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Pterostilbene as a Potent Chemopreventive Agent in Cancer

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Natural Products for Cancer Chemoprevention

Abstract

Pterostilbene (Pter, trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4′-hydroxystilbene), a natural analog of resveratrol accumulated in grapevine leaves and blueberries, has attracted immense interest in the scientific community due to its potent biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer effects. This chapter focuses on summarizing the up-to-date information related to the pharmacological effects and cellular/molecular mechanisms of pterostilbene with an emphasis on cancer. Numerous preclinical studies have reported on the proapoptotic and anticancer properties of pterostilbene against a variety of cancers, both in vitro and in vivo. Pterostilbene, like resveratrol, acts through various mechanisms, targeting specific signaling pathways and affecting epigenetic regulators of cell growth and metastasis. Pterostilbene has also been reported to sensitize cancer cells to standard chemotherapy. Pterostilbene’s protective and therapeutic effects have been observed in different cancers, including breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate, among others. Pterostilbene, with improved bioavailability, conferring a superior pharmacokinetic profile and greater anticancer efficacy, may become a stronger candidate than resveratrol for clinical development with potential applications in cancer. Clinical trials examining the chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of pterostilbene are warranted.

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Abbreviations

γ-H2AX:

Gamma histone 2A variant X

143B:

Human osteosarcoma cell line

22Rv1:

Human prostate cancer cell line

4E-BP:

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein

4OHT:

4 hydroxy tamoxifen

5-FU:

5-fluorouracil

A2058:

Human melanoma cell line

A549:

Human lung (NSCLC) cancer cells

Ac:

Acetylated

ACC:

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

ACF:

Aberrant crypt foci

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Ago2:

Argonaute 2

AGS:

Human gastric cancer cell line

AKT:

v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene (protein kinase B)

AMACR:

Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase

AMPK:

5′ AMP-activated protein kinase

AP1:

Jun proto-oncogene

AR:

Androgen receptor

ARH77:

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cell line

ARP1:

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cell line

Arp2:

Actin-related protein 2

Arp3:

Actin-related protein 3

AsPC1:

Human pancreatic cell line

ATF4:

Activating transcription factor 4

ATM:

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine-threonine kinase

B16/F10:

Human melanoma cell line

Bad:

Bcl2 associated agonist of cell death

Bak:

Bcl2 antagonist/killer 1

Bax:

Bcl2 associated X

BCL-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

BCL2L14:

B-cell lymphoma like 14

BCL-x(L):

B-cell lymphoma like 1

Bid:

BH3 interacting domain death agonist

BRCA1:

Breast cancer 1

BT20:

Breast cancer cell line

BT549:

Breast cancer cell line

BxPC3:

Human pancreatic cell line

C6:

Rat C6 glioblastoma cell line

Ca++/Ca2+ :

Calcium ion

Caco2 :

Human colon cancer cell line

CAL27:

Head and neck cell line

CAT:

Catalase

CCl4 :

Carbon tetrachloride

CCSD-18Co:

Human colorectal cancer cell line

CD133 :

Prominin 1 (PROM1)

CD44:

Cell-surface glycoprotein, receptor for HA

Cdc25A:

Cell division cycle 25A

CDK:

Cyclin-dependent kinase

Chk1 :

Checkpoint kinase 1

Chk2:

Checkpoint kinase 2

CHOP:

DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3)

COX2:

Cyclo-oxygenase 2

CpG:

Cytosine-phophate-guanine dinucleotide

CRH:

Corticotropin releasing hormone

CSCs:

Cancer stem cells

CXCR4:

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4

DEN:

Diethylnitrosamine

DIABLO:

Diablo IAP-binding mitochondrial protein

DLBCL:

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

DLD-1:

Human colon cancer cell line

DMBA:

7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNMT:

DNA methyltransferase

DR4:

Death receptor 4

DR5:

Death receptor 5

DU145:

Human prostate cancer cell line

E2:

17 beta-estradiol, estrogen

EBPα:

EBP cholesterol delta-isomerase

EC109:

Human esophageal cancer cell line

ECC1:

Human endometrial cancer cell line

EGCG:

Epigallocatechin gallate

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

Egr1:

Early growth response 1

Elf2a:

E74-like factor 2a

ELK1:

ETS transcription factor ELK1

EMT:

Epithelial- to -mesenchymal transition

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ERK1/2:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

ERα:

Estrogen receptor alpha

ERβ:

Estrogen receptor beta

ETS2:

ETS protro-oncogene 2, transcription factor

FAK:

Focal adhesion kinase

Fas:

Fas cell surface death receptor

FasL:

Fas ligand

FASN:

Fatty acid synthase

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FLIPS/L:

CASP8 and FADD like apoptosis regulator

FOXO1:

Forkhead box O1

FOXO3:

Forkhead box O3

GADD45G:

Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible 45 gamma

GBM:

Human glioblastoma cell line

GCR:

Glutathione reductase

GPM (GC):

Patient derived glioblastoma cell line

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glucocorticoid receptor

GRIP1:

Glutamate receptor interacting protein 1

GRP78:

