geological and geophysical data. Earth Planet Sci Lett 174:397–409
Chirouze F, Huyghe P, van der Beek P, Chauvel C, Chakraborty T, Dupont-Nivet G, Bernet M (2013) Tectonics, exhumation, and drainage evolution of the eastern Himalaya since 13 Ma from detrital geochemistry and thermochronology, Kameng River Section, Arunachal Pradesh. Geol Soc Am Bull 125(3/4):523–538. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30697.1
Clarke GL, Bhowmik SK, Ireland TR, Aitchison JC, Chapman SL, Kent L (2016) Inverted Oligo-Miocene metamorphism in the Lesser Himalaya Sequence, Arunachal Pradesh, India; age and grade relationships. J Metamor Geol 34:805–820
Cleal CJ, Bhat GM, Singh KJ, Dar AM, Saxena A, Chandra S (2016) Spondylodendron pranabii—the dominant lycopsid of the late Mississippian vegetation of the Kashmir Himalaya. Alcheringa 40(4):443–455
Clift PD (2017) Cenozoic sedimentary records of climate–tectonic coupling in the Western Himalaya. Progr Earth Planet Sci 4:39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-017-0151-8
Copley A, Avouac JP, Royer JY (2010) India-Asia collision and the Cenozoic slowdown of the Indian plate: implications for the forces driving plate motions. J Geoph Res 95: B03410. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006634
Corrie SL, Kohn MJ, Vervoort JD (2010) Young eclogite from the Greater Himalayan Sequence, Arun Valley, eastern Nepal: P-T-t path and tectonic implications. Earth Planet Sci Lett 289:406–416
Cottle JM, Jessup MJ, Newell DL, Searle MP, Law RD, Horstwood MSA (2007) Structural insights into the early stages of exhumation along an orogen-scale detachment: the south tibetan detachment system, Dzakaa Chu section, Eastern Himalaya. J Struct Geol 29:1781–1797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.08.007
Cottle JM, Jessup MJ, Newell DL, Matthew S, Horstwood A, Noble SR, Parrish RR, Waters DJ, Searle MP (2009) Geochronology of granulitizedeclogite from the AmaDrime Massif: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the South Tibetan Himalaya. Tectonics 28:1–25 TC1002. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008tc002256
Cottle JM, Waters DJ, Riley D, Beyssac O, Jessup MJ (2011) Metamorphic history of the south tibetan detachment system, Mt. Everest region, revealed by RSCM thermometry and phase equilibria modelling. J Metamor Geol 29:561–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2011.%2000930.x
Coutand I, Whipp DM, Grujic D, Bernet M, Fellin MG, Bookhagen B, Landry KR, Ghalley SK, Duncan C (2014) Geometry and kinematics of the Main Himalayan Thrust and Neogene crustal exhumation in the Bhutanese Himalaya derived from inversion of multithermochronologic data. J. Geophys Res (Solid Earth) 119(2):1446–1481. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010891
Daniel CG, Hollister LS, Parrish RR, Grujic D (2003) Exhumation of the Main Central Thrust from Lower Crustal Depths, Eastern Bhutan Himalaya. J Metamor Geol 21:317–334
Das BP, Joshi M, Kumar A (2019) Tectonochemistry and P-T Conditions of Ramgarh and Almora Gneisses from Askot Klippe, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. Acta Geol Sin 93(2):322–343
Dasgupta S (1995) Jaishidanda Formation. In: Bhargava ON (Ed) Bhutan Himalaya: a geological account. Geol Surv India Spec Publ 39:79–88
Dasgupta S, Ganguly J, Neogi S (2004) Inverted metamorphic sequence in the Sikkim Himalayas: crystallization history, P-T gradient and implications. J Metamor Geol 22:395–412
Davidson C, Grujic DE, Hollister LS, Schmid SM (1997) Metamorphic reactions related to decompression and synkinematic intrusion of leucogranite, High Himalayan crystallines, Bhutan. J Metamor Geol 15:593–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.00044.x
de Sigoyer J, Chavagnac V, Blichert-Toft J, Villa IM, Luais B, Guillot S, Cosca M, Mascle G (2000) Dating the Indian continental subduction and collisional thickening in the northwest Himalaya: multichronology of the Tso Morari eclogites. Geology 28:487–490
DeCelles PG, Gehrels GE, Quade J, Lareau B, Spurlin M (2000) Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal. Science 288:497–499
DeCelles PG, Robinson DM, Quade J, Ojha TP, Garzione CN, Copeland P, Upreti BN (2001) Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold–thrust belt in western Nepal. Tectonics 20:487–509
Dewey JF, Bird JM (1970) Mountain belts and the new global tectonics. J Geophys Res 75:2625–2647
Dèzes PJ, Vannay JC, Steck A, Bussy F, Cosca M (1999) Synorogenic extension: quantitative constraints on the age and displacement of the Zanskar shear Zone. Geol Soc Amer Bull 111:364–374
Dhiman R, Singh S (2020) Neoproterozoic and Cambro-Ordovician magmatism: episodic growth and reworking of continental crust, Himachal Himalaya, India. Intern Geol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2020.1716399
Dhital MR (2015) Geology of the Nepal Himalaya Regional Perspective of the Classic Collided Orogen. Springer, Berlin, pp 498
Draganits E, Grassemann B, Schmid HP (2003) Fluidization of pipes and spring pits in a Gondwana barrier–island environment: groundwater phenomenon, paleoseisimicity or a combination of both, In: Maltman AJ, Morley CK (eds) Subsurface mobilization, vol 216. Geol Soc of London, Spec Publ, pp 109–121
Epard JL, Steck A (2008) Structural development of the Tso Morari ultra-high pressure nappe of the Ladakh Himalaya. Tectonophysics 451:242–264
Etienne JL, Allen PA, le Guerroué E, Heaman L, Ghosh SK, Islam R (2011) The Blaini formation of the lesser Himalaya, NW India. In: Arnaud E, Halverson GP, Shields-Zhou G (eds) The geological record of neoproterozoic glaciations, vol 36. Mem Geol Soc London, pp 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1144/m36.31
Finch M, Hasalová P, Weinberg RF, Mark Fanning CM (2014) Switch from thrusting to normal shearing in the Zanskar shear zone, NW Himalaya: implications for channel flow. Geol Soc Am Bull 126(7–8):892–924. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30817.1
Frank W, Thoni M, Purtscheller F (1977) Geology and petrography of Kulu-South Lahul area. Ecologie geol l’Himalaya Paris 33:147–172
Fuchs G (1967) Zum Bau des Himalaya. Denksch Kaiserlichen Akad Wissensch/Math–Naturwissen Classe 113:1–211
Fuchs G (1982) The geology of the Pin valley in Spiti, Himachal Pradesh India. Neues Jahrb Geol Bundesanst 124:325–359
Gaetani M, Nicora A, Premoli SI, Fois E, Garzanti E, Tintori A (1983) Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene in Zanskar Range (NW Himalaya). Rivista Italiana Paleont Stratig 89:81–118
Gaetani M, Casnedi R, Fois E, Garzanti E, Jadoul F, Nicora A, Tintori A (1986) Stratigraphy of the Tethys Himalaya in Zanskar, Ladakh. Rivista Italiana Paleont Stratig 91:443–478
Ganai JA, Rashid SA (2019) Anoxia and fluctuating climate recorded from the Devonian-Carboniferous black shales, Tethys Himalaya, India: a multi-proxy approach. Int J Earth Sci 108:863–883
Ganai JA, Rashid SA, Masroor A (2016) Petrography and geochemical studies of Upper Paleozoic sandstones from the Tethys Himalaya, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh. J Appl Geochem 18:3–14
Ganguly J, Dasgupta S, Cheng W, Neogi S (2000) Exhumation history of a section of the Sikkim Himalaya, India: records in the metamorphic mineral equilibria and compositional zoning of garnet. Earth Planet Sci Lett 183:471–486
Ganju JL, Khar BM (1984) Tectonics and Hydrocarbon prospect of Kashmir Valley-possible exploratory targets. Petrol Asian J 3:207–216
Gansser A (1964) Geology of the Himalayas. Lond Intersci Publ, pp 1–289
Gansser A (1983) Geology of the Bhutan Himalaya. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 1–181
Garzanti E, Angiolini L, Brunton H, Sciunnach D, Balini M (1998) The bashkirian fenestella shales and the moscovian chaetetid shales of the Tethys Himalaya: south Tibet, Nepal and India. J Asian Earth Sci 16:119–141
Gavillot Y, Meigs AJ, Sousa FJ, Stockli D, Yule D, Malik M (2018) Late Cenozoic foreland-to-hinterland low-temperature exhumation history of the Kashmir Himalaya. Tectonics 37. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017tc004668
Gehrels GE, Kapp P, DeCelles P, Pullen A, Blakey R, Weislogel A, Ding L, Guynn J, Martin A, McQuarrie N, Yin A (2011) Detrital zircon geochronology of pre-Tertiary strata in the Tibetan-Himalayan orogen. Tectonics 30 TC5016. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011tc002868
Geological Survey of India Map (1999)
Ghosh SK (1991) Palaeoenvironmental analysis of late Proterozoic Nagthat Formation, NW Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, India. Sediment Geol 71:33–45
Ghosh NP, Basu AR, Bhargava ON, Shukla UK, Ghatak A, Garzione NC, Ahluwalia AD (2016) Catastrophic environmental transition at the Permian-Triassic Neo-Tethyan margin of Gondwanaland: Geochemical, isotopic and sedimentological evidence in the Spiti Valley, India. Gondwana Res 34:324–345
Godin D, Grujic D, Law RD, Searle MP (2006) Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones: an introduction. In: Law RD, Searle MP, and Godin L (eds) Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones. Geol Soc, London Spec Publ 268:1–23
Gokul AR (1983) Geological and Mineral Map of Bhutan: Scale 1:500,000, 1 sheet, Geol. Surv. India Map Printing Div Hyderabad
Goswami-Banerjee S, Bhowmik SK, Dasgupta S, Pant NC (2014) Burial of thermally perturbed Lesser Himalayan mid-crust: Evidence from petrochemistry and P-T estimation of the western Arunachal Himalaya, India. Lithos 208–209:298–311
Govin G, Najman Y, Dupont-Nivet G, Millar I, van Der Beek P, Huyghe P, Sullivan P, Mark C, Vögeli N (2018) The tectonics and paleo-drainage of the easternmost Himalaya (Arunachal Pradesh, India) recorded in the Siwalik rocks of the foreland basin. Am J Sci 318:764–798
Griesbach CL (1889) Geological notes—a sequence of formations in Spiti. Rec Geol Surv India 22:158–167
Griesbach CL (1891) Geology of the Central Himalayas. Mem Geol Surv India 23:1–232
Groppo C, Lombardo B, Rolfo F, Pertusati P (2007) Clockwise exhumation path of granulitized eclogites from the Ama Drime range (Eastern Himalaya). J Metamor Geol 25:51–75
