Skip to main content

Prevalence and Etiology for Peri-implant Diseases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Risk Factors for Peri-implant Diseases
  • 531 Accesses

Abstract

Peri-implant diseases are classified into two categories: peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Peri-implant mucositis is a reversible inflammation in the mucosa surrounding a dental implant. Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory reaction associated with the loss of supporting bones around a functional dental implant. They are the most frequent long-term complications related with dental implants. This chapter provides a detailed description of prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis of peri-implant diseases, and characteristics of structure and composition of peri-implant tissues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lang NP, Berglundh T. Working Group 4 of Seventh European Workshop on periodontology periimplant diseases: where are we now? - Consensus of the Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(Suppl 11):178–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Araujo MG, Lindhe J. Peri-implant health. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S249–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Salvi GE. Peri-implant mucositis. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S257–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Schwarz F, Derks J, Monje A, Wang HL. Peri-implantitis. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S267–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Renvert S, Persson GR, Pirih FQ, Camargo PM. Peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis: case definitions and diagnostic considerations. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S304–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG, Avila-Ortiz G, Blanco J, Camargo PM, Chen S, Cochran D, Derks J, Figuero E, Hämmerle CHF, Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Huynh-Ba G, Iacono V, Koo KT, Lambert F, McCauley L, Quirynen M, Renvert S, Salvi GE, Schwarz F, Tarnow D, Tomasi C, Wang HL, Zitzmann N. Peri-implant diseases and conditions: consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S313–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T. Definition and prevalence of peri-implant diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(8 Suppl):286–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lindhe J, Meyle J, Group D of European Workshop on Periodontology. Peri-implant diseases: consensus report of the sixth European workshop on periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(8 Suppl):282–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ferreira SD, Silva GL, Cortelli JR, Costa JE, Costa FO. Prevalence and risk variables for peri-implant disease in Brazilian subjects. J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33:929–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Koldsland OC, Scheie AA, Aass AM. Prevalence of peri-implantitis related to severity of the disease with different degrees of bone loss. J Periodontol. 2010;81:231–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Mir-Mari J, Mir-Orfila P, Figueiredo R, Valmaseda-Castellón E, Gay-Escoda C. Prevalence of peri-implant diseases. A cross-sectional study based on a private practice environment. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39:490–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Derks J, Tomasi C. Peri-implant health and disease. A systematic review of current epidemiology. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(Suppl 16):S158–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Salvi GE, Cosgarea R, Sculean A. Prevalence and mechanisms of peri-implant diseases. J Dent Res. 2017;96(1):31–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Schuldt Filho G, Dalago HR, Oliveira de Souza JG, Stanley K, Jovanovic S, Bianchini MA. Prevalence of peri-implantitis in patients with implant-supported fixed prostheses. Quintessence Int. 2014;45(10):861–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Aguirre-Zorzano LA, Estefanía-Fresco R, Telletxea O, Bravo M. Prevalence of peri-implant inflammatory disease in patients with a history of periodontal disease who receive supportive periodontal therapy. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015;26(11):1338–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Daubert DM, Weinstein BF, Bordin S, Leroux BG, Flemming TF. Prevalence and predictive factors for peri-implant disease and implant failure: a cross-sectional analysis. J Periodontol. 2015;86(3):337–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Konstantinidis IK, Kotsakis GA, Gerdes S, Walter MH. Cross-sectional study on the prevalence and risk indicators of peri-implant diseases. Int J Oral Implantol. 2015;8(1):75–88.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dalago HR, Schuldt Filho G, Rodrigues MA, Renvert S, Bianchini MA. Risk indicators for peri-implantitis. A cross-sectional study with 916 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28(2):144–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rokn A, Aslroosta H, Akbari S, Najafi H, Zayeri F, Hashemi K. Prevalence of peri-implantitis in patients not participating in well-designed supportive periodontal treatments: a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28(3):314–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Schwarz F, Becker K, Sahm N, Horstkemper T, Rousi K, Becker J. The prevalence of peri-implant diseases for two-piece implants with an internal tube-in-tube connection: a cross-sectional analysis of 512 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28(1):24–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ogata Y, Nakayama Y, Tatsumi J, Kubota T, Sato S, Nishida T, Takeuchi Y, Onitsuka T, Sakagami R, Nozaki T, Murakami S, Matsubara N, Tanaka M, Yoshino T, Ota J, Nakagawa T, Ishihara Y, Ito T, Saito A, Yamaki K, Matsuzaki E, Hidaka T, Sasaki D, Yaegashi T, Yasuda T, Shibutani T, Noguchi K, Araki H, Ikumi N, Aoyama Y, Kogai H, Nemoto K, Deguchi S, Takiguchi T, Yamamoto M, Inokuchi K, Ito T, Kado T, Furuichi Y, Kanazashi M, Gomi K, Takagi Y, Kubokawa K, Yoshinari N, Hasegawa Y, Hirose T, Sase T, Arita H, Kodama T, Shin K, Izumi Y, Yoshie H. Prevalence and risk factors for peri-implant diseases in Japanese adult dental patients. J Oral Sci. 2017;59:1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Roccuzzo M, Bonino F, Aglietta M, Dalmasso P. Ten-year results of a three arms prospective cohort study on implants in periodontally compromised patients. Part 2: clinical results. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011;23:389–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Pjetursson BE, Helbling C, Weber HP, Matuliene G, Salvi GE, Brägger U, Schmidlin K, Zwahlen M, Lang NP. Peri-implantitis susceptibility as it relates to periodontal therapy and supportive care. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23:888–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Roccuzzo M, De Angelis N, Bonino L, Aglietta M. Ten-year results of a three-arm prospective cohort study on implants in periodontally compromised patients. Part 1: implant loss and radiographic bone loss. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010;21:490–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Costa FO, Takenaka-Martinez S, Cota LO, Ferreira SD, Silva GL, Costa JE. Peri-implant disease in subjects with and without preventive maintenance: a 5-year follow-up. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39:173–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Strietzel FP, Reichart PA, Kale A, Kulkarni M, Wegner B, Küchler I. Smoking interferes with the prognosis of dental implant treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2007;34:523–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Gruica B, Wang HY, Lang NP, Buser D. Impact of IL-1 genotype and smoking status on the prognosis of osseointegrated implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;15(4):393–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Heitz-Mayfield LJ. Peri-implant diseases: diagnosis and risk indicators. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(8 Suppl):292–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Teughels W, Van Assche N, Sliepen I, Quirynen M. Effect of material characteristics and/or surface topography on biofilm development. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17(Suppl 2):68–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wennerberg A, Sennerby L, Kultje C, Lekholm U. Some soft tissue characteristics at implant abutments with different surface topography. A study in humans. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30(1):88–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. van Brakel R, Cune S, van Winkelhoff AJ, de Putter C, Verhoeven JW, van der Reijden W. Early bacterial colonization and soft tissue health around zirconia and titanium abutments: an in vivo study in man. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011;22(6):571–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cionca N, Hashim D, Cancela J, Giannopoulou C, Mombelli A. Pro-inflammatory cytokines at zirconia implants and teeth. A cross-sectional assessment. Clin Oral Investig. 2016;20(8):2285–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Dixon DR, London RM. Restorative design and associated risks for peri-implant diseases. Periodontol. 2019;81(1):167–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Salvi GE, Botticelli D, Mombelli A, Faddy M, Lang NP. Implant Complication Research Group. Anti-infective treatment of peri-implant mucositis: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011;22(3):237–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Serino G, Ström C. Peri-implantitis in partially edentulous patients: association with inadequate plaque control. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20(2):169–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lin GH, Chan HL, Wang HL. The significance of keratinized mucosa on implant health: a systematic review. J Periodontol. 2013;84:1755–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hämmerle CHF, Tarnow D. The etiology of hard- and soft-tissue deficiencies at dental implants: a narrative review. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S291–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wennström JL, Derks J. Is there a need for keratinized mucosa around implants to maintain healthand tissue stability? Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23(Suppl 6):136–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Brito C, Tenenbaum HC, Wong BK, Schmitt C, Nogueira-Filho G. Is keratinized mucosa indispensable to maintain peri-implant health? A systematic review of the literature. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2014;102:643–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Linkevicius T, Puisys A, Vindasiute E, Linkeviciene L, Apse P. Does residual cement around implant-supported restorations cause peri-implant disease? A retrospective case analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24(11):1179–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Pesce P, Canullo L, Grusovin MG, de Bruyn H, Cosyn J, Pera P. Systematic review of some prosthetic risk factors for periimplantitis. J Prosthet Dent. 2015;114(3):346–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rakic M, Petkovic-Curcin A, Struillou X, Matic S, Stamatovic N, Vojvodic D. CD14 and TNFα single nucleotide polymorphisms are candidates for genetic biomarkers of peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(4):791–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Casado PL, Villas-Boas R, de Mello W, Duarte ME, Granjeiro JM. Peri-implant disease and chronic periodontitis: is interleukin-6 gene promoter polymorphism the common risk factor in a Brazilian population? Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2013;28(1):35–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kozlovsky A, Tal H, Laufer BZ, Leshem R, Rohrer MD, Weinreb M, Artzi Z. Impact of implant overloading on the peri-implant bone in inflamed and non-inflamed peri-implant mucosa. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18(5):601–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Naert I, Duyck J, Vandamme K. Occlusal overload and bone/implant loss. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23(Suppl 6):95–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Taylor GW, Borgnakke WS. Periodontal disease: associations with diabetes, glycemic control and complications. Oral Dis. 2008;14(3):191–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Genco RJ, Borgnakke WS. Risk factors for periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2013;62(1):59–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mombelli A, van Oosten MA, Schurch E Jr, Land NP. The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1987;2:145–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Renvert S, Lindahl C, Renvert H, Persson GR. Clinical and microbiological analysis of subjects treated with Brånemark or AstraTech implants: a 7-year follow-up study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19:342–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Shibli JA, Melo L, Ferrari DS, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Feres M. Composition of supra- and subgingival biofilm of subjects with healthy and diseased implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19:975–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Botero JE, González AM, Mercado RA, Olave G, Contreras A. Subgingival microbiota in peri-implant mucosa lesions and adjacent teeth in partially edentulous patients. J Periodontol. 2005;76:1490–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Quirynen M, Vogels R, Peeters W, van Steenberghe D, Naert I, Haffajee A. Dynamics of initial subgingival colonization of ‘pristine’ peri-implantpockets. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17:25–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Cho-Yan Lee J, Mattheos N, Nixon KC, Ivanovski S. Residual periodontal pockets are a risk indicator for peri-implantitis in patients treated for periodontitis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23:325–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Koyanagi T, Sakamoto M, Takeuchi Y, Maruyama N, Ohkuma M, Izumi Y. Comprehensive microbiological findings in peri-implantitis and periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:218–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Maruyama N, Maruyama F, Takeuchi Y, Aikawa C, Izumi Y, Nakagawa I. Intraindividual variation in core microbiota in peri-implantitis and periodontitis. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6602.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Shiba T, Watanabe T, Kachi H, Koyanagi T, Maruyama N, Murase K, Takeuchi Y, Maruyama F, Izumi Y, Nakagawa I. Distinct interacting core taxa in co-occurrence networks enable discrimination of polymicrobial oral diseases with similar symptoms. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30997.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Cortellini S, Favril C, De Nutte M, Teughels W, Quirynen M. Patient compliance as a risk factor for the outcome of implant treatment. Periodontol 2000. 2019;81(1):209–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cavalcanti YW, Wilson M, Lewis M, Del-Bel-Cury AA, da Silva WJ, Williams DW. Modulation of Candida albicans virulence by bacterial biofilms on titanium surfaces. Biofouling. 2016;32(2):123–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kato A, Imai K, Ochiai K, Ogata Y. Higher prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in deeper periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis in Japanese patients. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71990.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Kato A, Imai K, Sato H, Ogata Y. Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and Porphyromonas gingivalis in Japanese peri-implantitis patients. BMC Oral Health. 2017;17:148.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Ericsson I, Marinello CP, Liljenberg B, Thomsen P. The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1991;2(2):81–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lindhe J, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Liljenberg B, Marinello C. Experimental breakdown of peri-implant and periodontal tissues. A study in the beagle dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992;3:9–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Moon IS, Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I, Linder E, Lindhe J. The barrier between the keratinized mucosa and the dental implant. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol. 1999;26(10):658–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Carcuac O, Berglundh T. Composition of human peri-implantitis and periodontitis lesions. J Dent Res. 2014;93(11):1083–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yorimasa Ogata .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ogata, Y. (2020). Prevalence and Etiology for Peri-implant Diseases. In: Ogata, Y. (eds) Risk Factors for Peri-implant Diseases  . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39185-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39185-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-39184-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-39185-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics