Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The European Connections of the Median Period

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period

Part of the book series: University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series ((UTSHS))

  • 431 Accesses

Abstract

The rise of Media, i.e. the period between the reign of Deioces (728–675 B.C.) and the takeover of Cyrus II (550 B.C.) has a crucial significance even from the point of view of the history of Europe. Ancient sources indicate that groups of peoples migrated from its area even to Europe, therefore it had a direct impact on the course of European history as well. According to Herodotus, the Sigynnae people, who lived on the other side of the Istros river, the present-day Danube, had moved next to the neighbouring Veneti people from the area of Media. The Median Empire was forming just at the time when, as part of the orientalising period between the eighth–sixth centuries B.C., elements of Ancient Eastern origin started to appear first mostly in the western basin of the Mediterranean (Iberia, Italia), then in the inner regions of the continent as well, the scope of which has far exceeded the objects that had been imported. One of the most striking manifestations of the power of the new elite and the transformation of the social structure was the building of the Giant Tumuli. The tumulus excavated on the Strupka-Magyar estate in Regöly, found in the south-eastern part of Hungary is yet the only one in Europe which can be directly related to the area of the Median Empire, based on both the observed phenomena and the written sources. The occurrences of new technologies within Europe, in the centre of the people in current-day Regöly whom were called the Pannonians by Roman Age sources, the continued production of various types of pottery originated from the Ancient East, the apparently new customs and the socio-structural changes reflected in the tumulus and the structures of settlements are all important additions for the deeper understanding of the orientalising processes. More and more data indicate that the constant conflict situation that developed due to the rivalry between the Medes and the Lydians during the second half of the seventh century B.C. and affecting almost the entire Ancient East, had a determining role in the orientalising process of Europe.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See: Fekete (1986), Harding (2005), Teržan (1998, 2004, 2005, 2012), Potrebica (2005), Thür (2007, 2012), Szabó and Fekete (2011), Hosszú (2017: 227, Fig. 3), Adrados (1989), Brisighelli et al. (2009), Бруяко (2005: 260), Szabó (2013: Fig. 5).

  2. 2.

    See: Metzner-Nebelsick (1994), Composit helmets: Vaskeresztes, Budinjak, Sotto la Rocca-Lippi. Fekete (1981: 144, 14. Figs. 6–7, 10–11); Rendic–Milocevic (2004: 217–222); Szabó (2015: Fig. 8); Bottini et al. (1988, 217–218).

  3. 3.

    See: Demigyenko and Firszov (2009: 42, 45); RHF13.1: Parzinger (2006: 219., Fig. 16, f).

  4. 4.

    See: RHF4.26: Szabó and Fekete (2014: Table 117, 14–15); RHF6.4–5: Szabó and Fekete (2014: Table 119. 6. 4–5).

  5. 5.

    See: Pleiner (1980); Tylecote (1987: 176–178, Fig. 5.21).

  6. 6.

    See: Hallstatt Grave, 671, 696., Pfaffstätten, Helpfau- Utterdorf, Kleinklein: Prüssing, 1991.

  7. 7.

    See: Heuneburg Gießübel-Talhau: Krausse et al., 2016, Fig.  112.

  8. 8.

    See: Szabó (2009), Szabó and Fekete (2011: Table 39. 5); Prüssing (1991: 69. 72), Parzinger et al. (1995: T. 39); Fekete and Szabó (2017).

  9. 9.

    See: Herodotus, V. 9.

  10. 10.

    See: Raczky et al. (2013: 30. 10–11); Botta and Flandin (1849: I. Pl. 76).

  11. 11.

    See: Hochmichele, Tumulus 17 Grave 1: The cauldron contained unfermented honey mead (Krausse et al. 2016: 122).

  12. 12.

    For the Sumerians, barley beer is considered the gift of Ninkasi, while for the Ossetian Narts, hops-brewed beer is the invention of Satana.

  13. 13.