Grujic D (2006) Channel flow and continental collision tectonics. In: Law RD, Searle MP, Godin L (eds) Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones, vol 268. Geol Soc Spec Publ, pp 25–37
Grujic D, Casey M, Davidson C, Hollister LS, Kündig R, Pavlis T, Schmid S (1996) Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in Bhutan: evidence from quartz microfabrics. Tectonophysics 260:21–43
Guha Sarkar TK, Singh Gaur SK (1963) Geology of Hatisar–Kakulang river area, Tongsta, Bhutan. Geol Surv India (Unpubl Rept FS 1962–63)
Guillot S, de Sigoyer J, Lardeaux JM, Mascle G, Colchen M (1997) Eclogitic metasediments from the Tso Morari area (Ladakh Himalaya): evidence for continental subduction during India-Asia convergence. Contrib Mineral Petrol 128:197–212
Guillot S, Mahéo G, de Sigoyer J, Hattori KH, Pêcher A (2008) Tethyan and Indian subduction viewed from the Himalayan high-to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks. Tectonophysics 451:225–241
Guo X, Li W, Gao R, Xu X, Li H, Huang X, Ye Zh, Lu Zh, Klemper SL (2017) Nonuniform subduction of the Indian crust beneath the Himalayas. Sci Reports 7:12497. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12908-0
Hagen T (1968) Report on the Geological survey of Nepal, 2. Geology of Thakkola including adjacent areas. Denkschr Schweiz naturfor Gesellsch 86:1–160
Harris NBW, Caddick M, Kosler J, Goswami S, Vance D, Tindle AG (2004) The pressure–temperature–time path of migmatites from the Sikkim Himalaya. J Metamor Geol 22:249–264
Harrison TM, Grove M, Lovera M, Catlos EJ (1998) A model for the origin of Himalayan anatexis and inverted metamorphism. J Geophys Res 103:27017–27032
Hashimoto H, Ohta Y and Akiba C (eds) (1973) Geology of Nepal Himalaya. Hokkaido Univ Sapporo Japan, pp 1–281
Hayden HH (1904) The geology of Spiti with parts of Bashahr and Rupshu. Mem Geol Surv India 36:1–121
Heim A, Gansser A (1939) Central Himalaya: geological observations of the Swiss expedition 1936. Mem Soc Helv Sci Nat 73:1–245
Herman F, Copeland P, Avouac JP, Bollinger L, Maheo G, Le Fort P (2010) Exhumation, crustal deformation, and thermal structure of the Nepal Himalaya derived from the inversion of thermochronological and thermobarometric data and modeling of the topography. J Geophys Res 115:B06407. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006126
Herren E (1987) Zanskar Shear Zone: northeast-southwest extension within the Higher Himalaya (Ladakh, India). Geology 15:409–413
Hodges KV, Parrish RR, Searle MP (1996) Tectonics evolution of the central Annapurna Range, Nepalese Himalayas. Tectonics 15(6):1264–1291. https://doi.org/10.1029/96TC01791
Hodges KV (2000) Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geol Soc Am Bull 112:324–350
Hofmann M, Linnemann U, Rai V, Becker S, Gärtner A, Sagawe A (2011) The India and South China cratons at the margin of Rodinia—Synchronous Neoproterozoic magmatism revealed by LA-ICP-MS zircon analyses. Lithos 123:176–187
Honegger K, Dietrich J, Frank W, Gansser A, Thoni M, Trommsdorff W (1982) Magmatism and metamorphism: the Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 60:253–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0957-3
Hou G, Santosh M, Qian X, Lister GS, Li J (2008) Configuration of the Late Paleoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia: Insights from radiating mafic dyke swarms. Gondwana Res 14:395–409
Huang Y, Chena Z-Q, Algeo TJ, Zhao L, Baud A, Bhat GM, Zhang L, Guo Z (2019) Two-stage marine anoxia and biotic response during the Permian-Triassic transition in Kashmir, northern India: pyrite framboid evidence. Global Planet Change 172:124–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.10.002
Hughes NC (2016) The Cambrian palaeontological record of the Indian subcontinent. Earth Sci Rev 159:428–461
Hughes NC, Peng S, Bhargava ON, Ahulwalia AD, Walia S, Myrow PM, Parcha SK (2005) The Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Tal Group, Lesser Himalaya, India, and early Tsanglangpuan (late early Cambrian) trilobites from the Nigali Dhar Syncline. Geol Mag 142:57–80
Hughes NC, Myrow PM, Peng S, Banerjee DM (2018) The Parahio Formation of the Tethyan Himalaya: The type section, thickness, lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the best characterized Cambrian section in the Himalaya. J Palaeontol Soc India 63(1):1–18
Hughes NC, Myrow PM, Ghazi S, McKenzie NR, Stockli DF, DiPietro JA (2019) Cambrian geology of the Salt Range of Pakistan: linking the Himalayan margin to the Indian craton. Bull Geol Soc Am 131(7/8):1095–1114. https://doi.org/10.1130/B35092.1
Hussain A, Yeats RS, Lisa M (2009) Geological setting of the 8th October, 2005 Kashmir earthquake. J Seismol 13:315–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s/10950-800-9101-7
Iaccarino S, Montomoli C, Carosi R, Montemagni C, Massonne H-J, Langone A, Jain AK, Visonà D (2017) Pressure-temperature-deformation-time constraints on the South Tibetan Detachment System in the Garhwal Himalaya (NW India). Tectonics 36. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004566
Jade S, Shrungeshwara TS, Kumar K, Choudhury P, Dumka RK, Bhu H (2017) India plate angular velocity and contemporary deformation rates from continuous GPS measurements from 1996 to 2015. Scientific Rep 7:11439. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11697-w
Jain AK, Goel RK, Nair NGK (1980) Implications of Pre-Mesozoic geological evolution of the Himalaya and Indo-Gangetic Plains. Tectonophysics 62:76‒86
Jain AK (1981) Stratigraphy, petrography and paleogeography of the Late Paleozoic diamictites of the Lesser Himalaya. Sed Geol 30:43–78
Jain AK (2014) When did India-Asia collide and make the Himalaya? Curr Sci 106(2):254–266
Jain AK (2017) Continental subduction in the NW-Himalaya and Trans-Himalaya. Ital J Geosci 136(1):89–102. https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2015.43
Jain AK (2020) Geological evolution of the Himalayan Mountains. In: Gupta N, Tandon SK (eds) Geodynamics of the Indian Plate: evolutionary perspectives. Springer Geology pp 363–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15989-4_10
Jain AK, Balasubramanian E (1981) Late Paleozoic diamictites of the eastern himalayan Gondwana belt, India. In: Hambrey MJ, Harland WB (eds) Earth’s pre-pleistocene glacial record. Cambridge Univ Press pp 308–325
Jain AK, Manickavasagam RM (1993) Inverted metamorphism in the intracontinental ductile shear zone during Himalayan collision tectonics. Geology 21:407–410
Jain AK, Manickavasagam RM (eds) (1999) Geodynamics of the NW Himalaya. Gondwana Res Mem 6
Jain AK, Patel RC (1999) Structure of the higher himalayan crystallines along the Suru-Doda valleys (Zanskar), NW Himalaya. In: Jain AK, Manickavasagam RM (eds) Geodynamics of the NW Himalaya. Gondwana Res Group Mem 6:91–110
Jain AK, Singh S (2009) Geology and Tectonics of the Southeastern Ladakh and Karakoram. Geol Soc India Bangalore India 1–179
Jain AK, Varadaraj N (1978) Stratigraphy and provenance of Late Palaeozoic diamictites in parts of Garhwal Lesser Himalaya, India. Geol Rund 67:49–72
Jain AK, Thakur VC, Tandon SK (1974) Stratigraphy and structure of the Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh. Himalayan Geol 4:28–60
Jain AK, Singh S, Manickavasagam RM (2002) Himalayan Collision Tectonics. Gondwana Res Group Mem 7:114
Jain AK, Manickavasagam RM, Singh S, Mukherjee S (2005) Himalayan collision zone: new perspectives—its tectonic evolution in a combined ductile shear zone and channel flow model. Himalayan Geol 26(1):1‒18
Jain AK, Kumar D, Singh S, Kumar A, Lal N (2000) Timing, quantification and tectonic modelling of Pliocene-Quaternary movements in the NW Himalaya: Evidence from fission track dating. Earth Planet Sci Lett 179:437–451
Jain AK, Singh S, Manickavasagam RM, Joshi M, Verma PK (2003) HIMPROBE Programme: integrated Studies on Geology, Petrology, Geochronology and Geophysics of the Trans-Himalaya and Karakoram. Mem Geol Soc India 53:1–56
Jain AK, Lal N, Sulemani B, Awasthi AK, Singh S, Kumar R, Kumar D (2009) Detrital-zircon fission-track ages from the Lower Cenozoic sediments, NW Himalayan foreland basin: clues for exhumation and denudation of the Himalaya during the India-Asia collision. Geol Soc Am Bull 121:519–535
Jain AK, Seth P, Shreshtha M, Mukherjee PK, Singh K (2013) Structurally-controlled melt accumulation: Himalayan migmatites and related deformation, Dhauli Ganga Valley, Garhwal Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 82:313‒318
Jain AK, Shrestha M, Seth P, Kanyal L, Carosi R, Montomoli C, Iaccarino S, Mukherjee PK (2014) The Higher Himalayan Crystallines, Alaknanda–Dhauli Ganga Valleys, Garhwal Himalaya, India. In: Montomoli C, Carosi R, Law RD, Singh S, Rai SM (eds) Geological field trips in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Tibet. J Virtual Expl Electr Edit 47 paper 8, ISSN 1441–8142
Jain AK, Mukherjee PK, Singhal S (2020) Terrane characterization in the Himalaya since Paleoproterozoic. Episodes 43(1):346–357. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020021
Jangpangi BS (1974) Stratigraphy and tectonics of parts of eastern Bhutan. Himalayan Geol 4:117–136
Jasper A, Guerra SM, Abdalla MB, Hamad A, Bamford M, Bernardes-de-Oliveira MC, Tewari R, Uhl D (2016) The burning of Gondwana: Permian fires on the southern continent—a palaeobotanical approach. Gondwana Res 24:148–160
Jell PA, Hughes NC (1997) Himalayan Cambrian trilobites. Spec Pap Palaeont 58:1–113
Jiang G, Christie BN, Kaufman AJ, Banerjee DM, Rai V (2002) Sequence stratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic Infra Krol formation and Krol Group, Lesser Himalaya, India. J Sedim Res 72(4):524–542
Jiang G, Christie BN, Kaufman AJ, Banerjee DM, Rai V (2003) Carbonate platform growth and cyclicity at a terminal Proterozoic passive margin, Infra Krol Formation and Krol Group, Lesser Himalaya, India. Sediment 50:921–952
Joshi A (1995) Setikhola formation. In: Bhargava ON (ed) Bhutan Himalaya: a geological account, vol 39. Geol Surv India Spec Publ, pp 34–37
