Abstract
This chapter examines the nexus between human trafficking and conflict and connected financial flows, the challenges associated with identifying and disrupting financial flows connected to human trafficking crimes originating or occurring in or close to conflict-affected areas and possible ways to address those challenges. To supplement the prevalent focus with the literature upon conflict in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA), this chapter points its analytical lens more towards Southeast Asia, although not to the exclusion of the former. It is suggested herein that identifying illicit funds linked to trafficking in and around conflict zones provides an opportunity to identify and seize ill-gotten gains whilst also offering better insights into network characteristics and modus operandi. This approach offers complementarity to the criminal justice effort which focuses on the commission of the crimes and the experience of victims rather than accountability for proceeds of crime. Accountability of proceeds of crime and their seizure is essential for identification and disruption of trafficking networks and may also provide opportunities to identify victims and compensate them from seized assets.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Amnesty International. 2016. The Great Palm Oil Scandal: Labour Abuses Behind Big Brand Names. London: Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA2152432016ENGLISH.PDF
Baker, Aryn. 2019. ‘It Was As if We Weren’t Human.’ Inside the Modern Slave Trade Trapping African Migrants. Time, March 14, 2019. https://time.com/longform/african-slave-trade/
Caulderwood, Kathleen. 2014. Fake Charities, Drug Cartels, Ransom and Extortion: Where Islamist Group Boko Haram Gets Its Cash. International Business Times, May 16, 2014. https://www.ibtimes.com/fake-charities-drug-cartels-ransom-extortion-where-islamist-group-boko-haram-gets-its-1585743
Child Rights Forum of Burma. 2011. The Plight of Children Under Military Rule in Burma. The Child Rights Forum of Burma. http://www.burmapartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/CRC-Shadow-Report-Burma_29thApril_2011-and-photos.pdf
Cockayne, James and Summer Walker. 2016. Fighting in Conflict Human Trafficking, 10 Ideas for Action by the United Nations Security Council. United Nations University. http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:5780/UNUReport_Pages.pdf?utm_source=UNU%20Campaign%20page&utm_medium=Web&utm_campaign=Human%20Trafficking
Cooker, Margaret. 2016. How Islamic State’s Secret Banking Network Prospers. The Wall Street Journal, February 24, 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/how-islamic-states-secret-banking-network-prospers-1456332138
El Qorchi, Mohammed, Munzele Maimbo, Samuel and John F. Wilson. 2003. Informal Funds Transfer Systems: An Analysis of the Informal Hawala System. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/410351468765856277/pdf/multi0page.pdf
European Commission. 2017. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Assessment of the Risks of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Affecting the Internal Market and Relating to Cross-border Activities, COM(2017)340 final 26 June, 2017. https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ce3cb15d-5a5a-11e7-954d-01aa75ed71a1
FATF. 2010. FATF IX Special Recommendations. Paris: FATF. https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/FATF%20Standards%20-%20IX%20Special%20Recommendations%20and%20IN%20rc.pdf
———. 2012–2019. International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism & Proliferation. Paris: FATF. http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/pdfs/FATF%20Recommendations%202012.pdf
———. 2015. Financing of the Terrorist Organisation Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Paris: FATF. http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/Financing-of-the-terrorist-organisation-ISIL.pdf
———. 2018. FATF Monitoring of Terrorist Financing Risks and Actions Taken to Combat ISIL, Al-Qaeda and Affiliates Financing. FATF, October 19, 2018. https://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/methodsandtrends/documents/isil-alqaeda-affiliates-financing-update.html
FATF-APG. 2018. Financial Flows from Human Trafficking. Paris: FATF. https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/content/images/Human-Trafficking-2018.pdf
FATF-GIABA-GABAC. 2016. Terrorist Financing in West and Central Africa. Paris: FATF. http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/Terrorist-Financing-West-Central-Africa.pdf
FINTRAC, Project Protect. n.d. Public Service Renewal in Action. https://www.fintrac-canafe.gc.ca/emplo/psr-eng.pdf
Fortify Rights. 2017. Thailand: Government Officials Convicted of Human Trafficking, Organized Crime. Fortify Rights, July 20, 2017. https://www.fortifyrights.org/publication-20170720.htm
Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. 2015. Libya: A Growing Hub for Criminal Economies and Terrorist Financing in the Trans-Sahara. New York: GITNOC. https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2015-1.pdf
Global Witness. 2015. Jade: Myanmar’s “Big State Secret”. London: Global Witness Limited. https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/myanmarjade/
Gunia, Amy. 2019. Human Traffickers Accused of ‘Crimes Against Humanity’ in Thailand and Malaysia. Time, March 28, 2019. https://time.com/5560095/malaysia-thailand-rohingya-crimes-against-humanity/
Hall, Richard. 2019. Isis Suspects in Syrian Camp Raise Thousands Through Online Crowdfunding Campaign. Independent, July 25, 2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-syria-camp-al-hol-paypal-telegram-online-crowdfunding-a9021006.html
Hoffman, Richard L. 2004. Effective Countermeasures Against the Trafficking in Human Beings and Smuggling of Migrants. Tokyo: United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders. https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=206392
International Labour Conference, Committee on the Application of Standards. 2019. Myanmar (ratification 1955), Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), C.App./PV.4/Myanmar/C29, 13 June 2019. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%2D%2D-ed_norm/%2D%2D-relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_711208.pdf
International Labour Office. 2014. Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour. Geneva: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%2D%2D-ed_norm/%2D%2D-declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf
Liang, Christina Schori. 2016. The Criminal-Jihadist: Insights into Modern Terrorist Financing. Geneva Centre for Security Policy. https://dam.gcsp.ch/files/2y10TflBzyeiQACfYZl2yYpaGuBhSe3KV8jrjljD8vV3iRFQyrikhop2