    Stronach (1985), Stronach and Roaf (1978), Tourovets (2014: Figs. 2–4), Curtis (2014); I would like to thank for the organisers of the Conference “The analysis of fifty years archaeological of Malayer” (Hamadan 2014) that I and my colleague Tamás Czuppon could have the opportunity to examine the Median sites on location, and I am especially grateful to John Curtis for the information he provided me personally.

  14. 14.

    For example, the tradition of Tyrrhenos and his companions who had sailed from the famine-stricken Lydia to Italia. Herod. I. 94.

  15. 15.

    See: Mykenai: Demakopoulou (1988: 218). Vedeno: Reinhold (2007: T. 245. 17, 19–22); Duvanlii: Minchev (2006: 63).

  16. 16.

    See: Абаев (1949: 48, 306), Кузнецов (1984: 182), Selmeczi (2005: 128–132).

  17. 17.

    See: Röber et al. (2012: 116.117); Krausse et al. 157–160; Hansen (2017: 226).

  18. 18.

    See: Szabó and Fekete (2011: 49), Szabó and Czuppon (2014: 54–55).

Bibliography

  • Abaev VI (1949) Oceтинcкий язык и фольклор (Ossetian Language and Folklore). Mocквa (Moscow)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrados F (1989) Etruscan as an IE Anatolian (but Not Hittite) Language. J Indo-Eur Stud 17:363–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkóczy P, Gyöngyösi S, Juhász, L, Szabó G (2017) A regölyi vasművesség sajátosságai a leletek mikroszerkezet-Vizsgálata Alapján. A Migráció Évezredei – Európa Születése. Paper presented at the A PTE–BTK Európé Kutatóközpontjának VII. június 30–július 1, Szekszárd

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilgi Ö (ed) (2004) Anatolia, Cradle of Castings Anadolu, DöKüMüN BeşIğI. Yapi Kredi Yayinlari, Istanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Botta PÉ, Flandin E (1849) Monument de Ninive I–II. Imprimerie National, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottini A, Egg M, von Hase F-W, Pflug H, Schaaff U, Schauer P, Waurick G (1988) Antike Helme. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, Monographien Bd. 14

    Google Scholar 

  • Brisighelli F, Capelli C, Álvarez-Iglesias V, Onofri V, Giorgio P, Sergio T, Salas A (2009) The Etruscan timeline: a recent Anatolian connection. Eur J Hum Genet 17:693–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brosseder U (2004) Studien zur Ornamentik Hallstattzeitlicher Keramik zwischen Rhonetal und Karpatenbecken. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 106: Hubelt, Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill DN (ed) (2010) The Lydians and their world. Yapi Kredi Yayinlari, Istanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis J (2014) The abandonment of Tepe Nush-I Jan. In: The analysis of fifty years archaeological of Malayer. Hamadan, pp 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Demakopoulou K (1988) The Mycenean World. Five centuries of early Greek culture 1600–1100 B.C. Hellenic Ministry of Culture—ICOM, Athens

    Google Scholar 

  • Denigyenko J, Firszov K (2009) Tagikeszken és Ujgarak emlékei. In: Fodor, Kulcsár V (eds) Szkíta arany-kincsek. A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum időszaki kiállításának katalógusa. Budapest, pp 39–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieulafoy J (1887) La Perse La Chaldée Et La Susiane. Librarie Hachette, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Dular J, Križ B (2004) Železnodobno naselje na Cvingerju pri Dolenjskih Toplicah. Arheol Vestn 55:207–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekete M (1981) Előzetes jelentés a Vaskeresztes-Diófás dűlői halomsírok leletmentéséről. Vorbericht Über Die Tumuli–Rettungsgrabungen in Vaskeresztes-Diófás Flur (1978–1979). Savaria 15:129–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekete M (1985) Rettungsgrabung Früheisenzeitlicher Hügelgräber in Vaskeresztes (Vorbericht). Acta Arcliaeol Acad Sci Hung 37:33–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekete M (1986) Beiträge zu den pontischen Kontakten des Früheisenzeitlichen Transdanubiens. Thracia Pontica 3(295–310):509–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekete M (2016) Sisaktöredékek a regölyi tumulusból – Helmfragmente aus dem Tumulus von Regöly. In: Bartosiewiciz L, T. Biró K, Sümegi p, Törőcsik T (eds) Mikroszkóppal, feltárásokkal, mintavételezéssel, kutatásokkal az archeometria, a geoarcheológia és a régészet szolgálatában. Szegedi Tudományegyetem Földtani és Őslénytani Tanszék, Szeged, 37–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekete M, Szabó G (2015) A regölyi tumulus építménye és leletanyaga. Ókori-Keleti Kapcsolatok. Ókor–Történet–Írás 3:271–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekete M, Szabó G (2017) Ein Orientalisches Bronzegefäßtyp aus der Hallstattkultur: Die Ziste. Gedanken während der Bearbeitung des Tumulus von Regöly (Komitat Tolna, Südungarn). In: Stegmann-Rajtár S (ed) Das Nördliche Karpatenbecken in der Hallstattzeit. Kassa, pp 361–379 (in print)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gábor H (2017) Phenetic approach to script evolution. Schriften Des Instituts Für Dokumentologie Und Editorik Bd 11. Kodikologie Und Paläographie Im Digitalen Zeitalter 4. Bod. Norderstedt, pp 179–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersbach E (1995) Baubefunde der Perioden IVc–IVa der Heuneburg. (Heuneburgstudien 9). Mainz am Rhein

    Google Scholar 

  • Gozzadini G (1887) Di Un Sepolcro, Di Un Frammento Plastico, Di Un Oggetto Di Bronzo, Dellepoca Di Villanova, Scoperti in Bologna. Bologna

    Google Scholar 

  • Gyöngyösi S, Juhász L, Barkóczy P, Szabó G (2017) A regölyi vasművesség sajátosságai a leletek mikroszerkezet-Vizsgálata Alapján. A Migráció Évezredei – Európa Születése. Paper presented at the 7th Conference of PTE–BTK Európé Kutatóközpont June 30–July 1, Szekszárd. https://www.academia.edu/34065422/A_regolyi_bogracsok_femtani_vizsgalata

  • Gyucha A (1996) Kora vaskori leletek Sarkad határában. Békés Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei 16:67–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen S (2011) Grossgrabhügel der Alteren Eisenzeit zwischen West und Ost. Eine Annäherung). In: Hansen S, Molodin VI (eds) Terra Scythica, pp 291–318. Materialien des internationalen Symposiums Terra Scythica (17.–23. August 2011, Denisov-Höhle, Altai). Novosibirsk Verlag des Instituts für Archaologie und Ethnographie der SA RAW

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen S (2017) Giant Tumuli of the Iron Age: tradition, monumentality, knowledge transfer. In: Fernández-Götz M, Krausse D (eds) Eurasia at the dawn of history urbanization and social change. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 225–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen S (Grossgrabhügel der Alteren Eisenzeit zwischen West Und Ost. Eine Annäherung). In: Hansen S, Molodin VI (eds) Terra Scythica, pp 291–318. Materialien des internationalen Symposiums Terra Scythica (17.–23. August 2011, Denisov-Höhle, Altai). Novosibirsk Verlag des Instituts für Archaologie und Ethnographie der SA RAW

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding AF (2005) Interconnections between the Aegean and Continental Europe in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages: moving beyond scepticism. Aegaeum 27:47–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Hase F-W (1969) Die Trensen der Früheisenzeit in Italien. Prähistorische Bronzefunde. Abt. XVI. Bd. 1. Steiner, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellmuth A (2014) Horse, bow and arrow: a comparison between the Scythian impact on the Mediterranean and on Eastern Middle Europe. Mediterr Rev 7(1):1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Horváth V, Szabó G (2015) Scythian Age Scale Armour from the Tumulus at Regöly. In: Mutanov FM, Nurszan E (eds) Proceedings of international scientific and practical conference, Vii Orazbayev Readings 28–29. April 2015. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almati, pp 100–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Hozhabri A (2014) The Mithraeum of Nush-I Jan; Exploring the Use of Cross Motif in Architecture of Tepe Nush-I Jan. In: The analysis of fifty years archaeological of Malayer, pp 13–26. Hamadan

