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The Impact of Implant Surface Characteristic and Genetics on Peri-implant Diseases

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Risk Factors for Peri-implant Diseases

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Abstract

Dental implant treatment is now a common therapy performed on a daily basis to replace edentulous areas with fixed partial dentures or to support removable prostheses options. Despite the high successful rate for dental implants, peri-implantitis have a mean prevalence of 22%. Many factors can be linked to the development of peri-implantitis, such as patients with a history of severe periodontitis, patients with poor plaque control, or no regular maintenance care after implant therapy. Other potential risk indicators such as smoking, diabetes, occlusal overload, titanium particles, bone compression necrosis, overheating, micro-motion and biocorrosion for peri-implantitis remain to be determined. Emerging research and data are also exploring the relationship between surface morphology as well as genetics to the development of peri-implant diseases. There is still insufficient evidence to support the definite influence from different implant surfaces on the peri-implant marginal bone loss. However, scientific and clinical observations showed that rougher implant surface had a tendency to have more breakdown (e.g., marginal bone loss) and retain plaque if the implant was exposed into the oral cavity compared to turned surface implant which is more resistance to the plaque adherence. Therefore, in patients with a history of periodontitis or less than ideal home care, a smooth collar or a turned surface implant may be preferred to prevent future plaque retention on the implant and minimize future tissue breakdown. When patients have normal or pristine bone with no bone loss or periodontitis history, any implant surface can be used in this scenario. For patients with soft bone or sites that have previously been augmented through sinus lifting or guided bone regeneration, clinicians should avoid minimally rough surface implants and select moderately rough or rough surface implants in order to improve early osseointegration.

The is very limited and weak evidence presented in the research filed to link genetic polymorphism and peri-implantitis prevalence or implant failure. One of the reasons for the studies to present minimal effect from the genetic component onto the development of the peri-implantitis is the confounding factor such as smoking or patient’s personal habits can mask the effect from the gene polymorphism. Another clinical consideration is that it is still unclear how the polymorphism is being expressed and what are the factors that might influence the expression. This area of research is pending better well controlled studies looking into the pure effect from the genetic component and the relationship between genetic polymorphism and peri-implantitis remain uncertain as of today.

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  1. Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Shan-Huey Yu & Hom-Lay Wang

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Correspondence to Hom-Lay Wang .

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  1. Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan

    Yorimasa Ogata

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Yu, SH., Wang, HL. (2020). The Impact of Implant Surface Characteristic and Genetics on Peri-implant Diseases. In: Ogata, Y. (eds) Risk Factors for Peri-implant Diseases 　. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39185-0_9

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