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Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes pp 27–49Cite as

Antibiotics Use in Hospitals and Their Presence in the Associated Waste

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Abstract

Over the last two to three decades, a large number of antibiotics from different groups have been developed to cure variety of bacterial infections in hospitals. These antibiotics, when administered orally to the patients, resulted in the detection of large amounts of antibiotics in hospital waste through excretion due to their limited metabolization in human body, coupled with the inappropriate use in the hospitals. Further, many antibiotic-resistant bacteria present in patient intestine also enters the hospital waste through excretion. The primary treatment system to treat hospital waste does not exist in developing countries. This issue is also pronounced in many developed regions and result in the release of large amount of antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes in the hospital waste. The hospital waste will create conditions that are conducive for the bacteria not only to multiply but also help to share their resistance genes with other bacteria through mobile genetic elements. Thus, the antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria that were present in the hospital waste can reach the drinking water, surface water, and marine and soil environment where they can cause variety of problems through altering the ongoing processes in the ecosystem, toxicity to various species followed by the threat to humans through food chain.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China

    Luqman Riaz & Qingxiang Yang

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Anila Sikandar, Rabia Safeer, Muzammil Anjum, Tariq Mahmood & Audil Rashid

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan

    Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman

  4. School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China

    Wei Yuan

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  1. Luqman Riaz
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  2. Qingxiang Yang
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  3. Anila Sikandar
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  8. Audil Rashid
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  9. Wei Yuan
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  1. Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi

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Riaz, L. et al. (2020). Antibiotics Use in Hospitals and Their Presence in the Associated Waste. In: Hashmi, M. (eds) Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40422-2_2

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