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivantchik A (1999) The Scythian rule over Asia: The classical traditíon and the historical reality. In: Tsetskhladze GR (ed) Ancient Greeks and East. Leiden, Boston, Köln, pp 497–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivantchik A (2001) Die archäologischen Spuren der Kimmerier im Vorderen Orient und das Problem der Datierung der vor- und frühskytischen Kultur. In: Eichmann R, Parzinger H (eds) Migration und Kulturtransfer. Bonn, pp 329–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Jereb M (2016) Die Bronzegefäße in Slowenien. Prähistorische Bronzefunde. (Abt. II. Bd. 19). Steiner, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Karausse D, Fernández-Götz M, Hansen L, Kretschmer I (2016) The Heuneburg and the early Iron Age princely seats. Archaeolingua, Budapest

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaus M (1988–89) Kimmerischer Pferdeschmuck im Karpatenbecken: das Stillfrieder Depot aus neuer sicht. MAG, 118–119, 247–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemenczei T (1990) A Sarkadi bronz szobrocska—Die Anthropomorphe Bronze- Statuette von Sarkad. Folia Archaeol 41:29–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemenczei T (2009) Studien zu den Denkmälern Skythisch Geprägter Alföld Gruppe (Inventarta Praehistorica Hungariae 12). Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemenczei T (2012) Angaben zur Kenntnis der Eisenzeit in der Südwesthälfte des Karpatenbeckens. Acta Archaeol Acad Sci Hung 63:317–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmig W (1983) Die griechische Kolonisation im westlichen Mittelmeergebiet und ihre Wirkung auf die Landschaften des Westlichen Mitteleuropa. Jahrb Röm-Ger Zentralmuseums Mainz 30:5–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Kromer K (1959) Das Gräberfeld von Hallstatt. Florenz

    Google Scholar 

  • Kromer K (1986) Das östliche Mitteleuropa in der frühen Eisenzeit (7.–5. Jh. V.Chr.): seine Beziehungen zu Steppenvölkern und antiken Hochkulturen. Jahrb Röm-Ger Zentralmuseums Mainz 33:3–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Kürthy D, Szakmány G, Józsa S, Fekete M, Szabó G (2016) Local and non local potsherds from the Middle Iron Age Mound Grave in Regöly, Sw Hungary. In: 41st international symposium on archaeometry ISA 2016. May 15–21, Conference Programme and Abstract Book. Kalamata, Greece, pp 399–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Loon MN (1996) Urartian art. Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Makhortykh SV (2008) On the question of Cimmerian imports and imitations in Central Europe. In: Biehl PF, Rassamakin YA (eds) Import and imitation in archaeology. Beier & Beran, Langenweißbach, pp 167–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsadolov L (2000) Variants in models of transition: The Cimmerian traditions of the Gordion Tumuli (Phrygia) found in the Altai Barrows (Bashadar, Pazyrik). In: Davis-Kimball J, Murphy M, Coryakova L, Yablonksy LT (eds) Kurgans, ritual sites, and settlements. Eurasian and Iron Age. Oxford: Archaeopress, BAR International Series 890, pp 247–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzner-Nebelsick C (1994) Die früheisenzeitliche Trensenentwicklung zwischen Kaukasus Und Mitteleuropa. In: Archäologische Untersuchungen zum Übergang von Der Bronze- Zur Eisenzeit Zwischen Nordsee Und Kaukasus. (Ergebnisse Eines Kolloquiums in Regensburg 28–30. Oktober 1992), pp 383–447. Regensburger Beiträge zur Prähistorischen Archäologie Bd. 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzner-Nebelsick C (2000) Early Iron Age pastoral nomadism in the Great Hungarian Plain: migration or assimilation? In: Davis-Kimball J, Murphy EM, Koryakova L, Yablonksy LT (eds) Kurgans, ritual sites, and settlements. Eurasian and Iron Age, Oxford, pp 160–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzner-Nebelsick C (2002) Der “Thrako-Kimmerische” Formenkreis aus der sicht der Urnenfelder- und Hallstattzeit im Südöstlichen Pannonien. Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen 23. Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden

    Google Scholar 

  • Minchev A (ed) (2006) Thracian treasures. Varna

    Google Scholar 

  • Norouzi Talab HR (2010) Tehran: past & present: a glance at the features of life, art and architecture. Yassavoli Publications, Tehran

    Google Scholar 

  • Özdem F (ed) (2003) Urartu. War and aesthetics. Yapi Kredi Yayinlari,Istanbul

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallottino M (1980) Az etruszkok. Gondolat, Budapest

    Google Scholar 

  • Parzinger H (2006) Die frühen Völker Eurasiens: vom Neolithikum bis zum Mittelalter. CH Beck, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Parzinger H, Nekvasil J, Barth E (1995) Die Bycí Skála-Höhle. Ein Hallstattzeitlicher Höhlenopferplatz in Mahren. Römisch- Germanische Forschungen 54. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein

    Google Scholar 

  • Patay P (1990) Die Bronzegefässe in Ungarn. Prähistorische Bronzefunde II/10. Verlag CH. Beck, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Patek E (1982a) Neue Untersuchungen auf dem Burgstall bei Sopron. Ber Röm-Ger Komm 63:105–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Patek E (1982b) Recent excavations at the Hallstatt and La Téne Hillfort of Sopron-Várhegy (Burgstall) and the Predecessors of the Hallstatt Culture in Hungary. Studies in the Iron Age of Hungary. BAR Int Ser 144:1–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Patek E (1989–1990) A Szabó János által feltárt “preszkíta” síranyag. A Füzesabony-Mezőcsát típusú temetkezések újabb emlékei Heves megyében. Agria, 25–25, 61–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Potrebica H (2005) Aegean concepts in the Eastern Hallstatt culture? Aegaeum 27:267–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Potrebica H (2008) Contacts between Greece and Pannonia in the Early Iron Age. In: Biehl PF, Rassamakin YA (eds) Import and imitation in archaeology. Beier & Beran, Langenweißbach, pp 187–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Primas M (1984) Bronzezeitlicher Schmuck aus Zinn. Helv Archaeol Zürich 15(57–60):33–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Prüssing G (1991) Die Bronzegefässe in Österreich. Prähistorische Bronzefunde II/5. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Raczky P, Kalla G, Gábor VS (2013) Ünnep és lakoma a régészetben és az írásos forrásokban. Az őskori Európa és Mezopotámia példái alapján [Feast and feasting in the archaeological and written sources. Based on case studies from the Prehistory of Europe and Mesopotamia]. In: Déri B (ed) AGION Könyvek 2. Convivium– 2. Budapest.11–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhold S (2007) Die Spätbronze- und Frühe Eisenzeit im Kaukasus. Materielle Kultur, Chronologie und Überregionale Beziehungen. Universtätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie Bd. 144, Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • Rendić-Miočević A (2004) The Iapodes. In: Rendić-Miočević A (ed) Warriors at the crossroads of East and West. Arheoloski Muzej u Zagrebu, Zagreb, pp 208–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Röber R, Jansen M, Rau S, Nicolai C, Frech I (2012) Die Welt der Kelten. Zentren der Macht-Kostbarkeiten der Kunst. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Sams GK (1994) The early Phrygian pottery. In: The Gordion excavations, 1950–1973. Final Reports, vol 4. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Pennsylvania

    Google Scholar 

  • Selmeczi L (2005) A jászok eredete és középkori műveltsége. Jászsági Füzetek, vol 37. Jász Múzeumért Alapítvány, Jászberény

    Google Scholar 

  • Sievers S (1984) Die Kleinfunde der Heuneburg. Die Funde aus den Grabungen von 1950–1979. Heuneburgstudien V. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Manz am Rhein

