Abstract
Biological rhythms in neuroendocrine and immune systems are pervasive. Daily and seasonal changes in day lengths regulate multiple physiological and immunological parameters in a diverse range of animals. A series of studies have shown that epigenetic modifications exhibit naturally occurring rhythms across short- and long-term timescales. In this chapter, we describe daily, estrous and seasonal oscillations in epigenetic enzymes in neuroendocrine substrates, peripheral reproductive tissues and immune cells (e.g. leukocytes). The predominant focus of the chapter includes enzymes involved in DNA methylation and histone modifications, such as DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylases. The findings presented herein highlight that epigenetic modifications can be permanent as well as transient with long-term consequences on the timing of physiological and behavioural processes. Moreover, the bidirectional interaction between the immune system and the neuroendocrine nucleus that controls biological rhythmicity, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, emphasizes the need to understand rhythmic changes in epigenetic enzymes and the consequences of disrupted daily and seasonal rhythms.
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Key References
Key References
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Azzi et al. (2014). This study shows that daily oscillations in SCN DNA methylation regulates circadian clock function.
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Bilbo et al. (2002). This is an exciting report on the seasonal regulation of immune function.
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Dopico et al. (2015). This study reveals large annual changes in leukocyte transcriptomes in humans.
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Koike et al. (2012). One key finding identified in this paper were daily rhythms in BMAL1 binding on the dnmt3a promoter.
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Lynch et al. (2016). This report illustrated increased dnmt3a expression was negatively associated with oscillations in fertility.
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Nugent et al. (2015). This study discovered sex-differences in neuroendocrine DNMT3a and a lack of expression facilitated masculinization.
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Stevenson and Prendergast. (2013). This study established that rhythmic neuroendocrine DNA methylation underlies seasonal timing of reproduction.
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Coyle, C.S., Tolla, E., Stevenson, T.J. (2020). Rhythmic Epigenetics in Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems. In: Wray, S., Blackshaw, S. (eds) Developmental Neuroendocrinology. Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology, vol 9. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40002-6_11
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