Kaneda H, Nakata T, Tsutsumi H, Kondos SN, Awata Y, Akhtar S, Majid A, Khatak W, Awan A, Yeats RS, Hussain A, Ashra M, Wesnousky SG, Kausar B (2008) Surface rupture of the 2005 Kashmir, Pakistan earthquake and its active tectonic implications. Bull Seism Soc Am 98:512–557
Kaneko Y, Katayama I, Yamamoto H, Misawa K, Ishikawa M, Rehman HU, Kausar AB, Shiraishi K (2003) Timing of Himalayan ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism: sinking rate and subduction angle of the Indian continental crust beneath Asia. J Metamor Geol 21(6):589–599
Kapoor HM, Maheshwari HK (1991) Early Permian paleogeography of the Peri-Gondwana in the Indian Segment. Curr Sci 61:648–653
Kapoor HM, Bajpai U, Maheshwari HK (1993) On a fossil cockroach from the Mamal Formation, Kashmir Himalaya. J Paleont Soc India 38:31–36
Kapoor HM, Maheshwari HK, Bajpai U (2004) Evolutionary history of the northern margin of Gondwana Supercontinent during the Late Palaeozoic. In: Srivastava PC (ed) Vistas in Palaeobotany and plant morphology: evolutionary and environmental perspective. Lucknow, pp 119–131
Karunakaran C, Rao R (1979) Status of hydrocarbon in the Himalayan region: contributions to stratigraphy and structure. Geol Sur India Misc Publ 41:1–67
Kaufman AJ, Jiang G, Christie BN, Banerjee DM, Rai V (2006) Stable isotope record of the terminal Neoproterozoic Krol platform in the Lesser Himalayas of northern India. Precamb Res 147:156–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.02.007
Kaur P, Zeh A, Chaudhri N, Gerdes A, Okrusch M (2013) Nature of magmatism and sedimentation at a Columbia active margin: insights from combined U-Pb and Lu–Hf isotope data of detrital zircons from NW India. Gondwana Res 23(3):1040–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.008
Kellett DA, Grujic D (2012) New insight into the south tibetan detachment system: not a single progressive deformation. Tectonics 31:TC2007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002957
Kellett DA, Grujic D, Erdmann S (2009) Miocene structural reorganization of the South Tibetan detachment, eastern Himalaya: implications for continental collision. Lithosphere 1:259–281
Kellett DA, Grujic D, Warren C, Cottle J, Jamieson R, Tenzin T (2010) Metamorphic history of a syn-convergent orogen-parallel detachment: the south tibetan detachment system, Bhutan Himalaya. J Metamor Geol 28:785–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010.00893.x
Kellett DA, Grujic D, Coutand I, Cottle J, Mukul M (2013) The South Tibetan detachment system facilitates ultra rapid cooling of granulite–facies rocks in Sikkim Himalaya. Tectonics 32:252–270. https://doi.org/10.1002/tect.(2014)
Khan MA, Treloar PJ, Searle MP, Jan MQ (eds) (2000) Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalayas. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 170
Khanal S, Robinson DM, Mandal S, Simkhada P (2015) Structural, geochronological and geochemical evidence for two distinct thrust sheets in the “Main Central thrust zone”, the Main Central thrust and Ramgarh–Munsiari thrust: implications for upper crustal shortening in the central Nepal. In: Mukherjee S, Carosi R, van der Beek PA, Mukherjee BK, Robinson DM (eds) Tectonics of the Himalaya, vol 412. Geol Soc London Spec Publ, pp 221–245. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp412.2
King GE, Herman F, Guralnik B (2016) Northward migration of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis revealed by OSL thermochronometry. Science 353(6301):800–804. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2637
Klootwijk CT, Gee JS, Peirce JW, Smith GM (1992) Neogene evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan region: constraints from ODP site 758, northern Ninety East Ridge: bearing on climatic change. Palaeogeog Palaeoclim Palaeoeco 95:95–110
Kohn M (2014) Himalayan metamorphism and its tectonic implications. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 42:381–419
Kohn MJ, Paul SK, Corrie SL (2010) The lower Lesser Himalayan sequence: a Paleoproterozoic arc on the northern margin of the Indian plate. Geol Soc Am Bull 122:323–335
Kumar S (1980) Stromatolites and Indian biostratigraphy. J Paleont Soc India 23–24:166–183
Kumar G (1997) Geology of Arunachal Pradesh. Geol Soc India Bangalore pp 1−217
Kumar R (2020) Late Cenozoic Himalayan foreland basin: sedimentologic attributes. Episodes 43(1):417–428. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020026
Kumar S, Mahajan AK (2001) Seismotectonics of the Kangra region, Northwest Himalaya. Tectonophysics 331:359–371
Kumar G, Mehdi SH, Prakash G (1972) A review of stratigraphy of parts of Uttar Pradesh Tethys Himalaya. J Palaeont Soc India 15:86–89
Kumar S, Singh IB, Singh SK (1977) Lithostratigraphy, structure, depositional environment, palaeocurrent and trace fossils of the Tethyan sediments of Malla Johar area, Pithoragarh–Chamoli districts, Uttar Pradesh, India. J Palaeont Soc India 20:396–435
Kumar G, Raina BK, Bhargava ON, Maithy PK, Babu R (1984) The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary problem and its prospects, northwest Himalaya, India. Geol Mag 121:211–219
Kumar A, Lal N, Jain AK, Sorkhabi RB (1995) Late Cenozoic-Quaternary thermotectonic history of Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) in Kishtwar-Padar-Zanskar region, NW Himalaya: Evidence from fission track ages. J Geol Soc India 45:375–391
Kumar R, Ghosh SK, Sangode SJ (1999) Role of thrusting in the evolution fluvial system, Himalayan Foreland Basin, India. In: Macfarlane A, Sorkhabi RB, Quade J (eds) Himalayan and Tibet: Mountain Roots to Mountain Tops, vol 328. Geol Soc Am Spec Publ, pp 239–256
Kumar R, Ghosh SK, Mazari RK, Sangode SJ (2003) Tectonic impact on fluvial deposits of Plio-Pleistocene Himalayan foreland basin, India. Sedim Geol 158:209–234
Kumar R, Ghosh SK, Sangode SJ (2004) Depositional environment of Mio-Pleistocene coarse clastic facies in the Himalayan foreland basin, India. Himalayan Geol 25:101–120
Kumar R, Ghosh SK, Sangode SJ (2011) Sedimentary architecture of late Cenozoic Himalayan foreland basin fill: an overview. Mem Geol Soc India 78:245–280
Kumar R, Jain AK, Nand Lal, Sandeep Singh (2018) Early-Middle Eocene exhumation of the Trans-Himalayan Ladakh Batholith, and the India-Asia convergence. Curr Sci 113:1090–1098
Kumar S, Wesnousky SG, Rockwell TK, Briggs RW, Thakur VC, Jayangondaperumal R (2006) Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian Himalaya. J Geophy Res 111:B03304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309
Kundig R (1989) Domal structures and highgrade metamorphism in the Higher Himalayan Crystalline, Zanskar region, northwest Himalaya, India. J Metamor Geol 7:43–55
Lahiri A (1941) Geology of Buxa Duars. Quart J Geol Min Met Soc India 13(1):1–62
Lakshami KJP, Sudheer Kumar M, Bhalla MS, Rao GVSP (2000) Magnetostratigraphy of Himalayan sediments from Himachal Pradesh. J Indian Geophy Union 4(2):147–154
Lakshminarayan G, Singh B (1995) Siwalik Group. In: Bhargava ON (ed) Bhutan Himalaya: a geological account, vol 39. Geol Surv India Spec Publ, pp 23–28
Landry KR, Coutand I, Whipp DM Jr, Grujic D, Hourigan JK (2016) Late Neogene tectonically driven crustal exhumation of the Sikkim Himalaya: insights from inversion of multithermochronologic data. Tectonics 35. https://doi.org/10.1102/2015tc004102
Lang KA, Huntington KW, Burmester R, Housen B (2016) Rapid exhumation of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis since the late Miocene. Geol Soc Am Bull 128(9–10):1403–1422
Larson K, Piercey S, Cottle J (2017) Preservation of a Paleoproterozoic rifted margin in the Himalaya: Insight from the Ulleri-Phaplu-Melung orthogneiss. Geosci Front 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.05.010
Lavé J, Avouac JP (2000) Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwalik Hills, the Himalayas of central Nepal. J Geophy Res 105(B3):5735–5770
Law RD, Searle MP, Simpson RL (2004) Strain, deformation temperatures and vorticity of flow at the top of the Greater Himalayan slab, Everest Massif, Tibet. J Geol Soc 161:305–320. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764903-047
Leech ML, Singh S, Jain AK, Klemperer SL, Manickavasagam RM (2005) The onset of India-Asia continental collision: early, steep subduction required by the timing of UHP metamorphism in W Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 234:83–97
Leech ML, Singh S, Jain AK (2007) Continuous metamorphic zircon growth and interpretation of U-Pb SHRIMP dating: an example from the Western Himalaya. Intl Geol Rev 49:313–328
Leloup PH, Mahéo G, Arnaud N, Kali E, Boutonnet E, Liu D, Xiaohan L’ Haibing L (2010) The south tibet detachment shear zone in the Dinggye area. Time constraints on extrusion models of the Himalayas. Earth Planet Sci Lett 292:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.035
Li D, Liao Q, Yuan Y, Wan Y, Liu D, Zhang X, Yi S, Cao S, Xie D (2003) SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of granulites at Rimana (southern Tibet) in the central segment of the Himalayan orogen. Chinese Sci Bull 48:2647–2650
Liou JG, Tsujimori T, Zhang RY, Katayama I, Maruyama S (2004) Global UHP magmatism and metamorphism: the Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 60:253–292
Long S, McQuarri N, Tobgay T, Rose C, Gehrels G, Grujic D (2011) Tectonostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya of Bhutan: implications for the along-strike stratigraphic continuity of the northern Indian margin. Geol Soc Am Bull 123(7/8):1406–1426. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30202.1
Luirei K, Bhakuni SS, Suresh N, Kothyari GC, Pant PD (2014) Tectonic geomorphology and morphometry of the frontal part of Kumaun Sub-Himalaya: appraisal of tectonic activity. Zeitsch Geomorph 58(4):435–458
Lyon-Caen H, Molnar P (1985) Gravity anomalies, flexure of the Indian plate and the structure, support, and evolution of the Himalaya and Ganga basin. Tectonics 4:513–538
Mallet FR (1875) On the geology and mineral resources of Darjeeling district and western Duars. Mem Geol Surv India 11:1–50
Mandal S, Robinson DM, Khanal S, Das O (2015) Redefining the tectonostratigraphic and structural architecture of the Almora klippe and the Ramgarh–Munsiari Thrust sheet in NW India. In: Mukherjee S, Carosi R, van der Beek PA, Mukherjee BK, Robinson DM (eds) Tectonics of the Himalaya, vol 412. Geol Soc London Spec Publ, pp 247–269