    Google Scholar 

  • Šimek M (2004) Grupa Martijanec- Kaptol. In: Rendić-Miočević A (ed) Warriors at the crossroads of East and West. Arheoloski Muzej u Zagrebu, Zagreb, pp 79–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Stjernquist BI (1967) Ciste a Cordoni. Rippenzisten. Produktion, Funktion, Diffusion I-Ii. Acta Archæol Lund 4–6. Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • Stronach D (1985) Tepe Nūsh-I Jān: The Median settlement. The Median and Achaemenian periods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Stronach D, Michael R (1978) the major building of the Median settlement. The British Institute of Persian Studies, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stronach D, Roaf M (1978) the major building of the Median settlement. The British Institute of Persian Studies, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G (2009) Archaeometallurgiai adatok a technológiai ismeretek és a nyersanyagok áramlásához a Kárpát-medence késő bronzkorában (Archaeometallurgical data on the circulation of technological knowledge and raw materials in the Late Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin). MOMOS 6:347–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G (2012) A Kárpát-medencei archaeometallurgiai kutatások eredményei, aktuális kérdései a 21. század elején, különös tekintettel a bronz- és vasgyártás társadalmi hátterének változásaira (recent advances and new questions of archaeometallurgical research in the Carpathian Basin at the begining of the 2st Century, with special emphasis on the change in the social background of Bronze and Iron Artefacts). Archeom Műhely 2:75–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G (2013) What archaeometallurgy tells us about the changes of bronze craftwork in the transition of Bronze Age into Iron Age. In: Rezi B, Németh R (eds) Bronze Age Crafts and Craftsmen in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from TˆArgu Mures 5–7. October 2012. Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica Vi, pp 291–312. Editura Mega, Targu Mures

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G (2015) Keleti mítoszelemek nyugati megjelenése a regölyi astragalos leletek tükrében. Ókor–Történet–Írás 4:321–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G (2017a) Eastern myth elements in the West in light of the Nart sagas and the archaeological finds of the Carpathian Basin. Nartamongæ 14:194–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G (2017b) készültek és mire használhatták a hajdúböszörményi kincsleletek szituláit? How were the Hajdúböszörmény Hoards” Situlae made and what could they be used for? A második hajdúböszörményi szitula és kapcsolatrendszere– the Second Situla of Hajdúböszörmény and Its Relations. Studia Oppidorum Haidonicalium Xiii, pp 45–68. Hajdúböszörmény, Budapest

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G, Czuppon T (2014) New data on Iranian roots of the European culture. In: The analysis of fifty years archaeological of Malayer, pp 47–72. Hamadan

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G, Fekete M (2011) Janus- szobor Pannóniából, a kora vaskori Regöly-csoport lelőhelyéről – Janus Sta-Tue Aus Pannonien, Vom Fundort Der Regöly-Gruppe Aus Der Früheisenzeit. Wosinsky Mór Múzeum Évkönyve 33, pp 15–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G, Fekete M (2014) Pannon tumulus feltárásának előkészítése Regöly, Strupka-Magyar birtok - Vorbereitung Der Freilegung Des Pannon-Grabhügels (Tumulus) Strupka-Magyar Besitz in Regöly. Wosinsky Mór Múzeum Évkönyve 36, pp 7–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G, Fekete M (2015) Pannon tumulus feltárásának előkészítése – Regöly, Strupka-Magyar birtok. Wosinsky Mór Múzeum Évkönyve 36, pp 7–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó G, Horváth V (2016) Кyльтypныe Cвязи Югo-Bocтoчнoй Eвpoпы C Teppитopиeй Кaзaxcтaнa B Paннeм Жeлeзнoм Beкe. In: Ahmetov D (ed) Altai Is the Golden Cradle of the Turkic World. BIOS baspasi, Ocкeмeн, pp 225–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó M (2005) A keleti kelták, a késő vaskor a Kárpát-medencében. L’ Harmattan, Budapest

    Google Scholar 

  • Teržan B (1998) Auswirkungen des Skythisch Geprägten Kulturkreises auf die Hallstattzeitlichen Kulturgruppen Pannoniens und des Ostalpenraumes. In: Hänsel B, Machnik J (eds) Das Karpatenbecken und die Osteuropäische Steppe, pp 511–560, Rahden

    Google Scholar 

  • Teržan B (2004) Obolos-Mediterrane Vorbilder einer prämonetären “Währung” der Hallstattzeit? In: Hänsel B (ed) Parerga Praehistorica: Jubilaumsschrift zur Prähistorischen Archäologie, vol 15. Jahre UPA, Bonn, pp 161–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Teržan B (2005) Cultural connections between Caput Adriae and the Aegean in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Aegaeum 27:157–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Teržan B (2012) The Sphinx in Situla Art in the Northern Adriatic Region and its Hinterland. In: Nadbath B (ed) Scripta in Honorem Bojan Djuric. Monografije Cpa 1, pp 169–196. Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediscine Slovenije, Ljubljana

    Google Scholar 

  • Thür G (2007) Der Reinigungseid im Archaischen Griechischen Rechsstreit und seine Paralellen im Alten Orient. In: Rollinger R, Barta H, Lang M (eds) Rechtsgeschichte und Interkulturalität. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, pp 179–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Thür G (2012) Rechtstransfer aus dem Vorderen Orient Im Archäischen Griechischen Prozess. In: Legras B (ed) Transferts Culturels Et Droits Dans Le Monde Grec Et Hellénistigue. Actes Du Collogue International (Reims, 14–17 Mai 2008), pp 47–62. Publications de la Sorbone, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Torelli M (ed) (2000) The Etruscans. Bompiani Milan, Venice

    Google Scholar 

  • Tourovets A (2014) The birth and the development of the Iranian architecture in the Zagros during the Ist Millenium B.C. In: The analysis of fifty years archaeological of Malayer, pp 27–46, Hamadan

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk P (2005) Images of life and myth. National Musem of Slovenia, Lubjana

    Google Scholar 

  • Tylecote RF (1987) The early history of metallurgy in Europe. London, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vadász É (1983) Előzetes jelentés egy koravaskori halomsír feltárásáról Süttőn. Commun Archaeol Hung 3:19–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Vágó Á (2015) A medence ősi kincsei- a kőkortól. Kossuth Kiadó, Budapest

    Google Scholar 

  • Wosinsky M (1885) Etruszk Bronzedények Kurdon. Archaeol Értesítő 5:73–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Wosinsky M (1896) Tolnavármegye Az Őskortól a Honfoglalásig, vol 1–2. Budapest

    Google Scholar 

  • Young RS (1981) Three great early Tumuli. In: Kenetth SG (ed) The early Phrygian pottery. The Gordion excavations, 1950–1973. Final Reports, vol 1. The Pennsylvania University Museum, Pennsylvania

    Google Scholar 

  • Бpyякo ИB (2005) Paнниe Кoчeвники в Eвpoпe X–V Bв. Дo P. X. Кишинёв: Bыcшaя Aнтpoпoлoг- ичecкaя Шкoлa

    Google Scholar 

  • Кoзaeв П (1998) Aлaны-Apии. Bлaдикaвкaз

    Google Scholar 

  • Кyзнeцoв BA (1984) Oчepки Иcтopии Aлaн. Bлaдикaвкaз

    Google Scholar 

  • Meлюкoвa AИ (1979) Cкифия И Фpaкийcкий Mиp. Hayкa, Mocквa

    Google Scholar 

  • Tepeнoжкин AИ (1976) Киeв: Киммepийцы

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wosinsky Mór Museum, Szekszárd, Hungary

    Géza Szabó

Authors
  1. Géza Szabó
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Géza Szabó .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Kamal-Aldin Niknami

  2. Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Hozhabri

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Szabó, G. (2020). The European Connections of the Median Period. In: Niknami, KA., Hozhabri, A. (eds) Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period. University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-41775-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-41776-5

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation