Abstract
Basmati is a special type of rice with long, slender grains having a specific smell of aroma. Historical and scientific evidences clearly show that traditional basmati quality is ecologic specific in terms of climatic and edaphic characteristics and can only be achieved when basmati cultivars are grown in the traditional basmati area locally named as ‘kallar tract’ of Punjab province of Pakistan and explicit areas of India. Pakistan earns about 2 billion US$ through its export annually. Since establishment of explicit rice research station in 1926, twenty seven (27) basmati rice varieties have been released for Basmati rice growers of Pakistan. First ever basmati variety ‘Basmati 370’ was released in 1933 for rice farming by Rice Farm, Kala Shah Kaku (now Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku). This basmati variety “Basmati 370” has been utilized as mother variety of almost all basmati varieties released hereafter. In 1968, another famous basmati variety ‘Basmati Pak’ with extra-long grain length was released by Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku using Basmati 370 as parent variety through conventional hybridization technique. The world’s famous ‘Super Basmati’ rice variety was released in 1996 by RRI KSK; that is still famous in international market due to its exceptional cooking quality. Super Basmati is also a famous cultivar among basmati growers in Pakistan due to its export price, agro-physiological traits and unwavering yield returns. Strenuous research efforts resulted in drastic increase in yield potential from 3.0 t/ha to 7.5 t/ha, reduction in plant height from 170 cm to 115 cm, increase in grain length from 6.5 mm to 8.1 mm and reduction in maturity period from 130 days to 98 days. Modern molecular breeding approaches were also deployed for development of new basmati rice varieties having tolerance for biotic (bacterial leaf blight) and abiotic (drought, submergence and salinity) stresses. Development of basmati hybrids is one of major research emphases these days in basmati research & Development. So far, a number of cytoplasmic male strile (CMS) lines, restorers and maintainers have been developed in basmati background for evolving basmati hybrids.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Agriculture Policy Institute (API), Islamabad. 2016–2017
Ahmed N, Tetlow IJ, Nawaz S, Iqbal A, Mubin M, Nawaz ul Rehman MS, Butt A, Lightfoot DA, Maekawa M (2015) Effect of high temperature on grain filling period, yield, amylose content and activity of starch biosynthesis enzymes in endosperm of basmati rice. J Sci Food Agric 95:2237–2243. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6941
Akhter M, Iqbal MZ, Khan WS, Ali S (1997) Genotypic and phenotypic correlation co-efficient studies of yield and economic traits in cotton. Pak J Sci Res 49:1–4
Akhter M, Ahmad M, Ramzan M (2007a) Effect of photoperiod sensitivity on yield and other economic traits of new strains of basmati rice (Oryza sativa l.). J Anim Plant Sci 17(3–4):79–82
Akhter M, Zahid MA, Sabar M, Ahmad M (2007b) Selection of restorers and maintainers for three line rice hybrid. J Anim Plant Sci 17(3–4):100–102
Akhter M, Sabar M, Zahid MA, Ahmad M (2007c) Hybrid rice research and development in Pakistan. Asian J Plant Sci 10(14):2389–2395
Akhter M, Ahmad M, Ramzan M, Awan TH (2007d) KSK133-a high yielding, stiff stemmed and extra-long grain coarse rice variety. J Anim Plant Sci 17(3–4):2007
Akhter M, Sabar M, Ali SS, Ramzan M (2007e) Evaluation of IRRI rice hybrids in Kallar tract of Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Sci Res 59(1–2):6–10
Akhter M, Zahid MA, Ahmed M, Haider Z (2008) Selection of restorers and maintainers from test crosses for the development of rice hybrids. Pakistan J Sci 60(3–4):100–102
Akhter M, Akhtar MS, Rizwan M (2013) Basmati 515: a new variety with extra-long grain for productivity augmentation in Punjab. J Agric Res 52(1)
Akhter M, Ali MA, Haider Z, Muzammil S (2014a) Efficacy of parboiling on physico-chemical properties of some promising lines/varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sci Technol Dev 33:115–122. https://doi.org/10.3923/std.2014.115.122
Akhter M, Riaz M, Sabar M, Haider Z, Latif T (2014b) Hybrid rice development in Pakistan: assessment of limitations and potentials. Hybrid rice development in Asia: Assess. Limitat Potent:131–150
Akhter M, Mahmood A, Saleem U, Raza MA, Haider Z (2016a) Effect of different transplanting time on cooking and milling of some fine and coarse grain rice genotypes. Nutr Food Sci 1(1):1–6
Akhter M, Mahmood A, Raza MA, Haider Z (2016b) Effect of transplanting dates on cooking, milling and eating quality parameters of some fine and coarse grain rice lines. Int J Nutr Food Sci 8(4):254–258. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000552
Akhter M, Ali M, Haider Z, Mahmood A, Saleem U (2017) Comparison of yield and water productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids in response to transplanting dates and crop maturity durations in irrigated environment. Irrigat Drain Sys Eng 6:180. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9768.1000180
Ali SS, Akhter M, Sabar M, Ahmad M (2007) Evaluation of rice CMS lines from diverse male sterility sources in Pakistan. J Agric Res 45(4):253–259
Beckles DM, Thitisaksakul M (2014) Review: how environmental stress affects starch composition and functionality in cereal endosperm. Starch-Starke 66:58–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201300212
Bhattacharya KR, Subbarao PV (1966) Effect of processing condition on quality of parboiling rice. J Food Sci Tech 14(5):476–479. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60147a009
Crop Reporting Service, Punjab. 2017–2018
Elbert GM, Tolaba P, Suárez C (2000) Effects of drying conditions on head rice yield and browning index of parboiled rice. J Food Engg 47:37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00097-2
Ferrero A, Nguyen NV (2004) Constraints and opportunities for the sustainable development of rice-based production systems in Europe. FAO rice conference, Rome, Italy, 12–13 February 2004
Fitzgerald MA, Resurreccion AP (2009) Maintaining the yield of edible rice in a warming world. Funct Plant Biol 36:1037–1045. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP09055
Haider Z, Akhter M, Mahmood A, Khan AR (2016) GGE Biplot and AMMI analysis to assess adaptability and stability of advance fine rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines at multiple locations in Pakistan. Africa J Agri Res 12(51):3542–3548. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2017.12528. 21 December, 2017
Haider Z, Akhter M, Mahmood A, Saleem U (2018) Variation in expression of Sub1 gene and Association with submergence stress related traits in advance rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes as a tool of climate change adaptation. Am J Clim Chang 7:171–186. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2018.72012
Jamal A, Akhter M, Ahmad E, Zahid MA (2008) Study of genetic variability and trait associations among various quality parameters in rice hybrids (oryza sativa l.). Pak J Sci 60(1–2):22–29
Kaur A, Kaur P, Singh N, Virdi AS, Singh P, Rana JC (2013) Grains, starch and protein characteristics of rice bean (Vigna umbellata) grown in Indian Himalaya regions. Food Res Int 54:102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.05.019
Khan MG, Akhter M (2003) Basmati 2000-an extra-long grained aromatic rice variety in Punjab, Pakistan. Inti Rice Res 28(1/2003):33
Kyritsi A, Tzia C, Karathanos V (2011) Vitamin fortified rice grain using spraying and soaking methods. Lwt-Food Sci Tech 44(1):312–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.06.001
Lanning SB, Siebenmorgen TJ, Counce PA, Ambardekar AA, Mauromoustakos A (2011) Extreme nighttime air temperatures in 2010 impact rice chalkiness and milling quality. Field Crops Res 124:132–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.06.012
Liang X, King JM, Shih FF (2002) Pasting property differences of commercial and isolated rice starch with added lipids and bcyclodextrin. Cereal Chem 79:812–818. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.6.812
Mahajan G, Sharma N, Kaur R, Chauhan BS (2015) Comparison of photoperiod-sensitive and photoperiod-insensitiveBasmati cultivars for grain yield, water productivity, and quality traits under varied transplanting dates in Northwest India. Crop Pasture Sci 66:793–801. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP14297
Oteng-Darko P, Kyei-Baffour N, Ofori E (2013) Yield of rice as affected by transplanting dates and plant spacing under climate change simulations. J Agric Res 12:55–63
Pakistan Economic Survey (2017–2018) Agriculture. Rice 2:13–32
Rice Exporter Association of Pakistan (REAP). Reports, 03, 2018
Sabar M, Akhter M (2003) Evaluation of rice germplasm for the development of hybrid rice. Asian J Plant Sci 2:1195–1197
Sabar M, Akhter M, Faiz FA, Ali SS, Ahmad M (2007) Identification of restorers and maintainers for hybrid rice. J Agric Res 45:19–24
Sabar M, Bibi T, Farooq HU, Haider Z, Naseem I, Mahmood A, Akhter M (2016) Molecular screening of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm for Xa4, xa5 and Xa21 bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistant genes using linked marker approach. Afr J Biotechnol 15(41):2317–2324. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2016.15612
Singh N, Paul P, Virdi AS, Kaur P, Mahajan G (2014) Influence of early and delayed transplantation of paddy on physicochemical, pasting, cooking, textural and protein characteristics of milled rice. Cereal Chem 91:389–397. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-09-13-0193-R
Suwansri S, Meullenet JF (2004) Physico-chemical characterization and consumer acceptance by Asian consumers of aromatic jasmine rice. J Food Sci 69:250–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb17883.x
Tashiro T, Wardlaw IF (1991) The effect of high temperature on kernel dimensions and the type and occurrence of kernel damage in rice. Aust J Agric Res 42:485–496. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9910485
Umemoto T, Nakamura Y, Ishikura N (1995) Activity of starch synthase and the amylose content in rice endosperm. Phytochemistry 40:1613–1616. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00380-P
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Akhter, M., Haider, Z. (2020). Basmati Rice Production and Research in Pakistan. In: Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 39. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 39. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38881-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38881-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38880-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38881-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)