Mandal S, Robinson DM, Kohn MJ, Khanal S, Das O, Bose S (2016) Zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes of the Askot klippe, Kumaun, northwest India: implications for Paleoproterozoic tectonics, basin evolution and associated metallogeny of the northern Indian cratonic margin. Tectonics 35:965–982. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC004064
Mandal SK, Scherler D, Romer RL, Burg JP, Guillong M, Schleicher AM (2019) Multiproxy isotopic and geochemical analysis of the Siwalik sediments in NW India: implication for the Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalaya. Tectonics 38:120–143. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005200
Manglik A, Adilakshmi L, Suresh M, Thiagarajan S (2015) Thick sedimentary sequence around Bahraich in the northern part of the central Ganga foreland basin. Tectonophy 653:33–40. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.03.024
Manickavasagam RM, Jain AK, Singh S, Asokan A (1999) Metamorphic evolution of the NW–Himalaya, India: pressure-temperature data, inverted metamorphism, and exhumation in the Kashmir, Himachal, and Garhwal Himalaya. In: Macfarlane A, Sorkhabi RB, Quade J (eds) Himalaya and Tibet: Mountain Roots to Mountain Tops, vol 328. Geol Soc Am Spec Paper, pp 179–198
Martin AJ (2017) A review of Himalayan stratigraphy, magmatism, and structure. Gondwana Res 49:42–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.04.031
Martin AJ, DeCelles PG, Gehrels GE, Patchett PJ, Isachsen C (2005) Isotopic and structural constraints on the location of the Main Central thrust in the Annapurna Range, central Nepal Himalaya. Geol Soc Am Bull 117:926–944
Martin AJ, Burgy KD, Kaufman AJ, Gehrels GE (2011) Stratigraphic and tectonic implications of field and isotopic constraints on depositional ages of Proterozoic Lesser Himalayan rocks in central Nepal. Precamb Res 185:1–17
Mathur NS (1978) Biostratigraphical aspects of the Subathu Formation, Kumaun Himalaya. Recent Res Geol 5:96–112
Mazumdar A, Banerjee DM (1998) Siliceous sponge in the Early Cambrian chert-phosphorite member of the Lower Tal Formation, Krol Belt, Lesser Himalaya. Geology 26:899–902
Mazumdar A, Banerjee DM (2001) Regional variations in the carbon isotopic composition of phosphorite from the Early Cambrian Lower Tal Formation Mussoorie Hill, India. Chem Geol 175(1/2):5–16
Mazumdar A, Banerjee DM, Schidlowski M, Balaram V (1999) Rare-earth elements and stable isotope geochemistry of early Cambrian chert-phosphorite assemblages from the Lower Tal formation of the Krol Belt (Lesser Himalaya, India). Chem Geol 156:275–297
McKenzie NR, Hughes NC, Myrow PM, Xiao S, Sharma M (2011) Correlation of Precambrian-Cambrian sedimentary successions across northern India and the utility of isotopic signatures of Himalayan lithotectonic zones. Earth Planet Sci Lett 312(3):471–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.027
McQuarrie N, Robinson D, Long S, Tobgay T, Grujic D, Gehrels G, Ducea M (2008) Preliminary stratigraphic and structural architecture of Bhutan: implications for the along strike architecture of the Himalayan system. Earth Planet Sci Lett 272(1–2):105–117
McQuarrie N, Long S, Tobgay T, Nesbit JN, Gehrels G, Ducea MN (2013) Documenting basin scale, geometry and provenance through detrital geochemical data: Lessons from the Neoproterozoic to Ordovician Lesser, Greater, and Tethyan Himalayan strata of Bhutan. Gondwana Res 23:1491–1510
McQuarrie N, Tobgay T, Long SP, Reiners PW, Cosca MA (2014) Variable exhumation rates and variable displacement rates: documenting a recent slowing of Himalayan shortening in western Bhutan. Earth Planet Sci Lett 286:161–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.045
Medlicott HB (1864) On the geological structure and relations of the southern portion of the Himalayan ranges between rivers Ganges and the Ravi. Mem Geol Surv India 3(2):122
Meigs AJ, Burbank DW, Beck RA (1995) Middle-late Miocene (>10 Ma) formation of the Main Boundary thrust in the western Himalaya. Geology 23(5):423–426. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023%3c0423:mlmmfo%3e2.3.co;2
Metcalfe RP (1993) Pressure, temperature and time constraints on metamorphism across the Main Central thrust zone and High Himalayan slab in the Garhwal Himalaya. In: Treloar PJ, Searle MP (eds) Himalayan Tectonics, vol 74. Spec Publ Geol Soc London, pp 485–509
Middlemiss CS (1909) Gondwana and related marine sedimentary systems of Kashmir. Rec Geol Surv India 37:286–327
Middlemiss CS (1910) A revision of the Silurian-Triassic sequence in Kashmir. Rec Geol Surv India 40:206–260
Middlemiss CS (1911) Sections in Pir-Panjal Range and Sind Valley, Kashmir. Rec Geol Surv India 41:85–137
Miller C, Klotzli U, Frank W, Thoni M, Grasemann B (2000) Proterozoic crustal evolution in the NW Himalaya (India) as recorded by circa 1.80 Ga mafic and 1.84 Ga granitic magmatism. Precamb Res 103:191–206
Misra RC, Banerjee DM (1968) Stratigraphy, correlation and tectonics of Sarju-Pungar valley areas, district Almora-Pithoragarh. Pub Centre Adv Studies Geol Chandigarh 4:101–113
Molnar P, Lyon-Caen H (1988) Some simple physical aspects of the support, structure, and evolution of mountain belts. Processes in continental lithospheric deformation. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 218:179–207
Montemagni C, Montomoli C, Iaccarino S, Carosi R, Jain AK, Massonne H-J, Villa IM (2018) Dating protracted fault activities: microstructures, microchemistry and geochronology of the Vaikrita Thrust, Main Central Thrust zone, Garhwal Himalaya, NW India. Geol Soc, London, Spec Publ SP481.3. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp481.3
Montomoli C, Carosi R, Rubatto D, Visonà D, Iaccarino S (2017) Tectonic activity along the inner margin of the South Tibetan Detachment constrained by syntectonic leucogranite emplacement in Western Bhutan. Ital J Geosc, 136:5–14. https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2015.26
Mottram CM, Argles TW, Harris NBW, Parrish RR, Horstwood MSA, Warren CJ, Gupta S (2014a) Tectonic interleaving along the Main Central Thrust, Sikkim Himalaya. J Geol Soc London 171:255–268. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2013-064
Mottram CM, Warren CJ, Regis D, Roberts NM, Harris NB, Argles TW, Parrish RR (2014b) Developing an inverted Barrovian sequence: insights from monazite petrochronology. Earth Planet Sci Lett 403:418–431
Mugnier JL, Huyghe P, Leturmy P, Jouanne F (2004) Episodicity and rates of thrust-sheet motion in the Himalayas (western Nepal). In: McClay KR (ed) Thrust tectonics and hydrocarbon systems, vol 82. Mem Am Assoc Petrol Geol, pp 91–114
Mukherjee S, Carosi R, van der Beek PA, Mukherjee BK, Robinson DM (eds) (2015) Tectonics of the Himalaya. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 412
Mukherjee PK, Jain AK, Singhal S, Singha NB, Singh S, Kumud K, Seth P, Patel RC (2019) U–Pb zircon ages and Sm–Nd isotopic characteristics of the Lesser and Great Himalayan sequences, Uttarakhand Himalaya, and their regional tectonic implications. Gondwana Res 75:282–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.06.001
Mukhopadhyay DK, Chakraborty S, Trepmann C, Rubatto D, Anczkiewicz R, Gaidies F, Dasgupta S, Chowdhury P (2017) The nature and evolution of the Main Central Thrust: Structural and geochronological constraints from the Sikkim Himalaya, NE India. Lithos 282:447–463
Myrow PM, Hughes NC, Paulsen TS, Williams IS, Parcha SK, Thompson KR, Bowring SA, Peng S, Ahluwalia AD (2003) Integrated tectonostratigraphic reconstruction of the Himalaya and implications for its tectonic reconstruction. Earth Planet Sci Lett 212:433–441
Myrow PM, Thompson KR, Hughes NC, Paulsen TS, Sell BK, Parcha SK (2006) Cambrian stratigraphy and depositional history of the northern Indian Himalayas, Spiti Valley, north-central India. Geol Soc Am Bull 118:491–510
Myrow PM, Hughes NC, Searle MP, Fanning CM, Peng S, Parcha SK (2009) Stratigraphic correlation of Cambrian-Ordovician deposits along the Himalaya: implications for the age and nature of rocks in the Mt. Everest region. Bull Geol Soc Am 120:323–332
Myrow PM, Hughes NC, Goodge JW, Fanning CM, Williams IS, Peng S, Bhargava ON, Parcha SK, Pogue KR (2010) Extraordinary transport and mixing of sediment across Himalayan central Ordovician-Gondwana during the Cambrian. Geol Soc Am Bull 122:1660–1670
Myrow PM, Hughes NC, Derry LA, McKenzie NR, Jiang G, Webb AAG, Banerjee DM, Paulsen TS, Singh BP (2015) Neogene marine isotopic evolution and the erosion of Lesser Himalayan strata: implications for Cenozoic tectonic history. Earth Planet Sci Lett 417:142–150
Myrow PM, Fike AD, Malmskog B, Leslie S, Zhang T, Singh BP, Chaubey RS, Prasad SK, (2018) Ordovician–Silurian boundary strata of the Indian Himalaya: record of the latest Ordovician Boda Event. Geol Soc Am Bull. https://doi.org/10.1130/b31860.1
Nábĕlek J, Hetenyi G, Vergne J, Sapkota S, Kafle B, Jiang M, Su H, Chen J, Huang B-S and the HI-CLIMB Team (2009) Underplating in the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMB experiment. Science 325:1371‒1374
Najman Y (2006) The sediment record of orogenesis: a review of approaches and techniques used in the Himalaya. Earth-Sci Rev 74:1–72
Najman Y, Garzanti E (2000) Reconstructing early Himalayan tectonic evolution and paleogeography from Tertiary foreland basin sedimentary rocks, northern India. Geol Soc Am Bull 112:435–449
Najman Y, Clift P, Johnson MRW, Robertson AHF (1993) Early stages of foreland basin evolution in the Lesser Himalaya. In: Treloar PJ, Searle MP (eds) Himalayan tectonics, vol 74. Geol Soc London Spec Publ, pp 525–540
Najman YMR, Enkin RJ, Johnson MRW, Robertson AHF, Baker J (1994) Paleomagnetic dating of the earliest continental Himalayan foredeep sediments: implications for Himalayan evolution. Earth Planet Sci Lett 128:713–718
Najman YMR, Pringle MS, Johnson MRW, Robertson AHF, Wijbrans JR (1997) Laser 40Ar/39Ar dating of single detrital muscovite grains from early foreland basin sediments in India: implications for early Himalayan evolution. Geology 25:535–538
Najman Y, Bickle M, Chapman H (2000) Early Himalayan exhumation; isotopic constraints from the Indian foreland basin. Terra Nova 12:28–34
Najman Y, Johnson K, White NM, Olivers G (2004) Evolution of Himalayan foreland basin, NW India. Basin Res 16:1–24
Nakata T (1989) Active faults of Himalaya, India and Nepal. Geol Soc Am Spec pap 232:243–264
Nakazawa K, Kapoor HM, Ishi K, Bando Y, Okimura Y, Tokuoka T (1975) The Upper Permian and the Lower Triassic in Kashmir, India. Mem Fac Sci Kyoto Univ Series Geol Mineral 42(1):1–106
Nautiyal SP, Jangpangi BS, Singh P, Guha Sarkar TK, Bhate VD, Raghavan MR, Sahai TN (1964) A preliminary note on the geology of Bhutan Himalaya. Rep 22nd Int Geol Cong New Delhi 11:1–14
Nelson KD, Zhao W, Brown LD, Indepth Team (1996) Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet: synthesis of Project INDEPTH results. Science 274:1684‒1688
Neogi S, Dasgupta S, Fukuoka M (1998) High P-T polymetamorphism, dehydration melting and generation of migmatites and granites in the Higher Himalayan Crystalline complex, Sikkim, India. J Petrol 39:61–99
Ni JF, Barazangi M (1984) Seismotectonics of the Himalayan collision zone: geometry of the underthrusting Indian plate beneath the Himalaya. J Geophys Res 89:947‒963
Ojha PS (2012) Precambrian sedimentary basins of India: an appraisal of their petroleum potential. In: Bhat GM, Craig J, Thurow JW, Thusu B, Cozzi A (eds) Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of Neoproterozoic–Cambrian Basins in Asia, vol 366. Geol Soc London Spec Publ, pp 19–58. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP366.11
Pandey S, Parcha SK (2018) Calcareous algae from the Ordovician succession (Thango Formation) of the Spiti Basin, Tethys Himalaya, India. Acta Palaeobotanica. https://doi.org/10.2478/acpa-2018-0009
Pandey B, Pathak DB (2016) The possibility of the Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) study in the Indian marine Jurassic-Cretaceous outcrops. J Geol Soc India 87(3):261–267
Pandey B, Pathak DB (2017) Biostratigraphic implication of Olcostephanus Neumayr, (1875) (Ammonoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Giumal Formation, Spiti Valley, Tethys Himalaya, India. Cret Res 70:244–251
Pandey B, Pathak DB, Jaitly AK (2018a) A new ammonite gen. nov. from the Lower Valanginian (Lower Geticeras Cretaceous) of the Spiti Valley, Tethys Himalaya, India. Himalayan Geol 39(1):115–120
Pandey B, Pathak DB, Mathur N, Jaitly AK, Singh AK, Singh PK (2018b) A Preliminary Evaluation on the Prospects of Hydrocarbon Potential in the Carbonaceous Shales of Spiti and Chikkim Formations, Tethys Himalaya, India. J Geol Soc India 92(4):427–434
Pant NC, Kundu A, Kumar R, Dorka BS, Prasher S (2006) Paleoproterozoic metamorphism in the Jeori-Wangtu Gneissic Crystallines (JWGC), Western Himalaya. J Asian Earth Sci 26:585–604
Pant NC, Singh P, Jain AK (2020) A Re-look at the Himalayan metamorphism. Episodes 43(1):369–380. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020023
Parcha SK (1996) Cambrian sequences in the Tethyan zone of Spiti Himalaya and its boundary problems. Newslett Strat 34:3–11
Parcha SK, Pandey S (2016) Trace fossils and microbially induced sedimentary structures from the early Cambrian successions of the Chandratal area, Spiti Basin, Tethys Himalaya. J Paleont Soc India 61(1):9–18
Parkash B, Sharma RP, Roy AK (1980) The Siwalik Group (molasse) sediments shed by collision of continental plates. Sedim Geol 25:127–159
Parkash B, Kumar S, Rao MS, Giri SC, Kumar CS, Gupta S, Srivastava P (2000) Holocene tectonic movements and stress field in the western Gangetic Plain. Curr Sci 79:438–449
Parkash B, Rathore RS, Pati P, Jakhmola RP, Singh S (2011) Convergence rates along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust inferred from terraces at Chandidevi Temple Hill, Hardwar, Northwestern Himalaya. Curr Sci 100(9):1426–1432
Parrish RR, Hodges KV (1996) Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences, Nepalese Himalaya. Geol Soc Am Bull 108:904–911. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108b0904:ICOTAAN2.3.CO;2
Pascoe EH (1959) A manual of the geology of India and Burma, 2nd edn. Gov India, pp 1–448
Patel RC, Carter A (2009) Exhumation history of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline along Dhauliganga-Goriganga river valleys, NW India: new constraints from fission-track analysis. Tectonics 28:TC3004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008tc002373
Patel RC, ManMohan (2020a) Exhumation history of the Lesser Himalaya, NW-India. Proc Indian Sci Acad 86(2)
Patel RC, ManMohan (2020b) Mio-Pliocene Tectonics and Exhumation Histories of the NW- and NE-Himalaya. Episodes 43(1):381–403. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020023
Patel RC, Singh S, Asokan A, Manickavasagam RM, Jain AK (1993) Extensional tectonics in the collisional Zanskar Himalayan belt. In: Treloar PJ, Searle MP (eds) Himalayan tectonics, vol 74. Spec Publ Geol Soc London, pp 445–459
Patel RC, Adlakha V, Lal N, Singh P, Kumar Y (2009) Spatiotemporal variation in exhumation of the Crystallines in the NW-Himalaya, India: constraints from Fission Track dating analysis. Tectonophysics 504(1–4):1–13
Pathak DB (2007) Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary in the Spiti Himalaya, India. J Palaeont Soc India 52(1):51–57
Pathak M, Kumar S (2019) Petrology, geochemistry and zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopes of Paleoproterozoic granite gneiss from Bomdila in the western Arunachal Himalaya, Northeast India. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp481-2017-169
Pati P, Parkash B, Awasthi AK, Acharya V (2011) Holocene tectono-geomorphic evolution of parts of the Upper and Middle Gangetic Plain, India. Geomorph 128:148–170
Pati P, Parkash B, Awasthi AK, Jakhmol RP (2012) Spatial and temporal distribution of inland fans/terminal fans between the Ghaghara and Kosi rivers indicate eastward shift of neotectonic activities along the Himalayan front. A study from parts of the upper and middle Gangetic Plain, India. Earth-Sci Rev 115:201–216
Pati P, Pradhan RM, Dash C, Parkash B, Awasthi AK (2015) Terminal fans and the Ganga plain tectonism: a study of neotectonism and segmentation episodes of the Indo-Gangetic foreland basin, India. Earth-Sci Rev 148:134–149
Pati P, Verma AK, Dash C, Patel NK, Gupta A, Sharma V, Jakhmola RP, Parkash B, Awasthi AK, Saraf AK (2019) Influence of neotectonism on geomorphology and depositional architecture of the Gandak megafan, middle Ganga plain, India. Geomorph 327:489–503
Patriat P, Achache J (1984) India-Euraisa collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates. Nature 311:615–621
Pebam J, Jain AK, Kumar R, Singh S, Lal N (2008) Tectonics v. erosion: evidences from apatite fission track and Rb–Sr (biotite and muscovite) thermochronology, Arunachal Himalaya. Himal J Sci 5:103–105
Philip G, Suresh NP, Jayangondaperumal R (2017) Late Pleistocene-Holocene strain release by normal faulting along the Main Boundary Thrust at Logar in the northwestern Kumaon Sub Himalaya, India. Quatern Int 462:50–64
Phukon P, Sen K, Srivastava HB, Singhal S, Sen A (2018) U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry from the Kumaon Himalaya, NW India, reveal Paleoproterozoic arc magmatism related to formation of the Columbia supercontinent. Geol Soc Am Bull. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31866.1
Pilgrim GE, West W (1928) The structure and correlation of the Simla rocks. Mem Geol Surv India 53:1–140
Pognante U, Spencer DA (1991) First report of eclogites from the Himalayan belt, Kaghan valley (Pakistan). Eur J Miner 3:613–618
Powell C McA, Conaghan PJ (1973) Plate tectonics and the Himalayas. Earth Planet Sci Lett 20(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(73)90134-9
Powell C McA, Conaghan PJ (1975) Tectonic models of the Tibetan plateau. Geology 3:727‒731. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613
Powers PM, Lillie RJ, Yeats RS (1998) Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, Sub-Himalaya, India. Geol Soc Amer Bull 110(8):1010–1027. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606
Prabhakar N, Bhattacharya A, Sathyanarayanan M, Mukherjee PK (2014) Structural, Petrological, and Chronological Constraints from Eastern India and Implications for the ∼1.0 Ga Assembly of Greater India. J Geol 122:411–432
Prakash D, Tewari S (2016) Garnet-staurolite-mica schist from RangliRangliot, Eastern Himalaya: constraints from phase equilibria and Thermobarometry. J Geol Soc India 87:679–690
Prakash D, Tewari S, Singh PC (2017) Prograde Barrovian metamorphism along Darjeeling-Tista transect, Eastern Himalaya, India: constraints from textural relationship, phase equilibria and geothermobarometry. Geol J 53:243–281
Rahaman W, Singh SK, Sinha R, Tandon SK (2009) Climate control on erosion distribution over the Himalaya during the past ~100 ka. Geology 37(6):559–562. https://doi.org/10.1130/g25425a.1
Rai V, Singh IB (1983) Discovery of trilobite impression in the arenaceous member of Tal Formation. J Palaeont Soc India 28:114–117
Raiverman V (2002) Foreland sedimentation in Himalayan tectonic regime. Bishan Singh Mohendar Pal Singh Dehradun, pp 1–378
Raiverman V, Kunte SV, Mukherjee A (1983) Basin geometry, Cenozoic sedimentation and hydrocarbon prospects in northwestern Himalaya and Indo-Gangetic plains. Petrol Asia J 6:67–92
Raiverman V, Srivastava AK, Prasad DN (1994) Structural style in northwestern Himalayan foothills. Himalayan Geol 15:263–280
Rao MBR (1973) The subsurface geology of Indo-Gangetic Plains. J Geol Soc India 14:217–242
Rao DR, Sharma R (2011) Arc magmatism in eastern Kumaun Himalaya, India: a study based on geochemistry of granitoid rocks. Island Arc 20:500–519
Rashid SA, Ganai JA (2018) Depositional environments, provenance and paleoclimatic implications of Ordovician siliciclastic rocks of the Thango Formation, Spiti Valley, Tethys Himalaya, northern India. J Asian Earth Sci 157:371–386