Glucose regulated protein 78

GSG:

Germ cell associated 1

GSH:

Glutathione

GSK 3β:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β

GSSG:

Glutathione disulfide (oxidized glutathione)

GST:

Glutathione S-transferase

H1299:

Human lung cancer cell line

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

H3:

Histone 3

H4:

Histone 4

H441:

Human lung cancer cell line

H460:

Human lung cancer cell line

H460:

Lung cancer cell line

H929:

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cell line

H929R:

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cell line (bortezomib-resistant)

HAT:

Histone acetyltransferase

HBECR:

Human bronchial epithelial cells

HCC1806:

Breast cancer cell line

HCT-116:

Colorectal cancer cell line

HCT116:

Human colorectal cell line

HDAC1:

Histone deacetylase 1

HDAC2:

Histone deacetylase 2

HDM:

Histone demethylase

HEC1A:

Human endometrial cancer cell line

HeLa:

Human cervical cancer cell line

Hep3B:

Human liver cancer cell line

HepG2:

Human liver cancer cell line

Hes1:

Hes family bHLH transcription factor 1

HIF1α:

Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha

HO1:

Heme oxygenase

HOS:

Osteosarcoma cell line

HPV:

Human papilloma virus

HPV/E6:

Human papilloma virus/transforming protein E6

HSP70:

Heat shock protein 70

HSP90:

Heat shock protein 90

HT1080:

Human leukemia cells

HT29:

Human colorectal cancer cell line

HT60:

Human leukemia cells

HTB111:

Human endometrial cancer cell line

Hut-78:

Human leukemia/lymphoma cell line

i.p.:

Intraperitoneal

i.v.:

Intravenous

ICAM1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

IGFBP3:

Insulin growth factor binding protein 3

IGROV1:

Human ovarian cancer cell line

IKK:

Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase

IL1β:

Interleukin 1β

IL6:

Interleukin 6

IL8:

Interleukin 8

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

IRE1:

Endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1/inositol-requiring enzyme 1

Ishikawa:

Endometrial cancer cell line

IκB:

Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B

IκBα:

Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B subunit alpha

JAK:

Janus kinase

JNK1/2:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

Jurkat:

Human leukemia/lymphoma cell line

K562:

Human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line

KITLG:

KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase ligand

LC3:

Light chain 3 (microtubule associated protein)

LCSC:

Human lung cancer stem cells

LDH:

L-lactate dehydrogenase

LLC:

Human lung cancer cell line

LMP:

Lysosomal membrane potential

LNCaP :

Human prostate cancer cell line

LNCaP:

Prostate cancer cell line

lncRNA:

Long non-coding ribonucleic acid

LXR:

LexA regulated function

MAML2:

Mastermind like transcriptional coactivator 2

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MBD:

Methyl-CpG-binding domain

MCF10A:

Human immortalized breast epithelial cells

MCF-7:

Human breast cancer cell line

MCP1:

Monocyte chemotactic protein 1

MDA-MB157:

Human breast cancer cell line

MDA-MB231:

Human breast cancer cell line

MDA-MB468:

Human breast cancer cell line

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MDR1:

Multidrug resistance 1

MEK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase

MelJuso:

Human melanoma cell line

MeWo:

Human melanoma cell line

MG-63:

Human osteosarcoma cell line

MIA PaCa2:

Human pancreatic cancer cell line

MicroRNA:

Micro ribonucleic acid

MiRNA:

Micro ribonucleic acid

miR:

Micro ribonucleic acid

MKK3:

Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 3

MKK6:

Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 6

MM:

Multiple myeloma

MMP:

Mitochondrial membrane potential

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

MMP2:

Matrix metalloproteinase 2

MMP9:

Matrix metalloproteinase 9

MMP26:

Matrix metalloproteinase 26

MOLT4:

Human leukemia or lymphoma cell line

mnSOD:

Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

MSH:

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

MSK1:

Mitochondrial lysine-tRNA ligase MSK1

MTA1:

Metastasis-associated protein 1

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

MUC2:

Mucin 2

MV4-11:

Human leukemia cell line

MYC:

Myc protooncogene, bHLH transcription factor

NAD:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dehydrogenase

ncRNA:

Non-coding ribonucleic acid

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NICD:

Notch intracellular domain

NSCLC:

Non-small cell lung cancer

NO:

Nitric oxide

NORA:

Noradrenaline

NOX1:

NADPH oxidase 1

NOTCH1:

Notch transmembrane protein 1

NOTCH2:

Notch transmembrane protein 2

NRF2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

NuRD:

Nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex

NQO1:

NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1

O2 − :

Superoxide anion

OC1-MY5:

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cell line

OCI-LY8:

DLBCL (B-cell lymphoma)

OCL:

Human leukemia cell line

OH:

Hydroxyl radicals

oncomiR:

Oncogenic microRNA

OVCAR 4/8:

Human ovarian cancer cell line 4 and 8

OV1063:

Human ovarian cancer cell line

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1

PANC1:

Human pancreatic cancer cell line

PARP:

Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase

PC9:

Human lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line

PC3:

Human prostate cancer cell line

PERK:

Protein kinas R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase PKB

PIN:

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

PKCα:

Protein kinase α

PKCβ:

Protein kinase β

PKCγ:

Protein kinase γ

POMC:

Pro-opiomelanocortin

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferation activated receptor gamma

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

Pter:

Pterostilbene

PUMA:

p53 upregulated modifier of apoptosis

p15:

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B

p16:

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A

p21:

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A

p27:

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B

p38:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14

p53:

Tumor suppressor protein 53

p65:

Protein 65 (NF-κB subunit)

Ras-GTP:

Ras family small GTPase

RAC1:

Rac family small GTPase 1

Rb1:

Retinoblastoma protein 1

Res:

Resveratrol

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RPMI8226:

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cell line

Saos-2:

Human osteosarcoma cell line

SAHA:

Suberoylanilide hydoxamic acid

SAS:

Human oral cancer cell line

s.c.:

Subcutaneous

SCC9:

human oral cancer cell line

SDK2:

Sidekick cell adhesion molecule 2

SDK6:

Sidekick cell adhesion molecule 6

SIRT1:

Sirtuin 1, silent information regulator 1

SK-BR3:

Human breast cancer cell line

SK-MEL2:

Human melanoma cell line

SK-MES1:

Human lung cancer cell line

SKOV3:

Human ovarian cancer cell line

SMAC:

Diablo IAP-binding mitochondrial protein

SMAD2:

SMAD family member 2/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2

SMMC7221:

Human liver cancer cell line

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SOSP9607:

Human osteosarcoma cell line

SOX2:

SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2

Sp1:

Specificity protein 1

SQSTM1:

Sequestosome 1

Src:

Src proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

SUDHL4:

Human DLBCL cell line

SW480:

Human colon cancer cell line

T98G:

Human glioblastoma cell line

TAM:

Tumor-associated macrophages

TAP:

Tocopherol-associated protein

TCF4:

Transcription factor 4

hTERT:

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase

TE1:

Human esophageal cancer cell line

TGFβ:

Transforming growth factor beta

THP1:

Human leukemia cell line

TLR4:

Toll-like receptor 4

TMD8:

Human DLBCL cells

TNBC:

Triple-negative breast cancer

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

TPA:

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate

TRAIL:

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

TrxR1:

Thioredoxin reductase 1

Twist1:

Twist family bHLH transcription factor 1

TXNIP:

Thioredoxin interacting protein

T24:

Human bladder cancer cell line

U2OS:

Human osteosarcoma cell line

U266:

Human glioblastoma cell line

U937:

Human leukemia cell line

VCAM1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

WAVE:

WASP family member 1

Wnt:

Wnt protein

XBP1:

X-box binding protein 1

XIAP:

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis

ZBTB10:

Zinc finger and BTB domain containing 10

ZEB1:

Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1

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Acknowledgments

The writing of this chapter was supported in part by the Department of Defense PCRP under Award W81XWH-13-10370 and the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R15CA216070 to A.S. Levenson. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Department of Defense or the National Institutes of Health. The authors thank Gabriela Sikorska (LIU Pharmacy) for drawing the chemical structures and Elena V. Levenson for editing the manuscript.

Dedication

Dedicated to a dear friend and colleague, the late Dr. Agnes M. Rimando.

This chapter was written ten months after the passing of a dear friend and colleague, Agnes M. Rimando, who died unexpectedly and tragically in the hospital after emergency surgery. She was full of plans for future projects and exciting conferences, and if she were still with us, she would be a co-author of this chapter. In 2002, Agnes M. Rimando was among the first to isolate pterostilbene from blueberries and, in 2004, she was the first to study the antioxidant and chemopreventive activity of pterostilbene in a cancer model. She understood the potential of pterostilbene as a potent neuromodulator in aging and Alzheimer’s, the beneficial effects of pterostilbene in metabolic disorders, including diabetes, and for cancer chemoprevention.

Agnes had a productive career as a medicinal chemist and she understood that in trying to use pterostilbene for disease prevention, including cancer, there needed to be a close collaboration between her and cancer research investigators and clinicians. That is how we began working together in 2010, when I moved from Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago to continue my research in prostate and breast cancer at the newly established Cancer Institute at the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS. Agnes was employed by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service and was working at the Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Oxford, MS at the time. We met at a seminar I was giving about my promising studies with resveratrol in cancer, where I pleaded with my audience for collaboration with a medicinal chemist who was interested in anticancer activity of more potent resveratrol analogs. The rest is history.

This book chapter is written testimony to the memory of Dr. Agnes M. Rimando and her dream of using pterostilbene as a chemopreventive agent in cancer.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA

    Anait S. Levenson

  2. Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA

    Avinash Kumar

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  1. Anait S. Levenson
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Correspondence to Anait S. Levenson .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA

    John M. Pezzuto

  2. Department of Science, Systems & Models, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

    Ole Vang

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Levenson, A.S., Kumar, A. (2020). Pterostilbene as a Potent Chemopreventive Agent in Cancer. In: Pezzuto, J., Vang, O. (eds) Natural Products for Cancer Chemoprevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39855-2_3

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