Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vascular Liver Diseases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Imaging of the Liver and Intra-hepatic Biliary Tract

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

  • 806 Accesses

Abstract

Hepatic vascular diseases may affect the vascular inflow, vascular outflow or flow at the sinusoidal level, most of them resulting in decreased portal venous perfusion and increased arterialization of the liver parenchyma. The underlying physiopathological mechanisms lead to key imaging findings that should be promptly recognized by radiologists, in order to provide an accurate diagnosis. Hepatic vascular impairment can be due to primary vascular disease or secondary to hepatocellular liver diseases, as occurs in liver cirrhosis. This chapter will focus mainly on primary hepatic vascular diseases, describing the main imaging findings and differentials of each condition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbas MA, Fowl RJ, Stone WM et al (2003) Hepatic artery aneurysm: factors that predict complications. J Vasc Surg 38:41–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arora A, Sarin SK (2015) Multimodality imaging of obliterative portal venopathy: what every radiologist should know. Br J Radiol 88:20140653

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Atasoy KÇ, Fitoz S, Akyar G et al (1998) Aneurysms of the portal venous system: gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonographic findings with CT and mri correlation. Clin Imaging 22:414–417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bargalló X, Gilabert R, Nicolau C et al (2006) Sonography of Budd-Chiari syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:W33–W41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brancatelli G, Vilgrain V, Federle MP et al (2007) Budd-Chiari syndrome: spectrum of imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 188:W168–W176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brancatelli G, Furlan A, Calandra A, Dioguardi Burgio M (2018) Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation. Abdom Radiol 43:2011–2022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buscarini E, Danesino C, Olivieri C et al (2004) Doppler ultrasonographic grading of hepatic vascular malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia - results of extensive screening. Ultraschall der Medizin 25:348–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buscarini E, Gandolfi S, Alicante S et al (2018) Liver involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Abdom Radiol 43:1920–1930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cimbanassi S, Aseni P, Mariani A et al (2015) Spontaneous hepatic rupture during pregnancy in a patient with peliosis hepatis. Ann Hepatol 14:553–558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Condat B, Vilgrain V, Asselah T et al (2003) Portal cavernoma-associated cholangiopathy: a clinical and MR cholangiography coupled with MR portography imaging study. Hepatology 37:1302–1308

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cura M, Haskal Z, Lopera J (2009) Diagnostic and interventional radiology for Budd-Chiari syndrome. Radiographics 29:669–681

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeLeve LD, Valla D, Garcia-Tsao G (2009) Vascular disorders of the liver. Hepatology 49:1729–1764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denninger MH, Chaït Y, Casadevall N et al (2000) Cause of portal or hepatic venous thrombosis in adults: the role of multiple concurrent factors. Hepatology 31:587–591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desser TS (2009) Understanding transient hepatic attenuation differences. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 30:408–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolapci M, Ersoz S, Kama NA (2003) Hepatic artery aneurysm. Ann Vasc Surg 17:214–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elsayes KM, Shaaban AM, Rothan SM et al (2017) A comprehensive approach to hepatic vascular disease. Radiographics 37:813–836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erben Y, De Martino RR, Bjarnason H et al (2015) Operative management of hepatic artery aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 62:610–615

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan CQ, Crawford JM (2014) Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (hepatic veno-occlusive disease). J Clin Exp Hepatol 4:332–346

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrozzi F, Tognini G, Zuccoli G et al (2001) Peliosis hepatis with pseudotumoral and hemorrhagic evolution: CT and MR findings. Abdom Imaging 26:197–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furuichi Y, Moriyasu F, Taira J et al (2013) Noninvasive diagnostic method for idiopathic portal hypertension based on measurements of liver and spleen stiffness by ARFI elastography. J Gastroenterol 48:1061–1068

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallego C, Velasco M, Marcuello P et al (2002) Congenital and acquired anomalies of the portal venous system. Radiographics 22:141–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Pagán JC, Buscarini E, HLA J et al (2016) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Vascular diseases of the liver. J Hepatol 64(1):179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Tsao G, Korzenik JR, Young L et al (2000) Liver disease in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. N Engl J Med 343:931–936

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giallourakis C, Rosenberg P, Friedman L (2002) The liver in heart failure. Clin Liver Dis 6:947–967

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glatard AS, Hillaire S, D’Assignies G et al (2012) Obliterative portal venopathy: findings at CT imaging. Radiology 263:741–750

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gore RM, Mathieu DG, White EM et al (1994) Passive hepatic congestion: cross-sectional imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162:71–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottardi A, Rautou PE, Schouten J et al (2019) Porto-sinusoidal vascular disease: proposal and description of a novel entity. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:399–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Han NY, Park BJ, Kim MJ et al (2015) Hepatic parenchymal heterogeneity on contrast-enhanced CT scans following oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy: natural history and association with clinical evidence of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Radiology 276:766–774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillaire S, Bonte E, Denninger MH et al (2002) Idiopathic non-cirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension in the West: a re-evaluation in 28 patients. Gut 51:275–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hubert C, Sempoux C, Humblet Y et al (2013) Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) related to chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases: factors predictive of severe SOS lesions and protective effect of bevacizumab. HPB 15:858–864

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ianora AAS, Memeo M, Sabbà C et al (2004) Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: multi-detector row helical CT assessment of hepatic involvement. Radiology 230:250–259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishigami K, Zhang Y, Rayhill S et al (2004) Does variant hepatic artery anatomy in a liver transplant recipient increase the risk of hepatic artery complications after transplantation? AJR Am J Roentgenol 183:1577–1584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra N, Shankar S, Khandelwal N (2014) Imaging of portal cavernoma cholangiopathy. J Clin Exp Hepatol 4:S44–S52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna R, Sarin SK (2014) Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension - diagnosis and management. J Hepatol 60:421–441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khuroo MS, Rather AA, Khuroo NS, Khuroo MS (2016) Portal biliopathy. World J Gastroenterol 22:7973–7982

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kiesewetter CH, Sheron N, Vettukattill JJ et al (2007) Hepatic changes in the failing Fontan circulation. Heart 93:579–584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi S, Gabata T, Matsui O (2010) Radiologic manifestation of hepatic pseudolesions and pseudotumors in the third inflow area. Imaging Med 2:519–528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koehne de Gonzalez AK, Lefkowitch JH (2017) Heart disease and the liver: pathologic evaluation. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 46:421–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langlet P, Escolano S, Valla D et al (2003) Clinicopathological forms and prognostic index in Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Hepatol 39:496–501

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Lee YS, Kim PN et al (2011a) Osler-Weber-Rendu disease presenting with hepatocellular carcinoma: radiologic and genetic findings. Korean J Hepatol 17:313–318

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee WK, Chang SD, Duddalwar VA et al (2011b) Imaging assessment of congenital and acquired abnormalities of the portal venous system. Radiographics 31:905–926

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llop E, De Juan C, Seijo S et al (2011) Portal cholangiopathy: radiological classification and natural history. Gut 60:853–860

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • López-Machado E, Mallorquín-Jiménez F, Medina-Benítez A et al (1998) Aneurysms of the portal venous system: ultrasonography and CT findings. Eur J Radiol 26:210–214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu M, Weiss C, Fishman E et al (2015) Review of visceral aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms. J Comput Assist Tomogr 39:1–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud M, Allinson KR, Zhai Z et al (2010) Pathogenesis of arteriovenous malformations in the absence of endoglin. Circ Res 106:1425–1433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno FL, Hagan AD, Holmen JR et al (1984) Evaluation of size and dynamics of the inferior vena cava as an index of right-sided cardiac function. Am J Cardiol 53:579–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murad SD, Valla DC, De Groen PC et al (2006) Pathogenesis and treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome combined with portal vein thrombosis. Am J Gastroenterol 101:83–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers RP, Cerini R, Sayegh R et al (2003) Cardiac hepatopathy: clinical, hemodynamic, and histologic characteristics and correlations. Hepatology 37:393–400

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakanuma Y, Tsuneyama K, Makoto O, Katayanagi K (2001) Pathology and pathogenesis of idiopathic portal hypertension with an emphasis on the liver. Pathol Res Pract 197:65–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ögren M, Bergqvist D, Björck M et al (2006) Portal vein thrombosis: prevalence, patient characteristics and lifetime risk: a population study based on 23796 consecutive autopsies. World J Gastroenterol 12:2115–2119

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pareja E, Cortes M, Navarro R et al (2010) Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: hepatic artery thrombosis. Transplant Proc 42:2970–2972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plessier A, Darwish-Murad S, Hernandez-Guerra M, et al (2007) A prospective multicentric follow-up study on 105 patients with acute portal vein thrombosis (PVT): results from the european network for vascular disorders of the liver. In: Hepatology

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajesh S, Mukund A, Sureka B et al (2018) Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension: an imaging review. Abdom Radiol 43:1991–2010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralls PW, Johnson MB, Radin DR et al (1992) Budd-Chiari syndrome: detection with color Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:113–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ronot M, Kerbaol A, Rautou PE et al (2016) Acute extrahepatic infectious or inflammatory diseases are a cause of transient mosaic pattern on CT and MR imaging related to sinusoidal dilatation of the liver. Eur Radiol 26:3094–3101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schouten JNL, Nevens F, Hansen B et al (2012) Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension is associated with poor survival: results of a long-term cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 35:1424–1433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seijo S, Reverter E, Miquel R et al (2012) Role of hepatic vein catheterisation and transient elastography in the diagnosis of idiopathic portal hypertension. Dig Liver Dis 44:855–860

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sempoux C, Paradis V, Komuta M et al (2015) Hepatocellular nodules expressing markers of hepatocellular adenomas in Budd-Chiari syndrome and other rare hepatic vascular disorders. J Hepatol 63:1173–1180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sfyroeras GS, Antoniou GA, Drakou AA et al (2009) Visceral venous aneurysms: clinical presentation, natural history and their management: a systematic review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 38:498–505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin SM, Kim S, Lee JW et al (2007) Biliary abnormalities associated with portal biliopathy: evaluation on MR cholangiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 188:W341–W347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin NY, Kim MJ, Lim JS et al (2012) Accuracy of gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in patients with chemotherapy-treated colorectal liver metastases. Eur Radiol 22:864–871

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiki H, Doherty MG, Fletcher JG et al (2008) Abdominal findings in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: pictorial essay on 2D and 3D findings with isotropic multiphase CT. Radiographics 28:171–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tardáguila Montero F (ed) (2016) Serie de monografías virtuales - avances en imagen hepática. Colegio Interamericano de Radiologia

    Google Scholar 

  • Torabi M, Hosseinzadeh K, Federle MP (2008) CT of nonneoplastic hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders. Radiographics 28:1967–1982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valla DC (2003) The diagnosis and management of the Budd-Chiari syndrome: consensus and controversies. Hepatology 38:793–803

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valla DC (2009) Primary Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Hepatol 50:195–203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wettere M, Bruno O, Rautou PE et al (2018) Diagnosis of Budd–Chiari syndrome. Abdom Radiol 43:1896–1907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilgrain V, Lewin M, Vons C et al (1999) Hepatic nodules in Budd-Chiari syndrome: imaging features. Radiology 210:443–450

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vilgrain V, Condat B, Bureau C et al (2006) Atrophy-hypertrophy complex in patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein: CT evaluation. Radiology 241:149–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vilgrain V, Paradis V, Van Wettere M et al (2018) Benign and malignant hepatocellular lesions in patients with vascular liver diseases. Abdom Radiol 43:1968–1977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walser EM, Runyan BR, Heckman MG et al (2011) Extrahepatic portal biliopathy: proposed etiology on the basis of anatomic and clinical features. Radiology 258:146–153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu JS, Saluja S, Garcia-Tsao G et al (2006) Liver involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: CT and clinical findings do not correlate in symptomatic patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:W399–W405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Radiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Oporto, Portugal

    Manuela França & Joana Pinto

  2. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Oporto, Portugal

    Manuela França

  3. i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Oporto, Portugal

    Manuela França

Authors
  1. Manuela França
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joana Pinto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manuela França .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Radiology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

    Emilio Quaia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

França, M., Pinto, J. (2021). Vascular Liver Diseases. In: Quaia, E. (eds) Imaging of the Liver and Intra-hepatic Biliary Tract. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38983-3_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38983-3_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38982-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38983-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation