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The Asian Megacity Region pp 73–121Cite as

Asian MCR: Urban-Rural Interface and Multidimensionality of the Spread Region

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Abstract

The profound socioeconomic and environmental repercussions of the growing Asian megacities on the rural, semi-urban, and urbanizing territories around them have stoked academic, political, planning, public, and other interests to pursue sustainable development strategies for the megacity regions of Asia. However, as yet, we do not know whether there are some principal characteristics unique to the Asian MCR, and strategy formulation is made difficult by non-standardized definitions of ‘urban’, a lingering city-centric outlook, and complex rural-urban dynamics involving flows, linkages, and interfaces in the hybrid, changing, and spatially uneven ‘spread region’ within the MCRs. Additionally, conceptual contrasts and differing approaches to sustainability, such as green and brown agendas, have also impeded the success of such pursuits. Here, I present the first two prongs of my tri-pronged approach to sustainable development issues in context of the Asian MCR: (1) the urban-rural interface (URI) as place, process, and concept manifests in the spread region, and (2) the multidimensional lens. I discuss some of the conceptual shifts evident in the literature, from the rural-urban divide to rural-urban and peri-urban interfaces (PUI), and from primarily economistic to multidimensional approaches to sustainable development. I offer a working definition of the ‘spread region’ of the MCR from the standpoint of the urban-rural interface that characterizes this space. And finally, I advocate the implementation of a coherent, ‘color-coordinated’ and multidimensional approach to examining the uneven spaces of the URI within the spread region at disaggregated scales for effective planning and research purposes.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Examples of traversing nonphysical distance, one aspect of geographic distance, can be said to include activities related to networking, scale-jumping, scale-bending, and so on, as well as to the transportation and technology-related advances (communication, social media) that bridge, diminish, or transcend the effects of physical geographic distance.

  2. 2.

    As noted in Chap. 1, the terms interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary, cross-disciplinary, multidisciplinary, and such, each with their own individual and obvious connotations, are used interchangeably in this volume.

  3. 3.

    For an interesting discussion aimed to “highlight established and ongoing attempts to reach integrative perspectives in geography” (1987, p. 273) from the standpoint of structuration theory that offers an overview of many of the works that I refer to as ‘later interpretations’, see Kellerman (1987).

  4. 4.

    Reprinted in Tacoli (2006).

  5. 5.

    I purposefully use ‘include’ instead of ‘to be replaced by’ because evidence of an implicit assumption/belief in a rural-urban dichotomy is still discernible in the planning and policies of many lands, including in Asia.

  6. 6.

    McGee (1991) suggested that temporal data on (1) the ‘contribution of agricultural and nonagricultural activities to the GDP’ and (2) the proportion of the working labor force employed in agricultural and nonagricultural work’ in a given spatial unit would help develop ‘a more precise definition of urban and rural areas’ (p. 20).

  7. 7.

    Submitted by C. Deuskar on 6/2/2015 on the World Bank Sustainable Cities Blog. http://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/what-does-urban-mean.

  8. 8.

    Growth and development, two non-synonymous concepts that have led to some spirited debates in the sustainability literature, are used interchangeably in this volume.

  9. 9.

    All examples here are as cited in Unwin (1989), and are presented in the Reference section.

  10. 10.

    This work is accessible online and is cited as such.

  11. 11.

    Although, as Unwin observed, “…it is not only the so-called free-market capitalist societies that have embarked on such policies. Many centrally planned socialist states have also turned towards top-down, centralised planning strategies” (1989, p. 14).

  12. 12.

    All page references to this article by Douglass in this chapter are as reproduced in Tacoli (2006); not from the original (Douglass 1998) publication; the reproduced article is cited as Douglass (2006) in the Reference section.

  13. 13.

    As Tacoli (1998b) acknowledged, this approach was a ‘more recent and highly influential contribution’ to the positive view, prevalent in the 1950s and 1960s, of small towns ‘from which innovations and modernization would trickle-down to the rural populations’ (p. 152).

  14. 14.

    The other four types of peri-urban areas, representing different migration dynamics, were referred to as ‘proximate’ to cities, but I was not able to discern any mention of the exact distances involved.

  15. 15.

    Initially published in a special issue on the “Futures of City Regions” by the Regional Studies Association in 2009.

  16. 16.

    Same can also be said of the ‘urban field’ concept (Friedmann and Miller 1965; Friedmann 1992).

  17. 17.

    It is important to point out that in conceptualizing and analyzing desakota, McGee and colleagues focused on both process and outcome. While I also see the spread region both as a process and an outcome (as well as a precursor), in this volume I am focusing only on its spatial aspect as the current outcome of a process, not on the process itself. Moreover, it is equally important to remember that the ‘currency’ of the outcome—the ‘current’ state of the spatial entity at micro-levels across space at any given time—is always transitory, evolving, in a state of flux. (Needless to say, this is another vital reason for ensuring that data sets for research and planning purposes are available and utilized contemporaneously).

  18. 18.

    In keeping with the evolving nature of the urbanizing landscape against which the concept of desakota was first formulated, it has been subject to both theoretical and empirical explorations over the years that followed, not least of which by McGee himself. As a result, the original concept has undergone subtle conceptual modifications with more nuanced interpretations and wider applications. My comments in this section pertain only to my interpretation of the concept as it was originally formulated.

  19. 19.

    In the absence of definitional parameter(s) of what would constitute ‘major’, the conceptual status of the ‘major cities’ (other than the core city) vis-à-vis the makeup of the spread region, is somewhat tenuous in my mind at this point.

  20. 20.

    Debates on the opposing paradigms of strong and weak sustainability, based primarily as to whether natural capital is substitutable for man-made and other capitals, continue to permeate the literature on sustainability. In his seminal volume on the intricacies, nuances, and implications of the two, Neumayer (2013) referred to the former as the ‘non-substitutability paradigm’ and the latter the ‘substitutability paradigm’. Together, the opposing viewpoints, each deemed justifiable by their respective supporters, epitomize the contradictions embedded in the entire sustainable development field.

  21. 21.

    The ‘three-ring-circus’ model is how she referred to it (Allen 2001).

  22. 22.

    This qualifier seems unnecessary, and at odds, with the rightful assertions and arguments for multidimensionality convincingly made by Allen in this and subsequent publications.

  23. 23.

    Incidentally, although viewed from a different perspective—i.e., urban-regional ecological carrying capacity—Allen and You’s adaptation (2002) of the Allen (2001) schema, as shown in Fig. 4.3, also incorporated into it a conceptual guard against evidence of such imbalance that would imply unsustainability.

  24. 24.

    The other two areas of consolidation involved the approach to the so-called ‘green’ and ‘brown’ agendas, and recognizing the city ‘as a biotic and political-economic geography in its own right, not as a subsidiary jurisdiction to be managed by municipalities, reformed by social movement projects, and shaped by national and international programs or corporate interests’ (Brugmann 2013, p. xxii).

  25. 25.

    For an insightful discussion of issues related to ‘spatial displacement of environmental burdens’ from the perspective of transfrontier’ inequity, see, McGranahan (2007).

  26. 26.

    “Gordon McGranahan and David Satterthwaite are with the Human Settlement Programme at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)” (McGranahan and Satterthwaite 2000, Endnote, p. 87).

  27. 27.

    The volume ‘directed and written’ by Adrianna Allen and Nicholas You (2002) was ‘jointly produced by the Development Planning Unit (DPU) University College London and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) for the special session of the United Nations General Assembly, Istanbul+5, in 2001’ (Wakely 2002, p. xiii).

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  1. Department of Environmental Studies, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA

    Debnath Mookherjee

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Mookherjee, D. (2020). Asian MCR: Urban-Rural Interface and Multidimensionality of the Spread Region. In: The Asian Megacity Region. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42649-1_4

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