Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive facultative anaerobes that have changed over epoch as highly modified representer of the gastrointestinal (GI) consortia of an extensive array of organisms like insects, birds, reptiles, mammals, and human. These commensal microorganisms have grossed resistance to all the antimicrobial drugs that currently exist. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) enterococci shows an extensive repertoire of mechanisms of drug resistance including drug target modification, overexpression of efflux pumps, inactivation of antibacterial agents, and cell membrane adaptive response that helps to persist in the body of the host and nosocomial atmosphere. MDR enterococci are renewed to persist in the GI environment and predisposing to invasive infections in those patients who are severely ill and immunocompromised. This chapter mainly focuses the resistance mechanisms of antimicrobial drugs and also role of certain new antimicrobial genes like optrA and cfr in enterococci. Moreover different strategies to control and therapeutic approaches for controlling MDR enterococci especially using nanotechnology are also highlighted.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Department of Science and Technology and Biotechnology, Govt. of West Bengal, India, for the financial assistance (Memo No: 532/(Sanc.)\ST/P/S&T/2G-48/2018 dated: 27/03/2019). The first author is also thankful to the Department of Physiology, Midnapore College (Autonomous), West Bengal, India.
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Banik, A., Halder, S.K., Ghosh, C., Mondal, K.C. (2020). Enterococcal Infections, Drug Resistance, and Application of Nanotechnology. In: Prasad, R., Siddhardha, B., Dyavaiah, M. (eds) Nanostructures for Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Applications. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40337-9_18
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