Abstract
This chapter considers the vulnerabilities generated specifically by conflict that put people at risk of human trafficking. A review of existing literature summarises some of the most common situations of human trafficking in the context of conflict. The literature is then built upon using findings from recent, in-depth interviews with individuals who have fled conflict. These findings draw further conclusions about how conflict encourages human trafficking. Moreover, through ascertaining the drivers of human trafficking in conflict and post-conflict zones, this chapter identifies the key vulnerabilities that put people most at risk. Whilst accepting the limitations of policy changes in areas affected by conflict, these are the primary issues that must be addressed if the risk of trafficking in such an environment is to be mitigated.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The interviews were undertaken by the author as part of a larger research project identifying the links between conflict and contemporary slavery. Excerpts from interviews have been included here with permission from respondents. All references to respondents use pseudonyms.
References
Aning, Kwesi, and Angela McIntyre. 2005. From Youth to Rebellion to Abduction: The Anatomy of Recruitment in Sierra Leone. In Invisible Stakeholders – Children and War in Africa, Institute for Security Studies, ed. Angela McIntyre, 67–86. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
Becker, Jo. 2017. Campaigning for Children. Strategies for Advancing Children’s Rights. California: Stanford University Press.
Bellamy, Alex. 2017. Safe Passage: An Integral Component of the Responsibility to Protect. Beyond Slavery and Trafficking, OpenDemocracy, March 3, 2017. https://www.opendemocracy.net/beyondslavery/safepassages/alex-bellamy/safe-passage-integral-component-of-responsibility-to-protect
Broad, Rosie, and Nick Turnbull. 2018. From Human Trafficking to Modern Slavery: The Development of Anti-Trafficking Policy in the UK. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 25 (2): 119–133.
Buckingham, David. 2000. After the Death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. New York: Polity.
Coalition to End the Use of Child Soldiers (2001) Child Soldiers Global Report. London
Cucumanova, Vanya. 2010. South Africa at the Crossroads of Human Trafficking: War-Pushed and Hope-Driven. Southern African Catholic Bishop’s Conference: Catholic Parliamentary Liaison Office. http://www.cplo.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/SA-at-the-Crossroads-of-Human-Trafficking.pdf
David, Kelly. 1998. The Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Liberia. 1994–1997. The Process and Lessons Learned. New York: UNICEF.
de Watteville, Nathalie. 2002. Addressing Gender Issues in Demobilisation and Reintegration Programs. World Bank Africa Region Working Paper Series 33:1–35. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.548.2663&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Dumas, Laetitia, and de Cock, Michaëlle. 2003. Wounded Childhood: The Use of Child Soldiers in Armed Conflict in Central Africa. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%2D%2D-ed_emp/%2D%2D-emp_ent/%2D%2D-ifp_crisis/documents/publication/wcms_116566.pdf
Human Rights Watch. 1997. The Scars of Death – Children Abducted by the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda. New York: Human Rights Watch.
———. 2002. Hopes Betrayed: Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced Prostitution. Human Rights Watch 14(9):1–75. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/bosnia/Bosnia1102.pdf
Human Rights Watch and Brett, Sebastian. 2003. You’ll Learn Not to Cry: Child Combatants in Colombia. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Limanowska, Barbara. 2005. Trafficking in Human Beings in South Eastern Europe. Sarajevo: UNDP.
Martens, Jonathan, Pieczkowski, Maciej, and van Vuuren-Smyth, Bernadette. 2003. Seduction, Sale and Slavery: Trafficking in Women and Children for Sexual Exploitation in Southern Africa. 3rd edn. Pretoria: International Organization for Migration. http://www.unicef.org.mz/cpd/references/40-TraffickingReport3rdEd.pdf
Mazurana, Dyan, Susan McKay, Khristopher Carlson, and Janel Kasper. 2002. Girls in Fighting Forces and Groups: Their Recruitment, Participation, Demobilization, and Reintegration. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 8 (2): 97–123.
McKay, Susan, and Dyan Mazurana. 2004. Where Are the Girls? Girls in Fighting Forces in Northern Uganda, Sierra Leone and Mozambique: Their Lives During and After War. Montreal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development.
Newman, Carter. 2014. No One to Stand by Us: Reintegrating Formerly Abducted Child-Mothers in Uganda. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 8 (4): 357–380.
O’Connell Davidson, Julia. 2013. Troubling Freedom: Migration, Debt and Modern Slavery. Migration Studies 1 (2): 176–195.
———. 2015. The Margins of Freedom. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Picarelli, John T. 2002. Trafficking, Slavery and Peacekeeping: the Need for a Comprehensive Training Program. A Conference Report Hosted by the Transnational Crime and Corruption Centre, American University and the UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute. Turin, May 9–10, 2002. http://traccc.gmu.edu/pdfs/publications/human_trafficking_publications/TIP&PKO_EWG_Report_Final.pdf
Schmidt, Alice. 2007. Volunteer Child Soldiers as Reality: a Development Issue for Africa. New School Economic Review 2 (1): 49–76.
Sesay, Amadu. 2003. Civil Wars, Child Soldiers and Post Conflict Peace Building in West Africa. Ibadan: College Press & Publishers.
Shanahan, Suzanne. 2007. Lost and Found: The Sociological Ambivalence Towards Childhood. Annual Review of Sociology 33: 407–428.
Smucker, Glenn R., and Gerald F. Murray. 2004. The Uses of Children: A Study of Trafficking in Haitian Children. Port-au-Prince: USAID.
Sommers, Marc. 2002. Children, Education and War: Reaching Education for All (EFA). Objectives in Countries Affected by Conflict. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Thompson, Carol B. 1999. Beyond Civil Society: Child Soldiers as Citizens in Mozambique. Review of African Political Economy 26 (80): 191–206.
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2005. World Youth Report: Young People Today and in 2015. July 30, 2005, ST/ESA/301. New York: United Nations.
UN General Assembly. 2000. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (15 November 2000, Res 55/25). http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons.aspx
UNICEF. 1997. Cape Town Annotated Principles and Best Practices. April 30, 1997. Cape Town: UNICEF.
———. 2002. Adult Wars, Child Soldiers. Voices of Children Involved in Armed Conflict in the East Asia and Pacific Region. Bangkok: UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office.
Verhey, Beth. 2001. Child Soldiers: Preventing, Demobilizing and Reintegrating. Africa Region Working Paper Series, 23:1–31. http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00523/WEB/PDF/CHILD_SO.PDF
Watchlist. 2003. The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). New York: Watchlist.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kidd, A. (2020). Unavoidable Exploitation? Conflict, Agency and Human Trafficking. In: Muraszkiewicz, J., Fenton, T., Watson, H. (eds) Human Trafficking in Conflict . Crime Prevention and Security Management. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40838-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40838-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-40837-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-40838-1
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)