Ray SK (1995) Lateral variations in geometry of thrust planes and its significance, as studies in the Shumar allochthon, Lesser Himalayas, eastern Bhutan. Tectonophysics 249:125–139
Ray SK, Bandopadhyay BK, Razdan RK (1989) Tectonics of a part of the Shumar allochthon in eastern Bhutan. Tectonophysics 169:51–58
Reed FRC (1910) The Cambrian fossils of Spiti. Paleont Indica 15:1–70
Richards A, Argles T, Harris N, Parrish R, Ahmad T, Darbyshire F, Draganits E (2005) Himalayan architecture constrained by isotopic tracers from clastic sediments. Earth Planet Sci Lett 236:773–796
Richards A, Parrish R, Harris N, Argles T, Zhang L (2006) Correlation of lithotectonic units across the eastern Himalaya, Bhutan. Geology 34:341–344
Robert X, van der Beek P, Braun J, Perry C, Dubille M, Mugnier J-L (2009) Assessing Quaternary reactivation of the Main Central thrust zone (central Nepal Himalaya): new thermochronologic data and numerical modelling. Geology 37(8):731–734. https://doi.org/10.1130/G25736A.1
Robinson, D.M., DeCelles, P.G., Patchett, P.J., and Garzione, C.N., 2001, The kinematic history of the Nepalese Himalaya interpreted from Nd isotopes: Earth Sci Lett 192, p. 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00451-4
Robinson DM, DeCelles PG, Copeland P (2006) Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: Implications for channel flow models. Geol Soc Amer Bull 118:865–885. https://doi.org/10.1130/B25911.1
Rogers JJW, Santosh M (2002) Configuration of Columbia, a Mesoproterozoic supercontinent. Gondwana Res 5:5–22
Rolland Y, Pêcher A, Picard C (2000) Middle Cretaceous back-arc formation and arc evolution along the Asian margin: the Shyok Suture Zone in northern Ladakh NW Himalaya. Tectonophysics 325:145–173
Rolland Y, Picard C, Pêcher A, Lapierre H, Bosch D, Keller F (2002) The cretaceous Ladakh arc of NW Himalaya—slab melting and melt–mantle interaction during fast northward drift of Indian Plate. Chem Geol 182:139–178
Sachan HK, Kohn MJ, Saxena A, Corrie SL (2010) The Malari leucogranite, Garhwal Himalaya, northern India: Chemistry, age, and tectonic implications. Geol Soc Amer Bull 122:1865–1876. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30153.1
Sakai H, Iwano H, Danhara T, Takigami Y, Rai SM, Upreti BN, Hirata T (2013) Rift related origin of the Paleoproterozoic Kuncha Formation, and cooling history of the Kunchanappe and Taplejung granites, eastern Nepal Lesser Himalaya: a multichronological approach. Island Arc 22:338–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/iar.12021
Salvi D, Mathew G, Kohn B (2017) Rapid exhumation of the upper Siang Valley, Arunachal Himalaya since the Pliocene. Geomorphology 284:238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.032
Sangode SJ, Kumar R, Ghosh SK (1996) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Siwalik sequence of Haripur (H.P.), NW Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 47:683–704
Sangode SJ, Kumar R, Ghosh SK (1999) Palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic perspectives on the post–collision continental sediments of the Himalaya, India. In: Radhakrishna T, Piper JDA (eds) The Indian subcontinent and Gondwana: a palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic perspective, vol 44. Mem Geol Soc India, pp 221–248
Sangode SJ, Kumar R, Siddaiah NS (2005) Magnetic polarity and rock magnetic studies across marine to continental transition (Subathu–Dagshai sequence) in the Himalayan foreland. Asia Oceania Geosci Soc 2nd Ann Meet SE30/3A–01–3/206
Sastri VV, Bhandari LL, Raju ATR, Datta AK (1971) Tectonics framework and subsurface stratigraphy of the Ganga basin. J Geol Soc India 12(3):222–233
Saxena MN (1971) The crystalline axis of the Himalaya, Indian shield and continental drift. Tectonophysics 12:433–447
Schlup M, Carter A, Cosca M, Steck A (2003) Exhumation history of eastern Ladakh revealed by 40Ar/39Ar and fission track ages: the Indus river-Tso Morari transect, NW Himalaya. J Geol Soc Lond 160:385–399
Schulte-Pelkum V, Monsalve G, Sheehan A, Pandey MR, Sapkota S, Bilham R, Wu F (2005) Imaging the Indian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya. Nature 435:1222–1225
Searle MP (2013) Colliding continents: a geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, pp 1–464
Searle MP, Windley BF, Coward MP, Cooper DJW, Rex AJ, Rex D, Tingdong L, Xuchang X, Jan MQ, Thakur VC, Kumar S (1987) The closing of the Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya. Geol Soc Amer Bull 98:678–701
Searle MP, Crawford MB, Rex AJ (1992) Field relations, geochemistry, origin and emplacement of the Baltoro granite, central Karakoram. Trans Royal Soc Edin 83: 519–538
Searle MP, Parrish RR, Hodges KV, Hurford A, Ayres MW, Whitehouse MJ (1997) Shisha Pangma leucogranite, South Tibetan Himalaya: Field relations, geochemistry, age, origin and emplacement. J Geol 105:295–317
Searle MP, Noble SR, Hurford AJ, Rex DC (1999) Age of crustal melting, emplacement and exhumation history of the Shivling leucogranite, Garhwal Himalaya. Geol Mag 136 (5):513–525
Searle MP, Law RD, Godin L, Larson KP, Streule MJ, Cottle JM, Jessup MJ (2008) Defining the Himalayan Main Central Thrust in Nepal. J Geol Soc London 165:523–534
Searle MP, Avouac J-P, Elliott J, Dyck B (2017) Ductile shearing to brittle thrusting along the Nepal Himalaya: Linking Miocene channel flow and critical wedge tectonics to 25th April 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Tectonophysics 714–715:117–124
Seeber L, Armbruster JG (1981) Great Detachment Earthquakes Along the Himalayan Arc and Long-Term Forecasting. Earthquake Prediction:259–277 https://doi.org/10.1029/me004p0259
Sen Gupta S, Raina PL (1978) Geology of parts of Bhutan foothills adjacent of Darjeeling district. Indian J Earth Sci 5(1):20–33
Sen K, Chaudhury R, Pfänder J (2015) 40Ar–39Ar age constraint on deformation and brittle–ductile transition of the Main Central Thrust and the South Tibetan Detachment zone from Dhauliganga valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India. J Geody 88:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2015.04.004
Shah and Sinha (1974) Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Tethys zone in a part of western Kumaun Himalaya. Himalayan Geol 4:1–27
Shankar R, Kumar G, Mathur VK, Joshi A (1993) Stratigraphy of Blaini, Infra Krol, Krol and Tal succession, Krol belt, Lesser Himalaya, India. Indian J Petrol Geol 2:99–136
Shanker R, Mathur VK (1992) Precambrian-Cambrian sequence in Krol belt and additional Ediacaran fossils. Geophyt 22:27–39
Shanker R, Mathur VK, Kumar G, Srivastava MC (1997) Additional Ediacaran biota from the Krol Group, Lesser Himalaya, India and their significance. Geosci J 17:79–94
Sharma VP (1977) The stratigraphy and structure of parts of the Simla Himalaya. Mem Geol Surv India 106:1–488
Sharma R, Villa IM, Kumar S (eds) (2019) Crustal architecture and evolution of the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet Orogen. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 481
Shreshtha M, Jain AK, Singh S (2015) Shear sense analysis of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) belt, and tectonics of the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS), Alaknanda–Dhauli Ganga Valley, Uttarakhand Himalaya. Curr Sci 108(6):1107–1118
Siddaiah NS, Kumar K (2007) Discovery of volcanic ash bed from the basal Subathu Formation (Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene) near Kalka, Solan District (Himachal Pradesh), Northwest Sub-Himalaya, India. Curr Sci 92(1):118–125
Singh IB (1976) Geological Evolution of Ganga Plain - An Overview. J Palaent Soc India 41:99‒137
Singh IB (1978) On some sedimentological and palaeoecological aspects of the Subathu–Dagshai–Kasauli succession of Simla Hill. J Palaeont Soc India 21:19–28
Singh IB (1979) Some thoughts on evolution of Himalaya and northern limits of Indian Shield. Geol Rundsch 68:342–350
Singh IB (1980) Sedimentological evolution of the Krol Belt sediments. Himalayan Geol 8:657–683
Singh IB (1992) Geolgical evolution of Gangetic Plain: Present Status. In: Singh IB (ed) Gangetic Plain. Terra Incognita 1–14
Singh IB (1996a) Late Quaternary sedimentation of Ganga plain foreland basin. Proc Symp NW Himalaya and foredeep. Geol Surv India Spec Publ 21:161–172
Singh IB (1996b) Geological evolution of Ganga Plain—an overview. J Palaeont Soc India 41:99–137
Singh IB (1999) Tectonic control on sedimentation in Ganga Plain Foreland Basin: constraints on the Siwalik sedimentation models. In: Jain AK, Manickavasagam RM (eds) Geodynamics of the NW Himalaya. Gondwana Res Group Mem 6:3‒37
Singh IB (2001) Proxy records of neotectonics, climate changes and anthropogenic activity in the Late Quaternary of Ganga Plain. Proc Nat Symp of Role of Earth Sciences in Integrated Developments and Related Societal Issues. Geol Surv India Spec Publ 65(1):xxxiii–1
Singh IB, Merajuddin (1978) Some sedimentological observations of the Chhaosa Formation (Simla Slates) in the Simla Hills. Himalayan Geol 8(2):683–702
Singh IB, Rai V (1977) On the occurrence of stromatolites in the Krol Formation of Nainital area and its implications on the age of Krol Formation. Curr Sci 46:736–738
Singh IB, Rai V (1983) Fauna and biogenic structures in Krol-Tal succession, Lesser Himalaya: their biostratigraphic and paleontological significance. J Paleont Soc India 28:67–94
Singh IB, Ansari AA, Chandel RS, Misra A (1996) Neotectonic control on Drainage System in Gangetic Plain, Uttar Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 47:599–609
Singh IB, Rajagopalan G, Agarwal KK, Srivastava P, Sharma M, Sharma S (1997) Evidence of Middle to Late Holocene neotectonic activity in the Ganga Plain. Curr Sci 73(12):1114–1117
Singh BP (2003) Evidence of growth fault and forebulge in the Late Paleocene (~57.9–54.7 Ma), western Himalayan foreland basin, India. Earth Planet Sci Lett 216:717–724
Singh BP, Virmani N, Bhargava ON, Kishore N, Gill A (2014) Yuehsienszella (Cambrian Series 2) trilobite from the Parahio Valley, Spiti region (Zanskar–Spiti Sub–basin), India and its biostratigraphic significance. J Palaeont Soc India 59:81–88
Singh BP, Virmani N, Bhargava ON, Negi RS, Gill A, Kishore N (2016) Trilobite fauna of basal Cambrian Series 3 (Stage 5) from the Parahio Valley (Spiti), Northwest Himalaya, India and its biostratigraphic significance. Annales Paleont 102:59–67
Singh BP, Chaubey RS, Bhargava ON, Prasad SK, Negi RS (2017a) The Cambrian trilobite fauna from the Shian (Saybang) section, Pin Valley (Spiti) and its biostratigraphic significance. Palaeoworld 26:25–36
Singh BP, Bhargava ON, Negi RS, Zhao Y, Yin L, Sharma CA (2017b) Additional trilobite fauna from the basal part of the Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5, Kunzam La (=Parahio) Formation, Parahio Valley, Spiti (Northwest Himalaya), India and its biostratigraphic significance. Annales Paleont 103:271–281
Singh BP, Bhargava ON, Sharma CA, Chaubey RS, Prasad SK, Negi RS, Kishore N (2017c) Treptichnus ichnogenus from the Cambrian of India and Bhutan: its relevance to the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. J Paleont Soc India 62(1):39–51
Singh BP, Bhargava ON, Mikuláš R, Prasad SK, Singla G, Kaur R (2017d) Asteriacites and other trace fossils from the Po Formation (Visean–Serpukhovian), Ganmachidam Hill, Spiti Valley (Himalaya) and its paleoenvironmental significance. Geol Carapathica 68(5):464–478
Singh BP, Bhargava ON, Mikuláš R, Morrision S, Kaur R, Singla G, Kishore N, Kumar N, Kumar R, Moudgil S (2019) Integrated sedimentological, ichnological and sequence stratigraphical studies of the Koti Dhaman Formation (Tal Group), Nigali Dhar Syncline, Lesser Himalaya, India paleoenvironmental, paleoecological, paleogeographic significance. Ichnos. https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2019.1584560
Singh S (1993) Collision tectonics: metamorphic and geochronological constraints from parts of Himachal Pradesh, NW–Himalaya. Unpubl Ph.D. thesis, Univ Roorkee 289
Singh S (2005) A review of U-Pb ages from Himalayan Collisional Belt. J Himalayan Geol. 26(1):61–76
Singh S (2019) Protracted zircon growth in migmatites and In situ melt of Higher Himalayan Crystallines: U-Pb ages from Bhagirathi valley, NW Himalaya, India. Geosci Front 10:793–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.12.014
Singh S (2020) Himalayan Magmatism through space and time. Episodes 43(1):358–368, doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020021
Singh S, Jain AK (2007) Geology and tectonics of the Subansiri Corridor, Arunachal Himalaya. DCS–DST News Lett 17:21–24
Singh S, Jain AK (2008) Pan African Mandi Granite in the Lesser Himalaya: its field relationship and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating. In: Pan African Event: India and Antarctica. Geol Surv India Spec Publ 91:70–78
Singh P, Saikia A, Pant NC, Verma PK (2013) Insights into the P-T evolution path of Tso Morari eclogites of the north-western Himalaya: constraints on the geodynamic evolution of the region. J Earth Sys Sci 122(3):677–698
Singh RL, Singh KN (1971) Upper Ganga Plain. In: Singh RL (ed) India—a regional geography. Nat Geog Soc India Varanasi 922
Singh S, Barley ME, Brown SJ, Jain AK, Manickavasagam RM (2002) SHRIMP U–Pb in zircon geochronology of the Chor granitoid: Evidence for Neoproterozoic magmatism in the Lesser Himalayan granite belt of NW India Precamb Res 118:285–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00107-9
Singh S, Jain AK, Barley ME (2009) SHRIMP U–Pb c (1860) Ma anorogenic magmatic signatures from the NW Himalaya: implications for Palaeoproterozoic assembly of the Columbia Supercontinent. In: Reddy SM, Mazumdar R, Evans DAD, Collins AS (eds) Palaeoproterozoic supercontinents and global evolution, vol 323. Geol Soc London Spec Publ, pp 283–300
Sinha RN (1970) Heavy mineral investigation of the Siwaliks of Mohand, Dist. Saharanpur, U.P. J Geol Soc India 11:163–177
Sinha AK (1989) Geology of higher central Himalaya. Wiley, Chichester, pp 1–236
Sinha S, Sinha R (2016) Geomorphic evolution of Dehra Dun, NW Himalaya: tectonics and climatic coupling. Geomorph 266:20–32
Sinha HN, Verniers J (2016) Discovery of the chitinozoans Belonechitina capitata from the Shiala Formation of northeastern Garhwal-Kumaon Tethys Himalaya, Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand, India. Geosci Front 7:859–864
Sorcar N, Hoppe U, Dasgupta S, Chakraborty S (2014) High-temperature cooling histories of migmatites from the high Himalayan crystallines in Sikkim, India: rapid cooling unrelated to exhumation? Contrib Mineral Petrol 167:1–34
Sorkhabi RB, Stump E, Foland K, Jain AK (1999) Tectonics and cooling history of the Garhwal Higher Himalaya (Bhagirathi Valley): constraints from thermochronological data. In: Jain AK, Manickavasagam RM (eds) Geodynamics of the NW Himalaya, vol 6. Gondwana Res Group Mem, pp 217–235
Spencer CJ, Harris RA, Dorais (2012) The metamorphism and exhumation of the Himalayan metamorphic core, eastern Garhwal region, India. Tectonics 31:TC1007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010tc002853
Srikantia SV (1977) Sedimentary cycles in the Himalaya and their significance on the orogenic evolution of the mountain belt. Coll Int Centre Nat Recher Scient 268:395–408
Srikantia SV (1981) The lithostratigraphy, sedimentation and structure of Proterozoic–Phanerozoic formations of Spiti in the higher Himalaya of Himachal Pradesh, India. In: Sinha AK (eds) Contemporary geoscientific researches in Himalaya. Bishen Singh Mahendra PS Publ Dehradun, pp 31–48
Srikantia SV, Bhargava ON (1978) The Indus tectonic belts of Ladakh Himalaya: its geology, significance and evolution. In: Saklani PS (ed) Tectonic geology of the Himalaya. Today Tomorrow’s Printers Publ, pp 43–62
Srikantia SV, Bhargava ON (1998) Geology of Himachal Pradesh. Mem Geol Soc India, pp 1–406
Srikantia SV, Bhargava ON (2018) Stratigraphic nomenclature of early Palaeozoics in the Spiti Himalaya: cobwebs cleared. J Palaeont Soc India 63(2):233–241
Srikantia SV, Ganesan TM, Sinha PK, Tirkey B (1976) Geology of Part of Zanskar Mountains, Ladakh Himalaya with special reference to late Caledonian “Kurgiakh Orogeny”. “Geology, Mineral Resources and Natural Resources of Power Development of Himalayas with particular Reference to Kashmir”. Geol Sur India, Kashmir Circle Abstracts, pp 1–3
Srikantia SV, Ganesan TM, Rao PN, Sinha PN, Tirkey B (1980) Geology of Zanskar area, Ladakh Himalaya. Himalayan Geol 8 Geology of Zanskar area, Ladakh Himalaya. Himalayan Geol 8 (for 1978):1009–1033
Srivastava DC, John G (1999) Deformation in the Himalayan Frontal Fault zone: evidence from small-scale structures in Mohand-Khara area, NW Himalaya. In: Jain AK, Mancikvasagam RM (eds) Geodynamics of the NW Himalaya. Gondwana Res Group Mem 6:273–284
Srivastava P, Parkash B, Sehgal J, Kumar S (1994) Role of neotectonics and climate in development of the Holocene geomorphology and soils of the Gangetic Plains between the Ramganga and Rapti rivers. Sediment Geol 94:129−151
Srivastava P, Singh IB, Sharma M, Singhvi AK (2003) Luminescence chronometry and Late Quaternary geomorphic history of the Ganga Plain, India. In: Gupta AK, Anderson DM, Malmgren BA (eds) Indian Ocean Monsoons: Land and Sea Record, vol 197. Palaeogeo Palaeoclim, Palaeoeco, pp 15–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(03)00384-5
Srivastava P, Sinha R, Deep V, Singh A, Upreti N (2018) Micromorphology and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Interfluve Paleosols from the Ganga Plains: a Record of Alluvial Cyclicity and Paleoclimate During the Late Quaternary. J Sediment Res 88:105–128
Srivastava VK, Casshyap SM (1983) Evolution of the Pre-Siwalik Tertiary basin of Himachal Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 24:134–147
Stampfli GM, Borel GD (2002) A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth Planet Sci Lett 196(1):17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)0058-X
Stoliczka F (1865) Geological section across the Himalayan mountain range from Wangtu Bridge on the river Sutlej to Sungdeo with an account of formations in Spiti accompanied by a revision of all known fossils from that district. Mem Geol Surv India 5:1–153
Stübner K, Grujic D, Parrish RR, Roberts NMW, Kronz A, Wooden J, Ahmad T (2014) Monazite geochronology unravels the timing of crustal thickening in NW Himalaya. Lithos 210–211:111–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.09.024
Stübner K, Grujic D, Dunkl I, Thiede R, Eugster P (2018) Pliocene episodic exhumation and the significance of the Munsiari thrust in the northwestern Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 481:273–283
Suess E (1893–1909) Das Antlitz der Erde, 4 vols. Prague and Leipzig
Swami NK, Ernst A, Tripathi SC, Barman P, Bharti SK, Rana YP (2019) A new cryptostome bryozoan Ptilotrypa from the Upper Ordovician Yong Limestone Formation: tethyan sequence of Kumaun Higher Himalaya, India. J Paleont. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2018.94
Tandon SK (1991) The Himalayan Foreland: focus on Siwalik Basin. In: Tandon SK, Pant CC, Casshyap SM (eds) Sedimentary Basins of India: tectonic context. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, pp 177–201
Tandon SK, Sinha R, Gibling MR, Dasgupta AS, Ghazanfari P (2008) Late quaternary evolution of the Ganga Plains: myths and misconceptions, recent developments and future directions. Mem Geol Soc India 66:1–41
Tangri SK (1995) Baxa Group. In: Bhargava ON (ed) Bhutan Himalaya: a geological account, vol 39. Geol Surv India Spec Publ, pp 38–58
Tangri SK, Pande AC (1995) Tethyan sequence. In: Bhargava ON (ed) Bhutan Himalaya: a geological account, vol 39. Geol Surv India Spec Publ, pp 109–142
Tewari VC (1994) Sedimentology of the rocks of Deoban Basin, Dhuraphat area, Saryu valley, Eastern Kumaon Lesser Himalaya. Geosci J 15(2):117–161
Tewari S, Prakash D (2016) Geothermobarometry and Barrovian Metamorphism of Darjeeling–Mangpu Region, Eastern Himalaya. In: Raju NJ (ed) Geostatistical and geospatial approaches for the characterization of natural resources in the environment. Springer, Berlin, pp 523–526
Tewari S, Prakash D (2017) Age of crustal melting in Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya): constraints from SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology. Geol J 53:1516–1525. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2970
Thakur VC (1993) Geology of the Western Himalaya. Pergmon Press, Oxford, pp 1–355
Thakur VC (2013) Active tectonics of Himalayan Frontal Fault system. Int J Earth Sci 102 (7):1791–1810
Thakur VC, Pandey AK, Suresh N (2007) Late Quaternary–Holocene frontal fault zone of the Garhwal Sub Himalaya, NW India. J Asian Earth Sci 29(2/3):305–319
Thakur VC, Jayangondaperumal R, Malik MA (2010) Redefining Wadia–Medlicott’s Main Boundary Fault from Jhelum to Yamuna: an active fault strand of the Main Boundary Thrust in Northwest Himalaya. Tectonophysics 489:29–42
Thakur SS, Patel SC, Singh AK (2015) A P-T pseudosection modelling approach to understand metamorphic evolution of the Main Central Thrust Zone in the Alaknanda valley, NW Himalaya. Contrib Mineral Petrol 170:2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1159-y
Thakur VC, Joshi M, Jayangondaperumal R (2020) Active tectonics of Himalayan frontal fault zone in the Sub Himalaya. In: Tandon SK, Gupta N (eds) Geodynamics of the Indian Plate: evolutionary perspectives. Springer Geology, Berlin
Thiede RC, Ehlers TA (2013) Large spatial and temporal variations in Himalayan denudation. Earth Planet Sci Lett 371–372:278–293
Thiede RC, Arrowsmith JR, Bookhagen B, Mcwilliams MO, Sobel ER, Strecker MR (2005) From tectonically to erosionally controlled development of the Himalayan orogen. Geology 33:689–692. https://doi.org/10.1130/G21483AR.1
Thiede RC, Ehlers TA, Bookhagen B, Strecker MR (2009) Erosional variability along the northwest Himalaya. J Geophys Res 114:F01015. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001010
Thiede R, Robert X, Stübner K, Dey S, Faruhn J (2017) Sustained out-of-sequence shortening along a tectonically active segment of the Main Boundary thrust: the Dhauladhar Range in the northwestern Himalaya. Lithosphere. https://doi.org/10.1130/L630.1
Thomas JV, Parkash B, Mohindra R (2002) Lithofacies and paleosol analysis of the Middle and Upper Siwalik Groups (Plio–Pleistocene), Haripur-Kolar section, Himachal Pradesh, India. Sedim Geol 150:343–366
Treloar PJ, Searle MP (eds) (1993) Himalayan tectonics. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 74:630
Treloar PJ, Searle MP (eds) (2019) Himalayan tectonics: a modern synthesis. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 483
Trichal AK, Jayaram S (1989) Tungsten mineralization in skarn rocks, Dholpani-Bhurkhola areas, Geylegphug district, Bhutan. Geol Surv India Spec Publ 22:101–105
Trivedi JR, Gopalan K, Valdiya KS (1984) Rb–Sr ages of granitic rocks within the Lesser Himalayan Nappes, Kumaon, India. J Geol Soc India 25:641–654
Valdiya KS (1962) An outline of the stratigraphy and structure of the southern part of the Pithoragarh District, U.P. J Geol Soc India 3:27–48
Valdiya KS (1970) Simla Slates, the Precambrian flysch of Lesser Himalaya; its turbidites, sedimentary structures and palaeocurrents. Geol Soc Am Bull 81:451–468
Valdiya KS (1980a) Geology of the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun India, pp 1–291
Valdiya KS (1980b) The two intracrustal boundary thrusts of the Himalaya. Tectonophysics 66:323–348
Valdiya KS (1992) The Main Boundary thrust zone of the Himalaya, India. In: Bucknam RC, Hancock PL (eds) Major active faults of the world: results of IGCP Project 206. Annales Tectonicae 6:54–84
Valdiya KS (2016) The making of India geodynamic evolution, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–924
Valdiya KS, Gupta VJ (1972) A contribution to the geology of Northeastern Kumaun, with special reference to the Hercynian gap in Tethys Himalaya. Himalayan Geol 2:1–34
Valdiya KS, Gupta VJ, Powar KB, Banerjee DM (1972) Palaeozoic Biostratigraphy of the Tethys Himalaya in the North-Eastern Kumaun Himalaya. Nature 235:152–154
Valdiya KS, Paul SK, Tarachandra, Bhakuni SS, Upadhyay RC (1999) Tectonic and Iithological characterization of Himadri (Great Himalaya) between Kali and Yamuna rivers, Central Himalaya. Himalayan Geol 10(2):1–17
Vannay JC, Grasemann B, Rahn M, Frank W, Carter A, Baudraz V, Cosca M (2004) Miocene to Holocene exhumation of metamorphic crustal wedges in the NW Himalaya: evidence for tectonic extrusion coupled to fluvial erosion. Tectonics 23:1–24
Verma PK (1989) The Himalayan Metamorphism. Geol Soc Spec Publ 43:377–383
Verma PK (2003) The Himalayan metamorphism and Generation of Melt. In: Proceedings of 90th Indian Sci Congr Part-II President Address, 34
Wadia DN (1928) Geology of the Punch state (Kashmir) and adjacent portions of the Northern Punjab. Mem Geol Surv India 51:253
Wadia DN (1931) The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya and its rocks, tectonics and orogeny. Rec Geol Surv India 65:189–220
Wadia DN (1937) Permo Carboniferous limestone inliers in the Sub Himalayan Tertiary zone of Jammu, Kashmir Himalaya. Rec Geol Surv India 72:162–173
Wallis D, Phillips RJ, Lloyd GE (2014) Evolution of the Eastern Karakoram Metamorphic Complex, Ladakh, NW India, and its relationship to magmatism and regional tectonics. Tectonophysics 626:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.03.023
Wang JM, Rubatto D, Jhang JJ (2015) Timing of partial melting and cooling across the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Comlex (Nyalam, Central Himalaya): in-sequence thrusting and its imlications. J Petrol 56:1677–1702
Warren CJ, Singh AK, Roberts NM, Regis D, Halton AM, Singh RB (2014) Timing and conditions of peak metamorphism and cooling across the Zimithang Thrust, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Lithos 200–201:94–110
Webb AAG, Yin A, Harrison TM, Celerier J, Burgess P (2007) The leading edge of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex revealed in the NW Indian Himalaya: Implications for the evolution of the Himalayan orogen. Geology 35:955–958. https://doi.org/10.1130/G23931A.1
Webb AAG, Yin A, Harrison TM, Celerier J, Gehrels GE, Manning CE, Grove M (2011) Cenozoic tectonic history of the Himachal Himalaya (NW India) and its constraints on the formation mechanism of the Himalayan orogen. Geosphere 7:1013–1061
Webb AAG, Yin A, Dubey CS (2013) U-Pb zircon geochronology of major lithologic units in the eastern Himalaya: Implications for the origin and assembly of Himalayan rocks. Geol Soc Am Bull 125:499–522. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30626.1
Webb AAG, Guo H, Clift PD, Husson L, Müller T, Costantino D, Yin A, Xu Z, Cao H, Wang Q (2017) The Himalaya in 3D: slab dynamics controlled mountain building and monsoon intensification. Lithosphere 9(4):637–651. ISSN 1941–8264. https://doi.org/10.1130/L636.1
Wesnousky GW, Kumar S, Mohindra R, Thakur VC (1999) Uplift and convergence along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of India. Tectonics 18(6):967–976
White NM, Parrish RR, Bickle M, Najman YMR, Burbank D, Maithani A (2001) Metamorphism and exhumation of the NW Himalaya constrained by U-Th–Pb analyses of detrital monazite grains from early foreland basin sediments. J Geol Soc Lond 158:625–635
White NM, Pringle M, Garzanti E, Bickle M, Najman Y, Chapman H, Friend P (2002) Constraints on the exhumation and erosion of the High Himalayan Slab, NW India, from foreland basin deposits. Earth Planet Sci Lett 195:29–44
Winslow DM, Zeitler PK, Chamberlain CP, Williams IS (1996) Geochronologic constraints on syntaxial development in the Nanga Parbat region, Pakistan. Tectonics 15:1292–1308
Wobus C, Heimsath A, Whipple K, Hodges KV (2005) Active out-of-sequence thrust faulting in the central Nepalese Himalaya. Nature 434(7036):1008–1011. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03499
Yeats RS, Kausar AB, Nakata T, Nakata T (2006) Conference examine deadly (2005) Kashmir earthquake. EOS 87:115
Yin A (2006) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth-Sci Rev 76:1–31
Yin A, Harrison TM (2000) Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Ann Rev Earth Sci 28:211–280
Yin A, Dubey CS, Kelty TK, Gehrels GE, Chou CY, Grove M, Lovera O (2006) Structural evolution of the Arunachal Himalaya and implications for asymmetric development of the Himalayan orogen. Curr Sci 90:195–206
Yin A, Dubey CS, Kelty TK, Webb AAG, Harrison TM, Chou CY, Célérier J (2009) Geologic correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian craton: part 2. Structural geology, geochronology, and tectonic evolution of the Eastern Himalaya. Geol Soc Am Bull 122:360–395. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26461.1
Yin Lei-Ming, Singh Birendra P, Bhargava ON, Zhao YL, Negi RS, Meng FW, Sharma CA (2018) Palynomorphs from the Cambrian Series 3, Parahio valley (Spiti), Northwest Himalaya. Palaeoworld 27:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2017.05.004
Zhang YZ, Replumaz A, Wang GC, Leloup PH, Gautheron C, Bernet M, van der Beek P, Paquette JL, Wang A, Zhang KX, Chevalier ML (2015) Timing and rate of exhumation along the Litang fault system, implication for fault reorganization in Southeast Tibet. Tectonics 34:1219–1243
Zhao G, Wang Y, Huang B, Dong Y, Li S, Zhang G, Yu S (2018) Geological reconstructions of the East Asian blocks: From the breakup of Rodinia to the assembly of Pangaea. Earth-Sci Rev HYPERLINK https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00128252/186/supp/C 186: 262–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.10.003
Zhao GC, Sun M, Wilde SA, Li SZ (2004) A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup. Earth Sci Rev 67:91–123
Zhao W, Nelson KD, Che J, Quo J, Lu D, Wu C, Liu X. (1993) Deep seismic reflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneath southern Tibet. Nature 366:557–559
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jain, A.K., Banerjee, D.M., Kale, V.S. (2020). Tectonics of the Himalaya. In: Tectonics of the Indian Subcontinent. Society of Earth Scientists Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42845-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42845-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42844-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42845-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)