Abstract
As part of the primary care of patients with TBI, some form of assessment of the severity of the injury is needed. Outside the hospital and in the primary care facility, this assessment is currently mostly based on a clinical examination. Different scoring systems have been designed to assess the level of consciousness, and such scoring should together with pupil examination be used repetitively to recognise improvement or deterioration over time. Furthermore, the primary clinical evaluation of the patient can be used as a predictor of long-term outcome.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alvarez M, Nava JM, Rué M, Quintana S. Mortality prediction in head trauma patients: performance of Glasgow Coma Score and general severity systems. Crit Care Med. 1998;26:142–8.
Baker SP, O’Neill B, Haddon W, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14:187–96.
Braakman R, Avezaat CJ, Maas AI, Roel M, Schouten HJ. Inter observer agreement in the assessment of the motor response of the Glasgow “Coma” Scale. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1977;80:100–6.
Brennan PM, Murray GD, Teasdale GM. Simplifying the use of prognostic information in traumatic brain injury. Part 1: the GCS-pupils score: an extended index of clinical severity. J Neurosurg. 2018;128:1612–20.
Chan HC, Adnan WAW, Jaalam K, Abdullah MR, Abdullah J. Which mild head injured patients should have follow-up after discharge from an accident and emergency ward? A study in a University Hospital setting in Kelantan, Malaysia Southeast. Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36:982–93.
Chesnut RM. Appropriate use of the Glasgow Coma Scale in intubated patients: a linear regression prediction of the Glasgow verbal score from the Glasgow eye and motor scores. J Trauma. 1997;42:345.
Chesnut RM, Gautille T, Blunt BA, Klauber MR, Marshall LE. The localizing value of asymmetry in pupillary size in severe head injury: relation to lesion type and location. Neurosurgery. 1994;34:840–5.
Fearnside MR, Cook RJ, McDougall P, McNeil RJ. The Westmead Head Injury Project outcome in severe head injury. A comparative analysis of pre-hospital, clinical and CT variables. Br J Neurosurg. 1993;7:267–79.
Fujisawa H, Marukawa K, Kida S, Hasegawa M, Yamashita J, Matsui O. Abducens nerve palsy and ipsilateral Horner syndrome: a predicting sign of intracranial carotid injury in a head trauma patient. J Trauma. 2001;50:554–6.
Halley MK, Silva PD, Foley J, Rodarte A. Loss of consciousness: when to perform computed tomography? Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2004;5:230–3.
Healey C, Osler TM, Rogers FB, Healey MA, Glance LG, Kilgo PD, Shackford SR, Meredith JW. Improving the Glasgow Coma Scale score: motor score alone is a better predictor. J Trauma. 2003;54:671–8.
Holmes JF, Palchak MJ, MacFarlane T, Kuppermann N. Performance of the pediatric Glasgow coma scale in children with blunt head trauma. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:814–9.
Kung W-M, Tsai S-H, Chiu W-T, Hung K-S, Wang S-P, Lin J-W, Lin M-S. Correlation between Glasgow Coma Score components and survival in patients with traumatic brain injury. Injury. 2010;49:940–4.
Lavoie A, Moore L, LeSage N, Liberman M, Sampalis JS. The new injury severity score: a more accurate predictor of in-hospital mortality than the injury severity score. J Trauma. 2004;56:1312–20.
MacKenzie EJ, Shapiro S, Eastham JN. The abbreviated injury scale and injury severity score. Levels of inter- and intrarater reliability. Med Care. 1985;23:823–35.
Matis G, Birbilis T. The Glasgow Coma Scale—a brief review. Past, present, future. Acta Neurol Belg. 2008;108:75–89.
Menegazzi JJ, Davis EA, Sucov AN, Paris PM. Reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale when used by emergency physicians and paramedics. J Trauma. 1993;34:46–8.
Meredith W, Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Emery S, Kromhout-Schiro S. The conundrum of the Glasgow Coma Scale in intubated patients: a linear regression prediction of the Glasgow verbal score from the Glasgow eye and motor scores. J Trauma. 1998;44:839–44.
Meyer S, Gibb T, Jurkovich GJ. Evaluation and significance of the pupillary light reflex in trauma patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:1052–7.
Narayan RK, Greenberg RP, Miller JD, Enas GG, Choi SC, Kishore PR, Selhorst JB, Lutz HA, Becker DP. Improved confidence of outcome prediction in severe head injury. A comparative analysis of the clinical examination, multimodality evoked potentials, CT scanning, and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg. 1981;54:751–62.
Osler T, Baker SP, Long W. A modification of the injury severity score that both improves accuracy and simplifies scoring. J Trauma. 1997;43:922–5.
Rocca B, Martin C, Viviand X, Bidet PF, Saint-Gilles HL, Chevalier A. Comparison of four severity scores in patients with head trauma. J Trauma. 1989;29:299–305.
Rutledge R, Lentz CW, Fakhry S, Hunt J. Appropriate use of the Glasgow Coma Scale in intubated patients: a linear regression prediction of the Glasgow verbal score from the Glasgow eye and motor scores. J Trauma. 1996;41:514–22.
Starmark JE, Stålhammar D, Holmgren E. The Reaction Level Scale (RLS85). Manual and guide- lines. Acta Neurochir. 1988;91:12–20.
Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2:81–4.
Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment and prognosis of coma after head injury. Acta Neurochir. 1976;34:45–55.
Tude Melo JR, Di Rocco F, Blanot S, Oliveira-Filho J, Roujeau T, Sainte-Rose C, Duracher C, Vecchione A, Meyer P, Zerah M. Mortality in children with severe head trauma: predictive factors and proposal for a new predictive scale. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:1542–7.
White JR, Farukhi Z, Bull C, Christensen J, Gordon T, Paidas C, Nichols DG. Predictors of outcome in severely head-injured children. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:534–40.
Wijdicks EFM, Bamlet WR, Maramattom BV, Manno EM, McClelland RL. Validation of a new coma scale: the FOUR score. Ann Neurol. 2005;58:585–93.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Springborg, J.B. (2020). Primary Clinical Assessment. In: Sundstrøm, T., Grände, PO., Luoto, T., Rosenlund, C., Undén, J., Wester, K. (eds) Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39383-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39383-0_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-39382-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-39383-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)