Manager. 2015. “ปปง.ยึดทรัพย์แก๊งค้ามนุษย์ อ.หัวไทร กว่า 100 ล้าน” [AMLO confiscated more than 100 million from human trafficking gang in Hua Sai District]. Manager, May 12, 2015. https://mgronline.com/crime/detail/9580000054166
Martis, Genesis J. 2018. A guidance to Understand Hawala and to Establish the Nexus with Terrorist Financing. ACAMS. https://www.acams.org/aml-white-paper-understand-hawala-nexus-terrorist-financing/
Murphy, Daniel. 2018. Hidden Chains, Rights Abuses and Forced Labor in Thailand’s Fishing Industry. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2018. https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/01/23/hidden-chains/rights-abuses-and-forced-labor-thailands-fishing-industry
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 2014. Leveraging Anti-Money Laundering Regimes to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings. Vienna: OSCE. https://www.osce.org/secretariat/121125?download=true
Sizer, Lydia. 2017. Libya’s Terrorism, Challenge Assessing the Salafi-Jihadi Threat. Washington, DC: The Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/publications/PP1_Sizer_LibyaCT_web.pdf
Sjöström, Therese. 2016. Childhood lost: Diamond Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Weaknesses of the Kimberley Process. Stockholm: Swedwatch. https://swedwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/83_swedwatch_drc_diamonds_0.pdf
Stalinsky, Steven. 2018. Terrorists Have Been Using Bitcoin for Four Years, So What’s the Surprise? The Hill, August 3, 2018. https://thehill.com/opinion/cybersecurity/377415-terrorists-have-been-using-bitcoin-for-four-years-so-whats-the-surprise
Stoakes, Emanuel, Kelly, Chris and Annie Kelly. 2015. Sold from a Jungle Camp to Thailand’s Fishing Industry: ‘I Saw 13 People Die’. The Guardian, July 20, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jul/20/sold-from-jungle-camp-thailand-fishing-industry-trafficking
Thai Rath. 2015. “ไล่อายัด 75 ล. คดีค้ามนุษย์ ออกหมายจับแล้ว 61 คน ประสานมาเลย์ล่าโกโต้ง” [Confiscated 75 million in Human Trafficking Case; 61 Arrest Orders; Coordinated with the Malay to Search for Ko Tong]. Thai Rath, May 13, 2015. https://www.thairath.co.th/news/local/498454
The Jakarta Post. 2019. Police Track Funding of Jamaah Islamiyah Terror Group. The Jakarta Post, July 2, 2019. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/07/02/police-track-funding-of-jamaah-islamiyah-terror-group.html
Tiefenbrun, Susan. 2007. Child Soldiers, Slavery and the Trafficking of Children. Fordham International Law Journal 31(2, Article 6):415–486. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2091&context=ilj
United Nations, General Assembly. 2000. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. New York: United Nations. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&clang=_en
United Nations, General Assembly. 2016a. Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children: Note by the Secretary-General, A/71/303, 5 August 2016. https://undocs.org/A/71/303
———, Security Council. 2016b. Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, S/2016/361, 20 April 2016. https://undocs.org/en/S/2016/361
———, Security Council. 2016c. The Threat Posed by ISIL (Da’esh) to International Peace and Security and the Range of United Nations Efforts in Support of Member States in Countering the Threat: Report of the Secretary-General, S/2016/92, 29 January 2016. https://undocs.org/S/2016/92
United Nations, Security Council resolution 2331. 2016. S/RES/2331 (2016), 20 December 2016. http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2331
United Nations, Security Council resolution 2388. 2017. S/RES/2388, 21 November 2017. http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2388
United Nations, Human Rights Council. 2018. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, A/HRC/38/45, 14 May 2018. https://undocs.org/A/HRC/38/45
United Nations, Security Council. 2018. Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General, A/72/865–S/2018/465, 16 May 2018. https://undocs.org/s/2018/465
United Nations, Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. 2019. Identifying and Exploring the Nexus Between Human Trafficking, Terrorism, and Terrorism Financing, February 2019. https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/HT-terrorism-nexus-CTED-report.pdf
United Nations, Human Rights Council. 2019. The Economic Interests of the Myanmar Military, Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, A/HRC/42/CRP.3, 5 August 2019. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/FFM-Myanmar/EconomicInterestsMyanmarMilitary/A_HRC_42_CRP_3.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2004. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. New York: United Nations. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12&chapter=18&clang=_en
———. 2011. The Role of Corruption in Trafficking in Persons. Vienna: UNODC. https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2011/Issue_Paper_-_The_Role_of_Corruption_in_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf
———. 2016. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2016. New York: UNODC. https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2016_Global_Report_on_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf
———. 2018a. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons − in the Context of Armed Conflict 2018, Booklet 2: Trafficking in Persons in the Context of Armed Conflict. New York: UNODC. https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GloTIP2018_BOOKLET_2_Conflict.pdf
———. 2018b. Countering Trafficking in Persons in Conflict Situations. Vienna: UNODC. https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2018/17-08776_ebook-Countering_Trafficking_in_Persons_in_Conflict_Situations.pdf
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2018. Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2017. Geneva: UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf
Wood, Paul. 2014. Islamic State: Yazidi Women Tell of Sex-Slavery Trauma. BBC News, December 22, 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30573385
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kotecha, A. (2020). Human Trafficking, Conflict and Money Flows. In: Muraszkiewicz, J., Fenton, T., Watson, H. (eds) Human Trafficking in Conflict . Crime Prevention and Security Management. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40838-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40838-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-40837-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-40838-1
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)