Skip to main content

Diatom Feature Extraction and Classification

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Modern Trends in Diatom Identification

Part of the book series: Developments in Applied Phycology ((DAPH,volume 10))

  • 888 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter presents the most relevant image processing techniques and algorithms related to computing features that are able to characterize diatoms as objects in the computer vision field for further analysis and classification. For this purpose, a wide revision of the most important contributions to diatom classification is performed. Moreover, features that have been found to be suitable for this task are covered. Later on, the reader will find the main techniques for diatom classification for the two paradigms that are used nowadays: machine learning with classical methods that rely on previously selected features, or deep learning, which learns the features from the images automatically.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/ADIAC/.

  2. 2.

    A standardized feature is a feature rescaled to have mean =  0 and std =  1.

References

  1. Mann, D.: The species concept in diatoms. Phycologia 38(6), 437–495 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Hicks, Y.A., Marshall, D., Rosin, P., Martin, R.R., Mann, D., Droop, S.: A model of diatom shape and texture for analysis, synthesis and identification. Mach. Vis. Appl. 17(5), pp. 297–307 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. John, D.: Use of algae for monitoring rivers III. J. Appl. Physiol. 11(6), 596–597 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008182326039

    Google Scholar 

  4. Smol, J., Stoermer, E.: The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2010)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Wayne, R.: Light and Video Microscopy, 2nd edn., Elsevier, Amsterdam (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Cairns, J., Dickson, K., Pryfogle, P., Almeida, S., Case, S., Fournier, J., Fuji, H.: Determining the accuracy of coherent optical identification of diatoms. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 15, 1770–1775 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. du Buf, H., Bayer, M.: Automatic Diatom Identification. In: Series in Machine Perception and Artificial Intelligence. World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore (2002)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Culverhouse, P., Simpson, R., Ellis, R.G., Lindley, J., Williams, R., Parisini, T., Reguera, B., Bravo, I., Zoppoli, R., Earnshaw, G., MacCall, H., Smith, G.: Automatic classification of field-collected dinoflagellates by artificial neural network. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 139, 281–287 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Pech-Pacheco, J., Alvarez-Borrego, J.: Optical-digital system applied to the identification of five phytoplankton species. Mar. Biol. 132, 357–365 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Pappas, J., Stoermer, E.: Legendre shape descriptors and shape group determination of specimens in the Cymbella cistula species complex. Phycologia 42(1), 90–97 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Du Buf, H., Bayer, M., Droop, S., Head, R., Juggins, S., Fischer, S., Bunke, H., Wilkinson, M., Roerdink, J., Pech-Pacheco, J., et al.: Diatom identification: a double challenge called ADIAC. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing, pp. 734–739. IEEE, Piscataway (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Falasco, E., Blanco, S., Bona, F., Goma, J., Hlubikova, D., Novais, M., Hoffmann, L., Ector, L.: Taxonomy, morphology and distribution of the Sellaphora stroemii complex (bacillariophyceae). Fottea 9(2), 243–256 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bottin, M., Giraudel, J.-L., Lek, S., Tison-Rosebery, J.: diatSOM: a R-package for diatom biotypology using self-organizing maps. Diatom Res. 29(1), 5–9 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Bueno, G., Deniz, O., Pedraza, A., Salido, J., Cristobal, G., Saul, B.: Automated diatom classification (part A): handcrafted feature approaches, Appl. Sci. 7(8), 753 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Pedraza, A., Bueno, G., Deniz, O., Cristóbal, G., Blanco, S., Borrego-Ramos, M.: Automated diatom classification (part B): a deep learning approach. Appl. Sci. 7(5), 460 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Haralick, R., Shanmugam, K., et al.: Textural features for image classification. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 3(6), 610–621 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Vállez, N., Bueno, G., Déniz, O., Dorado, J., Seoane, J.A., Pazos, A., Pastor, C.: Breast density classification to reduce false positives in CADe systems. Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed. 113(2), 569–584 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang, L., He, D.: Texture classification using texture spectrum. Pattern Recogn. 23, 905–910 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ojala, T., Pietikainen, M., Harwood, D.: Performance evaluation of texture measures with classification based on Kullback discrimination of distributions. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Pattern Recognition – Conference A: Computer Vision Image Processing (IAPR), vol. 1, pp. 582–585 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.1994.576366

  20. Nava, R., Cristobal, G., Escalante-Ramirez, B.: A comprehensive study of texture analysis based on local binary patterns. In: Optics, Photonics, and Digital Technologies for Multimedia Applications II, vol. 8436, pp. 84360E–84372. International Society for Optics and Photonics. SPIE, Bellingham (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Sahu, H.: An analysis of texture classification: local binary patterns. J. Glob. Res. Comput. Sci. 4, 17–20 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ojala, T., Pietikäinen, M., Maenpaa, T.: Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(7), 971–987 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Sánchez, C., Cristóbal, G., Bueno, G.: Diatom identification including life cycle stages through morphological and texture descriptors. PeerJ 7, e6770 (2019). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6770

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Hu, M.K.: Visual pattern recognition by moment invariants. IRE Trans. Inf. Theory 8, 179–187 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Teague, M.R.: Image analysis via the general theory of moments. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70(8), 920–930 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Boyce, J.F., Hossack, W.: Moment invariants for pattern recognition. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 1(5–6), 451–456 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Abu-Mostafa, Y.S., Psaltis, D.: Recognitive aspects of moment invariants. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 6, 698–706 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chen, Q., Petriu, E., Yang, X.: A comparative study of Fourier descriptors and Hu’s seven moment invariants for image recognition. In: Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2004 (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37513), vol. 1, pp. 103–106. IEEE, Piscataway (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kuhl, F.P., Giardina, C.R.: Elliptic Fourier features of a closed contour. Comput. Graphics Image Process. 18(3), 236–258 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. BielStela, Elliptic-Fourier-Python, https://github.com/BielStela/Elliptic-Fourier-Python (Jul. 2017)

  31. Verikas, A., Gelzinis, A., Bacauskiene, M., Olenina, I., Olenin, S., Vaiciukynas, E.: Phase congruency-based detection of circular objects applied to analysis of phytoplankton images. Pattern Recogn. 45(4), 1659–1670 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kovesi, P.: Phase congruency detects corners and edges. In: The Australian Pattern Recognition Society Conference: DICTA, vol. 10–12, pp. 309–318 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Guyon, I., Elisseeff, A.: An introduction to variable and feature selection. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 3, 1157–1182 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Duda, R.O., Hart, P.E., Stork, D.G.: Pattern Classification, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Mitra, P., Murthy, C., Pal, S.K.: Unsupervised feature selection using feature similarity. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(3), 301–312 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Pudil, P., Novovicova, J., Kittler, J.: Floating search methods in feature selection. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 15(11), 1119–1125 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Martínez, A.M., Kak, A.C.: PCA versus LDA. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(2), 228–233 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Fisher, R.A.: The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems. Ann. Eugenics 7(2), 179–188 (1936)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Friedman, J.H., Bentley, J.L., Finkel, R.A.: An algorithm for finding best matches in logarithmic expected time. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 3(3), 209–226 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Wang, F., Zhen, Z., Wang, B., Mi, Z.: Comparative study on KNN and SVM based weather classification models for day ahead short term solar PV power forecasting. Appl. Sci. 8(1), 28 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kuncheva, L.I.: Combining Pattern Classifiers Methods and Algorithms. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken (2004)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  42. Breiman, L.: Bagging predictors. Mach. Learn. 24(2), 123–140 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lloyd, S.: Least squares quantization in PCM. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 28(2), 129–137 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Park, H.-S., Jun, C.-H.: A simple and fast algorithm for K-medoids clustering. Expert Syst. Appl. 36(2), 3336–3341 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Schütze, H., Manning, C.D., Raghavan, P.: Introduction to Information Retrieval, vol. 39. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Zhang, T., Ramakrishnan, R., Livny, M.: BIRCH: an efficient data clustering method for very large databases. In: ACM SIGMOD Record, vol. 25, pp. 103–114. ACM, New York (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Vinh, N.X., Epps, J., Bailey, J.: Information theoretic measures for clusterings comparison: variants, properties, normalization and correction for chance. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 11(Oct), 2837–2854 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kassambara, A.: Practical Guide to Cluster Analysis in R: Unsupervised Machine Learning, vol. 1. STHDA (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Loshchilov, I., Hutter, F.: SGDR: stochastic gradient descent with restarts. CoRR abs/1608.03983. arXiv:1608.03983. http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03983

  50. Dimitrovski, I., Kocev, D., Loskovska, S., Dzeroski, S.: Hierarchical classification of diatom images using ensembles of predictive clustering trees. Eco. Inform. 7(1), 19–29 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Lai, Q.T., Lee, K.C., Tang, A.H., Wong, K.K., So, H.K., Tsia, K.K.: High-throughput time-stretch imaging flow cytometry for multi-class classification of phytoplankton. Opt. Express 24(25), 28170–28184 (2016)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Noelia Vallez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Appendix

Appendix

In this section, the reader can find the links of some of the methods explained in this chapter.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Vallez, N., Pedraza, A., Sánchez, C., Salido, J., Deniz, O., Bueno, G. (2020). Diatom Feature Extraction and Classification. In: Cristóbal, G., Blanco, S., Bueno, G. (eds) Modern Trends in Diatom Identification. Developments in Applied Phycology, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39212-3_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics