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Maternal Immune Activation and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: The Intricate Puzzle of Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Perinatal Inflammation and Adult Psychopathology

Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR,volume 84))

Abstract

Pregnancy is a complex phenomenon in which several physiological changes are orchestrated to provide appropriate fetal development. In this context, the immune system plays important roles, oscillating between many states in the spectrum of tolerance and inflammation in order to balance the maternal–fetal interface. Infections caused by different agents are capable to trigger countless alterations in immune profile, which are especially harmful during the gestational period, being already linked to important development impairments. Regarding this, numerous evidence have pointed out the relation between maternal immune activation (MIA) and neurodevelopmental disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specifically, ASD is a highly prevalent disorder that stands out as a field of study because of its extensive complexity and relatively poorly known etiological mechanisms. Several animal models of MIA already helped to understand possible pathways by which immune activation could increase ASD risk, clarifying important roles of immune-related factors in the modulation of fetal development. Therefore, the main objective of this chapter is to compile and comment evidence that may improve the knowledge between immune system and ASD in the context of MIA.

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Abbreviations

APC:

antigen-presenting cell

ASD:

autistic spectrum disorder

BD:

bipolar disorder

CC:

cingulate cortex

CMV:

cytomegalovirus

CNS:

Central nervous system

CRS:

congenital rubella syndrome

CTB:

cytotrophoblast

CXCL1:

(C-X-C motif) ligand 1 or keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC)

DNA:

deoxyribonucleic acid

DSM-5:

5th edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

dsRNA:

double-stranded RNA

EEG:

electroencephalograms

EVT:

extravillous trophoblasts

GABA:

gamma-aminobutyric acid

GAD:

glutamic acid decarboxylase

G-CSF:

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

GFAP:

glial fibrillary acidic protein

GM-CSF:

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

hCG:

human chorionic gonadotropin

HDAC:

histone deacetylase

Hip:

hippocampus

HSV:

herpes virus

ICAM:

intercellular adhesion molecule 1 or cluster differentiation (CD54)

IFN:

interferon

IL:

interleukin

iNOS:

inducible NOS (nitric oxide synthase)

IVS:

intervillous space

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinases

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

M1:

motor cortex

MBP:

myelin-basic protein

MCMV:

murine cytomegalovirus

MCP-1:

monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

MD:

major depression

MGE:

medial ganglionic eminence

MHFD:

mice born from dams fed a high-fat diet

MIA:

maternal immune activation

MIP-1α:

inflammatory protein 1 alpha

mPFC:

medial prefrontal cortex

MRD:

mice born from dams fed a regular diet

mRNA:

messenger ribonucleic acid

NK cell:

natural killer cell

PBMC:

peripheral blood mononuclear cell

PFC:

prefrontal cortex

PND:

postnatal day

PNS:

prenatal stress

poly(I:C):

polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid

PV:

parvalbumin-positive neurons

RANTES:

regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

RLN:

reelin-positive neurons

SST:

somatostatin-positive neurons

SYN:

syncytiotrophoblast

SZ:

schizophrenia

TGF-β:

transforming growth factor–β

TLR:

toll-like receptor

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

TNFRI:

tumor necrosis factor receptor I

TRP:

transient receptor potential

V1:

primary visual cortex

VCAM-1:

vascular cell adhesion protein 1

VEGF:

vascular endothelial growth factor

VPA:

valproic acid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders – GETTEA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Mellanie Fontes-Dutra, Bruna Rabelo, Júlio Santos-Terra, Iohanna Deckmann, Gustavo Brum Schwingel & Carmem Gottfried

  2. Neuroglial Plasticity Group, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Mellanie Fontes-Dutra, Bruna Rabelo, Júlio Santos-Terra, Iohanna Deckmann, Gustavo Brum Schwingel & Carmem Gottfried

  3. National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Mellanie Fontes-Dutra, Bruna Rabelo, Júlio Santos-Terra, Iohanna Deckmann, Gustavo Brum Schwingel & Carmem Gottfried

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  1. Mellanie Fontes-Dutra
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  1. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Health Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Antonio L. Teixeira

  2. Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil

    Danielle Macedo

  3. Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany

    Bernhard T. Baune

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Fontes-Dutra, M., Rabelo, B., Santos-Terra, J., Deckmann, I., Schwingel, G.B., Gottfried, C. (2020). Maternal Immune Activation and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: The Intricate Puzzle of Autism Spectrum Disorder. In: Teixeira, A.L., Macedo, D., Baune, B.T. (eds) Perinatal Inflammation and Adult Psychopathology. Progress in Inflammation Research, vol 84. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39335-9_11

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